مجله طب نظامی
سال هجدهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 66، زمستان 1395)

Peer reviewing for the medical journals is considered as an art, a privilege, a responsibility, and a service to the profession. Peer reviewing requires skill, commitment and takes time. Novice reviewers may be interested in peer reviewing, but they might lack sufficient knowledge of the role of a peer reviewer and skills required to carry out a comprehensive and fair peer review. The aim of this narrative review is help novice reviewers prepare for peer reviewing and offers suggestions for improving their confidence and skills in the role of reviewer.
In current narrative review, we used published papers in the field of peer reviewing as well as our personal experiences of the peer reviewing for medical journals. In addition, one of the authors has been teaching several peer reviewing workshops in different universities.
We incorporated all of the demonstrated peer reviewing methods and offer a series of simple strategies that healthcare professors can use to provide high quality peer reviewing.
Although the acquisition and development of peer reviewing skills of medical literature is the result of continuous training and experience, the described strategies in this narrative review can be useful for all reviewers particularly novice reviewers that have begun their roles as reviewer and need to increase their skills in the peer reviewing.

The available psychological theories have mentioned different factors causing stress and on the other hand, very little attention has been paid to this issue from religious and spiritual perspectives. So, the aim of this study was to investigate the reasons of stress from the perspective of Quran and Hadith.
Qualitative method was used as the research method. In this study, conventional content analysis of Quran and Hadith was used. In the content analysis method, because of focusing on texts and documents, the term of "analysis resource selection" was used instead of research population. The Holy Quran, Mizan Alhekmeh, Hadith Al-Kafi, and Tafsire Mozoei of the Holy Quran from Javadi Amoli were used as the analysis resources. At first, the Quran experts’ opinions were merely used to extract the kind of terms and also to know how to extract them. Then, key words of stress in the Arabic language based on Islamic sources (including warn, painful, dire, liver, alboads, adversity, fear, sin, sorrow, tax, purchase, regret, sadness, joyless, abject) were identified. Through open coding, each of the units of analysis were imported to coding sheets. In the next step, through interviewing and providing an expert panel based on the categories extracted from the verses of the Quran and Hadith, 20 experts and psychologists who were familiar with religious sources were referred to. These experts and psychologist were asked to share their opinions and comments about categorizing components and prioritizing these categories. In order to achieve reliability between coders after having a clear definition of categories and training, three experts for coding were asked and the agreement (reliability) between coders was calculated to be 76 percent. Eventually, based on experts’ categories, a schematic conceptual model was extracted from them.
The results showed that material pleasures (worldliness, and attachment to it), being hasty, turning away from the remembrance of God, lack of resilience, gossip, economic hardship, lack of attention to prayers, long ambitions, lack of fear of God, not being married, despair, ingratitude, jealousy and hatred are factors causing stress.
Based on the research findings, it can be concluded that from the perspective of religious sources, the mentioned factors are the main causes of stress. This means paying attention to these factors can help therapists and clients understand the nature of stress and to present treatment strategies.

Nowadays, effective relationships with customers create value for healthcare systems. Successful organizations attract lifetime customers, respond to customers in the shortest time, with the best quality and the lowest cost. The present study aimed to consider the correlation between Customer Knowledge Management (CKM) and Customer Relationship Management (CRM) tasks in a military hospital in Tehran during 2015.
This study is an analytic study. The statistical population of this study were the nurses in a military hospital. Samples were gathered using random method. The data collection tools were the researcher-made questionnaire of CRM and CKM. The validity and reliability of these questionnaires were confirmed by researchers. The Confirmatory Factor Analysis method was used to determine the impact of the variables. Also, the SPSS and Amos (ver18) softwares were used.
Among the dimensions of CRM, “Retention” had the highest mean score (3.8 ±0.6) and “Client Interaction” had the lowest average score (3.4 ±0.6). Among the dimensions of CKM, “Knowledge from Client” had the highest average score (3.9 ±0.9) and “Knowledge about Client” had the lowest average score (3.4 ±0.6). Also, the CKM had an impact on CKM tasks with 0. 95.
Since the customer interaction score was lower among other CRM tasks, in order to improve interactions with customers or patients, hospitals can design training sessions in this regard for their staff.

