مجله دانش و توسعه
پیاپی 34 (اسفند 1389)

The present paper investigates the effect of production factors, including technology, physical capital and labour on the energy consumption intensity of Iran. For this purpose, time series data during the period of (1974-2007) have been analyzed within Cobb–Douglas production function framework. The results of the study indicate that the technology and the physical capital have caused the average annual growth rates equal to 1.48238% and 1.24073% for energy intensity, respectively, while labour has averagely decreased the energy intensity equal to 1.33016% over this period. Therefore, these factors explain an average annual growth equal to 1.39295% for energy intensity. Besides, statistics show that energy consumption intensity of Iran has been growing at an average rate of about 3.69% per year during the period of (1974-2007). According to these calculation, there also can conclude that major part of the growth of the energy intensity (about 2.3% per year) has been caused by the other factors.

The purpose of this research, was to determine the impact of contextual variable of change on commitment to change in related to process of privatization through emotional envolvment. In this regard, randomize stratified sampling was selected and 104 managers and specialists of Khorasan Province Regional Electric Company participated in the study. To collect data was used a questionnaire with 9 variables and 69 items based on 5-level Likert Scale. The questionnaire validity by a content method and its reliability by cronbakh alpha, were confirmed. Also being normal of variables distribution was supported by Kolmogorov – Smirnov test. For analyzing research data, were used Structural equations model and Path analysis by using Lisrel software. The results of this research showed that first, the level of commitment to change and emotional involvement in the sample is upper than mean. Second, emotional involvement has a mediator role between commitment to change and all of contextual factors of change except, reward; psychological safety and job satisfaction variables.

Eiarnination the oil market and review the major oil importer countries, is a major need for guidance and marketing strategy for crude oil exporting countries. So that estimating the oil demand for importer countries and analysis the effective factors on their oil demand, can be an important factor in planning and policy making for oil exporting countries in order to sell oil. So Iran is not an exception from this issue. Given that, Iran is one of the major oil exporters and oil has the highest share in exports, hence the need is felt in the cause of numerous works done in this area. Therefore, in this paper oil demand in India that the major buyers of Iranian crude oil and can be as developing country should be examined. To do this, first most important and effective variables on oil demand are investigated. These variables include GDP, price of crude oil and share of transportation sector and industry in GDP. In this paper, we survey the structure of the energy market in India, then according to the market, suitable model for this country's crude oil demand are designed. We gathered the data and tested these data for cointegration and stationary. Then we estimated the oil demand function for India. The results indicate that all coefficients have the theoretically expected sign. Price elasticity is 0.09 and the income elasticity is 1.08. Variables of industry, transport and oil consumption in previous period were not significant.

In economic literature, one of the important roles of deposits is to provide a suitable background for investing. The basic aim of this research is to study the mechanism of some variables such as; inflation rate, Gross domestic product (GDP), stock price index, housing price index, the rate of profit sharing securities and their effects on the level of bank deposits in current banking system.Considering this explanting the present article is seeking to answer these questions: First; what are the relations among the rate of profit sharing securities and the level of bank deposits as well as GDP and other variables and the level of bank deposits? Second; how may the bank deposits and consequently the investment be increased?This paper use Autoregressive distraction Lags approach to examine the effect of any Variable Separately. In addition, the error correction model is applied to link short-time variables fluctuation to long-term rates.The results of this research show that there is a negative relation between the rate of profit-sharing securities and bank deposits level and a positive relation between GDP and bank deposits level

In the commercial banking activities, efficiency is an important issue for the bank managers, monitoring part and clients. This study has appraised the efficiency performance of the commercial banks in Iran. The research method has been using Windows Data Envelopment Analysis with constant and variable returns to scale and input oriented model at the period of 1991-2006. The sample of study was the whole public commercial banks and consisted of Melli bank, Saderat bank, Tejarat bank, Sepah bank and Refah Kargaran bank. Input variables are labor force, fixed asset, deposits and ratio of number of branches to the number of automatic translate machines. The credit facilities investment and gross profit are output variables for the selected Banks.The results show that Mali and Refah Kargaran Banks are more efficient than the others. In the conditions of variable returns to scale, stability and sustainability of efficiency performance are not well in1991-2006. The pure technical efficiency of commercial banks has been increased by increasing in asset but not optimized.Commercial banks work in increasing return to scale and for have higher level of efficiency, the banks can have bigger scale activity.

The importance of non oil export and it’s role in economic deuelopment of Countnies, has been considered as value subject for a long time. More over, understanding and the rate of effect factors on non oil export may help export development. Therefore in this study Withy using 2SLS and statistic from (1971-2009), it had assessed the effective factor in the Iranian non oil export. We have shown that, the world’s income and real currency echange rate have a positive and significant effect on export demand. Governmental fundamental investment also has a positive effect in the non oil export. Although foreign direct investment and excess internal demands not have a significant effect on export, they show a positive and a negative coefficient, respectively.

