نشریه مطالعات علوم محیط زیست
سال دوم شماره 3 (پاییز 1396)

Environmental pollution and factors affecting it are important in any economy. The main goal of this study is the impact of economic growth, energy consumption, financial development and economic openness on environmental pollution in the Iranian economy during 1986 to 2016. Then the environmental Kuznets hypothesis is of particular importance to consider. The model estimate of environmental pollution is the new form of econometric method like dynamic model of Auto-regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) and Johanson-Joselius. Results show positive relationship between per capita income and environmental pollution variables. The relationship between squared per capita income and environmental pollution are negative. So the environmental Kuznets hypothesis was true in Iran, and Iran is on the upward environmental Kuznets curve (EKC). Between energy consumption and pollution there is also a positive relationship. Though there was no clear relationship between the financial development and economic openness variables with the environmental pollution.

Nowadays, municipal solid waste (MSW) management is one of the civil engineering and environmetally issues. Inappropriate management may lead to non-standard municipal waste landfill in all corners of the cities around the world. According to the standards of locating and isolating these areas, it is very important and crucial for engineers and managers to identify and recognize and monitor vulnerable areas to assess polluted ones and to prevent and rehab the probability of pollution-release in some cases. Moreover, it is crucial to investigate mechanical, geotechnical and geo environmental properties and other specification of the soil mass in such areas. In this research it is intended to analyze and evaluate the used methods to identify and estimate the municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills in three categories such as geophysical methods, in situ studies and laboratory experiments. This research introduces five different countries, Brazil, Scotland, Turkey, the U.S, China as case studies.

Band-e AliKhan Wetland is located in 35 km south of Varamin in Tehran province as a freshwater seasonal wetland, which unfortunately has dried up in the last few years due to reduced precipitation. This Wetland is a habitat for the native bird’s breeding and migratory birds overwintering, and without it the lives of these birds will be compromised. This habitat has ecological, economic, social and environmental benefits. For many years, it has been the site for discharging the industrial wastewater upstream, including the Charmshahr Industrial Estate and at present, it is just the main entrance to this wetland. There are few studies on the impact of wastewater on the soil quality of wetland. In the present study, the topsoil of the north and the south of wetland to a depth of 15 cm were sampled and physicochemical parameters and some heavy metals were measured. The highest amount of chromium and zinc was observed in the northern part of the wetland.
In this study, based on the results, which indicates the alkalinity, the limestone intensity and the clay content of the wetland, it can be concluded that because the metals are active and transferable in acidic environments, these conditions make the stabilization of metals in the bed and immobility of them. Therefore, In the case of securing the water resources of wetland and also the prevention of industrial wastewater and agricultural drainage discharges, there is a great hope for the rapid restoration of the wetland and the return of Self-purification.

Elimination of environmental pollution has become today one of the major human concerns. Daily human exposure to pollution, especially urban air pollution endangers human health as well as other creatures in some cities and the problem is more significant in developing countries. Air quality in cities is dependent on weather conditions and the amount of air pollution. Today, air pollution is one of the most complex problems of human society that has left negative effects on the health of many living organisms. In this research, Monthly and annual average concentrations of air pollutants recorded in the stations of Tehran Province Department of Environment during the period of 2012 to 2016 were studied. The results showed that rate of carbon monoxide of 2016 decreased compared to the 2015, while the pollutant ozone in 2016 in most months increased compared to the 2015 and the pollutants nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide increased in 2016 as well. Carbon monoxide rate in 2016 at most stations were less than 2015 and the rate of pollutant ozone in 2016 other than Sohanak station decreased compared to previous years. Regarding the standards of the country this study shows that the average concentrations of pollutants nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, particulate matter with a diameter less than 10 microns and 2.5 microns in air pollution monitoring stations are higher than the standard.

Recently, the degradation of organic pollutants using novel semiconductors with strong absorbance for broad ranged visible lights has generated broad interest of photocatalysis. In the last few years, perovskite-type bismuth ferrite (BiFeO3, BFO) has received a lot of attention. BiFeO3 is one of the rare well-known multiferroic compounds with a rhombohedrally distorted perovskite structure of space group R3c that exhibits ferroelectric and antiferromagnetic properties at room temperature. The narrow band gap and high chemical stability of BiFeO3 make it an effective photocatalyst in the visible light region during the photocatalytic process. BiFeO3 nanopowder was synthesized via a microwave-assisted combustion method by using acetic acid as fuel, for the first time. The structural characterization showed that BiFeO3 was almost pure perovskite type. A ferromagnetic hysteresis loop with a saturation magnetization (MS) of 0.66 emu/g has been observed at room temperature in the sample. The small band gap (=2.08 eV) of prepared BiFeO3 indicates a possibility of utilizing much visible light for photocatalysis. Photocatalytic test for degradation of methyl orange dye indicated that BiFeO3 exhibited high photocatalytic activity.

Along with the increase in urban population, consumption of natural resources is also increasing, consumption and performance of any substance not a hundred percent and There is always some waste. In this paper we understanding the resources of urban waste and its physical and chemical analysis was conducted in Isfahan and it was found that the largest share of waste is accounted for residential areas. Municipal solid waste management due to cultural and economic level of the area of each region is different and requires its own strategy. Due to the growth of the human population the amount of waste production also increased, but per capita production of solid waste in the city of Isfahan 570 grams per person is estimated that compared to the world average, it is less. Daily 1000 tone waste in the city of Isfahan produced that 30 percent of it is recycled, but due to the weakness of the plan Waste separation of the origin of the waste, only 12 percent of it is recycled. Finally, in this paper, strategies and incentive policies for citizen participation in source separation plan is offered.

In this research, the attempt is to introduce a probabilistic and statistical Method for identifying late winter frost in the west of Iran, applying statistical methods and Markov chain modeling. To do so, the acquired data about minimum temperature from 37 Synoptic stations and 2 Climatology stations of the 35-year period (1980-2014) were provided by the Meteorological Organization of the country. Then, by performing an interpolation, through Kriging method, for a period of 12784 days, in the time period under consideration, with 6 6 kilometer spatial resolution and a UTM video system, a network database was created. In this survey a late winter frosting event for each area of the surveyed region is a day in which the occurrence probability of a frost is 10% or less. Hence, for each day of the year and each cell (pixel) from the surveyed area, the occurrence probability of frost was estimated. The computational stages of the occurrence probability of frost included using the Markov chain in the MATLAB software and the maps were drawn in the Surfer software. The achievements reveal that in the southwest of the region, the late winter frost date is between 25 February and 5 March and in the north of the region between 21 April and 15 May. The severity of the late winter frosts in the southwestern area of the region is more than the northern part.

Plants play an important role in changing ecological conditions due to the use of water, soil and air, and can be used to clean contaminated ecosystems by pollutants such as heavy metals. In this study, the accumulation of heavy metals (cd and Pb) was carried out on two plantains and berries in three stations of Tehran in different levels of contamination. The results of this study showed that the most cadmium adsorption at Keshavarz Boulevard Station by plant species and also in each of the studied regions of the planktonic species showed greater ability to absorb this cd.
While the average lead absorption in all three stations was lower than the annual American standard, the difference in lead concentration was not significant at different stations. But, according to the results of this study, berries had more heavy metal adsorption than the plantain. This study showed a lack of correlation between plant emissions and heavy metal adsorption, but it is believed that selected plant species have the ability to accumulate and accumulate the studied metals in their airspace.