فصلنامه ذهن
سال هجدهم شماره 3 (پیاپی 71، پاییز 1396)

Richard Swinburne (1939), a British philosopher of philosophy, is a contemporary scholar of contemporary interest, whose concern is to analyze the use of the terminology of justification and knowledge in contemporary philosophy. Justification and probability are the main concepts of the Swin Berns epistemology. Richard Swinburn(1939), British philosopher of religion is a contemporary epistemologists that his concern was the use of justification and cognition in contemporary philosophy. Justification and probability are the main concepts of his epistemology. He connects justify to probability and cognition. He believes that true belief and cognition are two different concepts and distinguishes between them. The use of cognition is not just to show a true belief but ensure just the true belief. One of the main divisions of justification is the justification theories of internalism and externalism that each considers special components to justify a belief . Swinburn believes we should not think that internalist and externalist accounts are competitors so that from common sense between them, at least just one of them is true. The concept of justified belief is a very vague concept, and intuitions of philosophers and ordinary language users about the quistion that when a belief is justified are very various . Similarly, these philosophers provide accounts abut different types of justification. His goal is to distinguish between these types, to show how they are related to, and then to be understood the issue well, he considers which of these types of justification is more valuable.

Profiling means building one or more concepts from among the concepts of a cognitive field and studying its relation to the cognitive field and other concepts of the same field. Concept of doubt often has been regarded in the cognitive field of knowledge by the epistemologists, linguists, logicians and commentators; but from the Qur’an viewpoint, doubt should be counted in the field of uncertainty which includes epistemological uncertainty and doctrinal uncertainty. Therefore the Qur’an uses the concept of doubt in two dimensions of epistemology and doctrine. Lexical profiling in the Qur’an shows thatat least in thirteen verses doubt belongs to the field of faith and only in two verses it could be related to the cognitive field of knowledge. Based on theory of lexical profiling, the Qur’an profiles doubt in doctrinal uncertainty. Studying the relation between doubt and its cognitive field it gets clear that the Qur’an regards doubt as lack of surrender caused by doctrinal uncertainty.

The problem of consciousness and its place in the nature is is one of the main questions in the philosophy of mind and it also has close relationship with problem of mind –body. There are different explanations about the relationship of consciousness with the nature, which appears to fit in the same dualism of physicalism and dualism. While both explanations have encountered problems that have diminished their acceptance, The Russellian monism claims that it has been able to distance itself from this duality, to explain consciousness with its unique features and to determine its relation to nature: So that the principle of principle of Physical causal closure is also justified on the basis of this idea. In this article, we first discuss this point of view and examine its different tendencies, Then we explain all the panpsychism as the result of Russellian monism, and finally we focus on the question of whether Russellian monism was able to find a solution to the explanation of the consciousness and the problem of mind-body.

By presenting an interpretation of two-dimensionalism and dividing it to weak and strong versions, Scott Soames has criticized the totality of two-dimensionalists effort on rebirthing the descriptive theory of meaning and rejected it. On this special issue, Millikan’s biosemantic theory can act to promote the two-dimensionalists position. Based on this, what soames attributed to two-dimensionalists as the need of rigidification of the reference-fixing descriptions is not acceptable and according to two-dimensionalism it seems that these descriptions have been rigidified in some other ways. Our goal in this article is to demonstrate, based on a three-dimensional model of biosemantic theory, that the interpretation of Soames about twodimensionalism is strongly depended on the principles of direct reference theory and alsosemantic of two-dimensionalism needs not to rigidify the reference-fixing descriptions in the way that Soames has claimed.

In Cognitive Science, this is a basic assumption that mental knowledge is essentially an encyclopedic knowledge that is associated with world outside via embodiment. Therefore, the mind lacks the intrinsic structures for the construction of meaning, and is the only means that makes meaning to our world and our experiences. In this way, in Cognitive Sciences, the process of construction of meaning through the mind is considered an important issue and in this regard, some cognitive sciences, such as cognitive linguistics and anthropology, have invented various analytical tools to understand this process.This article is intended, with the help of the comparative review of this analytics tool, by introducing the advantages and limitations of each of these tools, finally shows how the Cognitive Linguistics for understanding the process of constructing of meaning in the minds has ignorant from the contextuality of meaning in the social- cultural sphere of language and what is the solution to be get out of this dilemma.

Is it possible to use the term " non-ethical" in general science and sciences such as genetic engineering, in particular? In this article, the answer to this question is a negative one. This answer is based on the analysis of the metaphysical and cognitive science foundations of science and, in particular, controversial science such as genetic engineering. In addition, this paper attempts to analyze the various aspects of this issue from a philosophical point of view. Finally, in addition to discussing philosophic foundations, and increasing concerns about human ability in genetic manipulation and the creation of transgenic organisms, depict a picture of genetic engineering as a non-ethical, unethical or ethical Knowledge.

The Quran whose wisdom of descent is the guidance of the universe, in order to achieve this, has set a path for man's journey towards the purpose of creation. To secure this path and progress, there are elements that human benefit from it by grabbing to it and assuming Quranic manners. Among the ighest of those components, is piety (taghva). The plurality of verses includes virtue sign of the attention of the Creator to this component and its efficacy in the perfection of individuals. The proper understanding of Quranic components, especially piety, is one of the things that need to be addressed. The discovery of the truth of piety is based on the discovery of its layers through the Holy Quran. Among the ways of discovering the meaning of piety is the semantics of this word in the Quran. On the other hand, there are ways to know the characteristics of each case, Understanding the things that are in conflict with it.In this article, the words are analyzed that in the Holy Quran in contradiction with this word, they have been used to understand thisconcept which are some of them blaspheme, enmity, oppression, pride, corruption, libertanism, extravagance, loss, disloyalty, rebellion. We tried to achieve the true meaning of piety through the intermediary of the concepts of opposite.

Stylistics of texts is one of the methods that guides us to the conceptualization of the theologian and the aspects of the beauty of the texts. In the present study, based on stylistic criteria, we study the literary aesthetics of Surah al-Zarit (Scatters) at three levels of linguistic, literary and intellectual. The result of the investigation is that the words and sound produced by them are influential in attracting the attention of the reader and the reader and the relation of the defect with the meaning of the verses. The song and song in the listener's soul trigger a reaction that affects the audience, which can be used to start a sura with a rhythm that puts a kind of warning to the listener. At the level of spatial and syntactic terms, the singular words, summation, verses and notation found in this chapter have all the precise points and influence the meaning of the verse or in the semantic layers. If the phrase used above is a rhetorical one and is consistent with the speaker's purpose. Also, the use of arrays such as oakl, wise, permitted, etc., in addition to causing the effect of Sura, is all in line with the purpose of the verses. At the level of thought, by expressing the blessings and sensations in a tangible and objective way, the viewer is described in the sensation and touch space to explain it in a clear and transparent way, which can be likened to such things. The wind strikes the infertility and the concept of moving towards God and the lack of attachment to the world.