In recent years, Information technology has highly affected the banking industry and the distribution channels of banking services toward self-servicing alternatives. At the present time, many banks and financial institutions are actively developing new electronic products for their customers but since customers don’t adopt and use the services, they can not profit from these new services. The purpose of this study is to identify factors which influence the adoption and usage of the electronic banking services and determine amount effect of any of factors from customers’ point of view. We examine this adoption behavior by utilizing the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT) that integrates eight theories of individual acceptance into one comprehensive model. On the basis of survey research, a questionnaire was distributed among 200 Mellat bank customers (users of electronic banking services) in Mashhad. Statistical analysis by SPSS software indicates that three major factors can contribute to user’s intention to use: (a) performance expectancy (b) effort expectancy (c) social influence. And two factors: (d) intention to use (e) facilitating conditions, can contributed to users adopt and use of e-banking services.

Information technology development has deeply affected all aspects of social, economic, cultural, life including criminal law. This development has forced lawyers and policy makers of these areas to reflect deeply. Differences between traditional and cyber crimes are such that long standing conventional criminal policy can no longer tackle them. Transnationality, easiness of occurrence, anonymity of culprits and their large scale effects partly show the characteristics of these offences. These features on one hand and dependence of the modern social life’s structures on the other hand necessitate preparing a new criminal approach. Efficacy and efficiency of new acts against digital crimes require a new advance to categories such as definition of crime, elements of crime, criminal responsibility and so on. The main focus of this article is explanation of reasons and requirements of distinguished criminal policy against cyber crimes. Although analytical investigation of the Iranian criminal law in cyber crime is not the main aim of this writing, I tried to find out to what extent the differentiated criminal approach is adopted and applied by the Iranian criminal law.

The investigation of income inequality effect on private consumption is considered as an important issue in macroeconomic literatures. Hence the main objective of this paper is to study the effect of income inequality on private consumption in MENA countries during the (1975-2006). For this purpose, the modified Qin et al. (2009) model has been estimated by panel data approach. The main findings indicate that, income inequality and real interest rate have negative and significant and per capita income has positive and significant effects on private consumption, respectively. Accordingly, the main implication policy of this paper is that, policy makers of this countries should be decrease income inequalities and adopts re-distribution policies such as transfer payment and subsidies in order to increase the private consumption.

In recent years, outsourcing as a means of promoting and development of productivity has been considered to be in line with the country's 20-years vision document and article 44 of the constitution by administrators of organizations. This process has been implemented in different forms in order to effectively downsize the government.IUTUn this study, technical efficiency and scale efficiency of eight power distribution companies of Mashhad, before and after outsourcing or within three years 2006 to2008, is evaluated by data envelopment analysisUTU. UTUThis study developed data envelopment analysis to a dynamic model by utilizing of window analysisUTU in order to UTUevaluate changes in the context of time before and after outsourcing.UTThe results of this study show that the efficiency of Mashhad Power Distribution Company has been reduced significantly compared with before the transfer.

Unemployment rate is one of the most leading among the important economic indicators. One of the most influential factors on unemployment rate is job quitting. Experts consider two kinds of job quitting, intentionally and unintentionally. Many studies have been done around the world, on the importance of job quitting, unemployment duration, and also on the costs caused by finding a new job. But, no one has studied job quitting and its impact on the unemployment rate in Iran, while this survey, besides all mentioned phoneme phenomenon, has also paid attention to the relationship between job quitting by wage earning and entrepreneur, intentionally and unintentionally, using the issued data of 2006 in the country. The results of this survey, using the Probit Model, shows that intentionally factors like low income, family problems and immigration, have a direct impact on job quitting by self employed. While other intentional factors like keeping on the studies, and unintentional factors like, having a seasonal job, firing or cutting down the number of personals, retiring, and end of conscription have an indirect impact on job quitting by self employed.

Recently, most of firms are encouraging to employ informal labour force for reduction of their costs, in order to improve their competitiveness in global markets. These sorts of employees due to decrease labour expenses, thus help to the firm competitiveness, but little training and skill of them decreases competitiveness of firm in global markets. This article studies the effect of flexibility of informal employees on competitiveness of industries with low and medium-low technology. For this purpose, the effect of informal labor flexibility on competitiveness of these industries has been studied through expanding theoretical principles and using panel data within. The results indicate industries with low technology; the firm can use informat labous employement in ezder to improve its competitiveness. (1998-2003)