نشریه تعلیم و تربیت استثنایی
سال سیزدهم شماره 119 (شهریور 1392)

The purpose of this research is to comparatively analyze between the life style and stress-coping style with the occupational burn out in the board of education’s exceptional and normal teachers in the city of Birjand in the academic year of 89-90. The pool of study included 507 women and 126 men in the normal schools and 39 women and 4 men in the exceptional schools. Because of the lack of enough exceptional teachers، all of them were selected in the normal school teachers’ group based on Morgan chart، 170 women and 39 men were selected. In the normal teachers’ group، the sample was selected in a clustering method the data were attained through three questionnaires of Kern life style، short form for intensive stress coping scale (CISS-21) and occupational burn out questionnaire. To respond to the six major theories and six minor theories of the research and the correlation of the variables the multi-variable Regression statistical methods and the two-group were used. The results of the research indicated there was a significant correlation between the control components with the variable of personality morphosis and between idealism with the personal adequacy in exceptional teachers. Also، there was a significant correlation between the expectation component and idealism with the exhaustion of excitement and between the idealism component and control with the feeling of personal adequacy in normal teachers. There was not any significant difference between the mean of the styles of coping stress، occupational exhaustion and life style in male and female teachers. The mean of personal efficiency feeling، life style and the components of expectation and self-esteem in normal teachers compared to the exceptional one was significantly more، but the difference between the mean of stress confrontation in exceptional teachers and the normal one was not significant. It is recommended that stress management to be considered as a permanent program for teachers to prevent occupational burn-out.

The latest approach in the curriculum of students with special needs is having access to general curriculum. Access to the general curriculum approach for students with special needs was initiated with the passing of federal and state laws in the United States of America called Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)، the No-Child-Left-Behind Act (NCLB) and increasing awareness and expectations of parents، teachers and experts about the capabilities of students with special needs over thirty years of research and experiences. As a result، in this article، after the introduction، access to general curriculum is defined. Then، the necessity and the method for the students with special needs having access to general curriculum have been discussed. Also، the need for the cooperation of special and general education teachers and staff for the support of students with special needs to have access to general curriculum has been described and the role of technology in helping the students with special needs to have access to general curriculum has been emphasized. Finally، the conditions for the access of students with special needs to general curriculum have been presented.

In the current research، the effects of teaching computer games over the performance of visual memory of dyslexic students have been studied. At first، the available games were identified and، then، among them، one game which was at the same level of students’ academic and cultural levels was selected. To analyze the effect of this game، 20 individuals suffering from dyslexia (10 in an experimental group and 10 in a control group) were selected among the students at the elementary level in the city of Tehran as accessible samples based on age، intelligence and the visual memory test. Then، intervention was administered through teaching by using computer games in the experimental group. By using the Andre Ray and Kim visual memory test karad، and in the manner of Pre-test and after-test pseudo-experimental plan with the control group، the effects of computer games have been studied and the results have been analyzed with the method of Covariance Analytical Statistics. The analysis of the results indicated that the computer games have a meaningful positive effect on the dyslexic students.

Attention-deficit/ hyperactive disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common Neuro-behavioral problems diagnosed among students that are associated with different educational problems including poor academic performance، failing and dropping out of school and it can lead to adjustment problems and disruptive behavior in school. The disorder severely impairs the performance of students in school and its chronic progression leads to other psychiatric disorders in adulthood. Early identification and treatment of the disorder can significantly improve the personal and social performance and reduce the symptoms of disorder. Thus، the importance of assessment، identification and treatment of these students in school and their need to early diagnosis and treatment has been emphasized، enabling them to learn the skills. Therefore، the current article while attempting to analyze the previous researches about conceptualization، definition of attention deficit disorder، etiology، treatment of ADHD and treatment intervention and in general، other factors related to the topic of this research، has tried to identify this disorder better and provide the appropriate treatment intervention at school.

An intervention that can training the spontaneous imitation skills during the natural interaction may be affect to increased flexibility، social imitation and other social communication skills. Reciprocal Imitation Training (RIT) is a natural intervention for spontaneous imitation education during play interactions with a playmate that design for young children with autism. This approach is a child- center method occurs in a natural environment. This paper examined the effect of Reciprocal Imitation Training (RIT) method on the treatment of children with autism’s imitation.

The period while embryo is taking form is an essential process in human’s growth. The embryo is very sensitive to the womb’s environment as such that any damages during this period can have irreparable effects on it. Teratogen is a name given for damaging factors to the embryo during the pregnancy. Generally، Teratogen Include environmental and mother-related factors. However، the precise analysis of different materials around us and research about whether they are Teratogen is too much to fit in this article and it certainly needs more research in future. However، in this article there is an attempt to identify the most important and Well-Known Teratogen during the growth of embryo and some of the detected damages. Legal drugs such as Teratogen anti epilepsy and illegal drugs such as heroin، Teratogen Marijuana، etc.، including cigarettes، alcohol، radiation، environmental pollution such as mercury and its derivatives، copper، chloride copper، etc.، are some of the examples of environmental Teratogen and diseases such as rubella، herpes and HIV viruses، malnutrition، weaving، blood Rh agreement، age، mother and birth related Teratogen will be discussed in this article. Awareness of Teratogen detecting their harmful effects and also the prevention can lead to the reduction in the birth of exceptional children.