نشریه تعلیم و تربیت استثنایی
سال سیزدهم شماره 120 (مهر 1392)

Special needs as psycho-behavioral disorders، learning disorders and physical disabilities have effect on education process of students. The aim of this research is to determine the effectiveness of teachers of normal classes on education process of children with special needs and effective factors on it. This study was qualitative، with basal theory method، by using focal group discussion with 10 teachers، 10 students with special needs and 8 parents of them. The sampling method was simple an available until the data saturation. The interviews were recorded، next have been written، after that they have been analyzed. The data analysis showed new concepts of effectiveness qualities of teacher as eternal impact، security giver، and changer of life route. Three effective factors have also been determined in education process of these students: a) Complete recognition of teacher about his roles in relation to these students، b) recognizing the special needs of students by teacher، c) Perception of appropriate situation. One of the best supports of general education and responding to increasing of special needs of students is support of normal classes’ teachers and enforce them as a important element in education process of students with special needs in order to managing of 3 above effective factors.

This study examined the prevalence of bullying in schools from the perspective of the teachers. In this Research 416 teachers were employed in secondary sector (200 men and 216 women) selected to a cluster random sampling method and participated in the survey. For measuring different types of bullying a 15-Items questionnaire was made. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Chi square test. Findings showed that the highest incidence of bullying in boys، respectively، for the name calling (43%)، making fun of others (42%)، Insult (36%)، and kicking (34%) is. In girls، the highest rates of bullying، was “making fun of others” (26/9%). In the comparison between boys and girls، the boys were in the majority of types of bullying، but the rumors، excluding others from participation in، and to disrupt friendships، girls are significantly different. Accordingly، boys more than girls، were committed all types of bullying related to the three categories. Since this study shows that types of bullying -particularly verbal bullying- is common، schools should be reduce the rate، through anti-bullying programs.

The use of visual display to improve students’ learning has been increasingly developed. Reviews of the effects of pictures supported the assertion that carefully constructed text illustrations generally enhanced learners’ performance on a variety of text dependent cognitive outcomes. This assertion is more significant in special education. Recent research has extended picture in text conclusion to alternative media and technological formats and has begun more systematically to explore the ‘whys’، ‘whens’ and for ‘whoms’ of picture facilitation and challenges faced with multimodal representation. Consideration is given here to conventional types of textbook illustration، image functions and theories of cognitive processing with several tenets for teachers.

Social cognition refers to how children understand Opinions، feelings، thoughts and intentions themselves and others and how they think about social relations. Processes of social cognition، enables one to predict the behavior of others، self-control and therefore regulating social interaction. In other hand، studies indicated Children and adolescents with Down syndrome have lower performance in answer to the tasks of theory of mind as the latest research domain on the development of social cognition. However in recent years with expansion in mental retardation definition in «social competence» and «Interpersonal Skills» areas، the purpose of training these children and adolescents considered preparing to perform activities of daily living، acceptance of personal and social responsibility and training specific job appropriate with their ability، aptitude and interest. Yet success of children and adolescents with Down syndrome seems unlikely without social cognition abilities. The current study attempt While explain concept of social cognition and its functions، Review researches was conducted abut Children and adolescents with Down syndrome’s social cognition and finally Identify and introduce some of the more important Effective factors in development of social cognition in Children and adolescents with Down syndrome.

This Research is Evaluate «the Concurrent validity of the new version of the Tehran-Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale with the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised». The Main question is how and Value Correlation Between two Instrument? With Respect to Diagnostic validity from psychometric properties and Methodological Research، Variety of Statistical Model (Cut Point from Roc Curve، Critical Interval and Discrepancy Method) is Conduct. The Result is Agreeable Concurrent Validity (r=0. 66) and 12 Point Difference between Scales.

Many changes are taking place in our country. Technology continues to impact on the workplace، demographics are changing the face of our neighborhoods، communities، and work environments. Globalization is placing greater demands on the economy and on workers. Educators and employers must face the challenge of how to prepare learners for new roles that they will play in this ever emerging workplace. In this context، consideration must be given to how the U. S. education and training system can evolve to better meet the needs of the 21st-century workforce. Challenges from the private and public sectors will include improving educational outcomes at the primary and secondary levels and developing current and effective opportunities for career development. When paralleling workforce preparation curricula، field trips are valuable learning experiences in the career exploration process and can provide unexpected benefits where examples talked about in the classroom can be related to real-world situations. For individuals with disabilities، field trips can create challenges for students and educators، including medical issues، accessibility issues، behavior management issues، and processing issues. Virtual field trips (VFTs) are one example of a time-worthy career exploration tool that has been enhanced by technology. New technologies in the next 10 years will offer tremendous potential to revolutionize the way education and training are delivered in order to improve efficiency and effectiveness in learning. The locations that a classroom teacher can use with professionally developed VFTs are limited to those presently posted on the Web، and these may or may not correspond to the specific instructional needs of a workforce preparation curriculum or to the special needs of specific learners. Teacher-created VFTs offer a number of advantages to workforce educators and students. The general steps for creating a customized curriculumbased virtual field trip are outlined in this article.