Journal of Analytical Research in Clinical Medicine
Volume:4 Issue: 3, Summer 2016

bite affects about 2 million people every year, with more than 100000 mortalities annually. A person bitten by a snake represents a variety of symptoms. Snake bite might be asymptomatic or with mild local symptoms or even could lead to tissue damage and rapid death. This study aimed to investigate characteristics of snake bite in Northwest Iran.
In this retrospective study, medical records of all patients with final diagnosis of snake bite who were admitted to Sina Clinical-Educational Center, the referral center for envenomation in Northwest Iran were investigated from 2002 to 2012. Demographic information and laboratory findings were collected using a checklist.
During a 10 year period, 160 individuals with snake bite were admitted, of which 128 (77.6%) were male. With regard to occupation, farmers accounted for the largest portion (n = 57, 34.6%). The most prevalent sites bitten by snakes were right hand (25.5%) and left leg (24.8%). Fifty-seven patients (34.5%) had leukocytosis and four (2.4%) had coagulopathy. Pain and swelling were two main complaints, with vomiting, dizziness, and tingling in extremities coming afterwards.
Because snake bite is one of the most important emergencies presenting to emergency department and Iran’s geographic status bears wide spectrum of poisonous snakes, this study was performed to further explore the clinical and epidemiologic details of snake bite.

Ageing is a stage of human life that can affect the quality of life (QOL) of people by being exposed to the resultant problems of old age. Therefore, this study aims to examine QOL and identify the influential factors to adopt accurate and comprehensive policies concerning the senior citizens aged 60 and older in health centers of Khoy city, Iran.
This cross-sectional study was conducted on 297 elderly. Sampling was performed using multi-stage random sampling method among the healthcare centers. To collect data, Lipad 31-statement QOL questionnaire was used. To analyze the data, SPSS software, descriptive statistical tests, Student's independent t-test, one-way analysis of variance and Pearson correlation were used at the significance level of P The overall score of life quality of the participants was 49.70. Accordingly, 83.8% of the elderly had a medium-quality life. The results of this study showed that there was no difference between the life quality of men and women. In addition, there was a significant correlation between QOL and its dimensions and education, marital status and life partners. Also there was significant negative correlation between QOL and age (r = -0.600, P = 0.001).
According to findings of the study, most of the elderly lead a medium-quality life. Education, living with spouse and marital status are influential factors on QOL. Identifying these factors and enhancing them among the elderly can considerably empower the elderly and optimize planning the related issues.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder among children and adolescents. Given the importance of this disorder, the aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of ADHD and the relevant factors among the elementary school students in Ardabil, Iran.
Using the stratified random cluster sampling method, this cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted on 2826 schoolchildren aged 6-11 in Ardabil, in the year 2011-2012. The necessary information was collected in the first step employing the ADHD questionnaire based on 18 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-4th edition (DSM-IV) criteria filled out by parents and teachers. Then the students were interviewed by psychiatrists in the second step. SPSS was used to analyze the research findings.
The research results indicated that the life-time prevalence of ADHD was 9.8%. The most prevalent type of ADHD was the hyperactive-impulsive (6.8%). The results also indicated that the prevalence of ADHD was higher in boys than girls. One-third of affected children were premature at birth and 49.2% had attended kindergartens. The ADHD group was significantly different from the normal students in terms of the average discipline score and the overall grade at school.
There is a relatively high prevalence of ADHD in elementary school students; therefore, it is strongly recommended to identify and treat it appropriately in the years prior to school.

Hypophosphatemia is a common disorder in critically ill patients, and is associated with myasthenia, especially in respiratory muscles, and respiratory infections. This study was conducted to describe the prevalence of hypophosphatemia in children hospitalized in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) of Children’s Hospital in Tabriz, Iran, in 2014-2015.
In this descriptive study, medical records of all children admitted to the PICU of the children’s university hospital affiliated to Tabriz University of Medical Sciences were collected from archives of the hospital from 2014-2015 upon adopting permission. The medical records were examined in terms of demographic information, clinical diagnosis of the disease, serum phosphate level, nutritional status, therapeutic interventions, and other underlying specifications. The data were analyzed using SPSS software and descriptive tests.
Of the 83 eligible medical records, 45 records belonged to boys, and 38 records belonged to girls. The most prevalent and the least prevalent diseases in these children were acute pulmonary disease (57.8%) and septic shock (1.2%) respectively. Regarding the nutritional status, 38.6% of the children suffered malnutrition. Phosphorus deficiency was prevalent in the first day in 10.8% of the children, and abnormal levels of phosphorus were observed from the fourth to the sixth day in 26.5% of the children, which increased to 34.9% from the seventh to the tenth day.
This study showed no statistically significant correlation between sex and prevalence of hypophosphatemia. Type of disease was not significantly associated with the level of phosphorus. Moreover, the patients’ nutritional status was not significantly associated with the prevalence of hypophosphatemia.

The purpose of current study was to investigate the relationship between the problematic use of mobile phone and Big Five personality traits among students of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences in Tabriz, Iran.
A total number of 120 students (80 females and 40 males) were selected by applying proportional randomized classification sampling method from Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. The Mobile Phone Problematic Use Scale (MPPUS) and demographic questionnaire were used to gather data. Data were analyzed using SPSS software.
Analysis of gathered data showed that gender, neuroticism, extraversion, and openness to experience had positive correlation with the problematic use of mobile phone, whereas conscientiousness and agreeableness were not correlated with the problematic use of mobile phone.
The evaluation of Big Five personality traits would be a reliable factor for predicting the problematic use of mobile phone among students.

Childhood is the time of onset for many psychiatric disorders. Preschool Age Psychiatric Assessment (PAPA) is developed in response to the need for a standard and reliable tool for assessment of psychiatric disorders in preschool age. The aim of this study was to translate this tool to Farsi and evaluate the face and content validity of this precious and comprehensive tool.
The process was forward translation to Farsi, evaluation for face and content validity, finalization of items within expert panel, backward translation to English, matching the original PAPA with randomly selected items from the backward translation version and revision as needed and finally evaluation for validity of the changes for localization and cultural considerations.
The research team translated original PAPA to Farsi. In the next step, evaluation for face and content validity was performed by expert panel, a mean of 30-35 items from 100 pages were revised and 7 items which were not compatible with social and cultural conditions in our country got localized. Two percent of pages from this forward translation (14 pages) were randomly selected as a sample from the whole questionnaire in order to be back translated to Farsi and expert panel were asked to evaluate. This version was revised based on their comments. The localized items were evaluated based on certainty, necessity and appropriateness and revised if needed.
Farsi version of PAPA diagnostic interview for preschool age is available and has face and content validity.

Blunt abdominal trauma is one of the important types of trauma and causes mortality in patients. Identifying the internal organ damage is necessary to proper management of trauma patients. Computed tomography (CT) scan is a powerful non-invasive imaging technique to assess internal organ damages in blunt abdominal trauma. The aim of present study was to evaluate findings of CT scan with contrast in patient with blunt abdominal trauma.
In this descriptive study, 290 patients with blunt abdominal trauma were studied who referred to emergency department of Imam-Reza Hospital of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences in Tabriz, Iran, from June 2014 to June 2015. Abdominal and pelvic CT scan with contrast was done using 1 detector CT scan machine in three phases (arterial phase, portal-venous phase and a delayed phase). Patients’ demographic information, cause of trauma, and CT scan findings were collected.
Mean age of patients was 26.3 ± 8.15 years. Male to female ratio was 1 to 0.42. Most common causes of blunt abdominal trauma were traffic accidents in 65.5% of patients, fall from height in 24.1% patients, and fall of heavy objects in 10.4% patients. Among all the patients, 57.6% had a detectable damage based on CT scanning. Based on CT scan findings, most common injuries were spleen injury in 20.0% of patients, liver injury in 18.9% of patients, and kidney injury in 8.9%.
Traffic accidents were the most common cause of blunt abdominal trauma. Spleen, liver, and kidney injury were the most common internal organ damages based on CT scan findings.

Liver Fasciola hepatica (FH) infestation is a zoonotic disorder caused by a kind of leaf-like worm.
Case Report: In this article the reported patient is a woman who is 54 years old. She had been suffering from stomachaches after every meal from two years ago. Computed tomography (CT), ultrasonography (US) and magnetic resonance retrograde cholangiography (MRCP), proved that right lobe ducts are dilated although there was not any filling defects in the common bile duct (CBD). These findings were most similar with the manifestations of localized segmental cholangiocellular carcinoma (CCC) or granulomatous hepatitis but at the work up, F. hepatica infection was confirmed. The mentioned disease was diagnosed by means of imaging modalities, laboratory analysis including serology and stool examination and was cured by triclabendazole.
Humans are infected by consuming undercooked vegetables, with the adult worms inhabiting and laying metacercariae in the biliary system. These organisms induce a chronic inflammatory state in the proximal biliary tree, presumably leading to malignant transformation of the lining epithelium.