High self-efficacy and perceived social support make soldiers immune to addiction and lead to more conformity in military fields. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between self-efficacy and perceived social support with addiction tendency among soldiers in Ardabil city.
The method of study was a descriptive and correlational. The population of this study comprised all Ardebil Soldiers in 2015. Using stratified random sampling, 168 samples were selected and finally 150 soldiers’ questionnaires were analyzed. The self-efficacy questionnaire, Perceived Social Support and Addiction Tendency questionnaire were used for data collection. Data were analyzed by using Pearson’s correlation coefficient and regression analysis.
The current findings demonstrated a significant negative correlation between self-efficacy and perceived social support with the addiction tendency among soldiers in Ardabil city (p It is suggested to present more social support to soldiers, and to increase the efficacy of soldiers, some programs should be considered. Proper application of these results could lead to prevention of addiction among soldiers.

Continuous improvement of organizational performance, develops a great force synergy. These forces can support the growth and development programs and create opportunities for organizational excellence. This study has aimed to evaluate and rank the selective units of military hospital.
The data related to the selective units of the Hospital were collected from medical record unit. Then, efficient units were identified using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and finally the ranking of the units were accomplished using the Promethee method.
According to the results of this study, among the 21 units which were studied, only 6 units had an efficiency higher than 0.9. At the end, the ranking of the efficient hospital units were done using the Promethee method which were respectively as follows: unit of head and neck surgery for men, unit of obstetrics and gynecology, unit of heart for men, unit of general surgery for men, CCU and unit of head and neck surgery for women.
The results show that most units of hospitals do not operate efficiently due to lack of efficient use of resources. Given the importance of hospitals in providing health care and also their high effect on the efficiency of the national health systems, using DEA to allow comparisons and ranking can be an important step for continuous improvements of hospital performance, particularly clinical departments.

Quality in health services is a level of health services provided to individuals and communities which increases the likelihood of the desired health outcomes and is in accordance with the day's professional knowledge. The world's health systems, design and implement miscellaneous regulators including periodical and continuous accreditations of hospitals through governance patterns and tools. To guarantee the quality of such tools, it is necessary to always benefit from the stakeholder's analytical skills, i.e., analytical understanding of individuals and organizations that have an efficient role in the process of hospital reforms so as to get effective and accurate information. The present study was designed and implemented with the aim of identifying This applied study was implemented through a "descriptive-comparative" method based on Kammi Schmeer's 8-step model of stakeholder analysis within 4 executive design phases with the multistage participation and survey of 29 domestic experts working on various technical and executive (line and staff) levels relevant to the country's accreditation systems of public and private hospitals.
Contrary to expectations, the analytical composition of the stakeholders in the "evaluation pattern of Iranian public and private hospitals" was not limited to the participation of only two ministries and health insurance organizations. The application of the selected model led to the identification of 17 groups of stakeholders in the order of importance at all levels of the Iranian health system. This could guarantee the universal coverage of services at regional, provincial, and national levels in case of their effective operational partnerships in both "absolute and conditional" states.
The Kammi Schmeer's model recommended by the World Health Organization used in this research could provide a suitable scientific identification tool and administrative support for an indigenous design and deployment of an accreditation model of public and private hospitals in Iran. Obviously, only in case of the effective structural and/or operational interactions of all organizations, ministries, institutions, and Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), the realization of the multi-sectoral goals of the country's health care system can be expected from the proposed analytical composition.

The knowledge and recognition of fungal diseases in each area is extremely important. The aim of this study was the survey and molecular identification of Malassezia species which were isolated from pityrosporosis and tinea versicolor diseases in military forces on three Iranian islands of Abu-Musa, Great Tonb and Sirri’s by PCR-sequencing method.
This cross-sectional study was performed during October - September 2011 in Abu-Musa, Great Tonb and Sirri’s islands (Persian Gulf) on military individuals. The samples taken from patients with suspected fungal lesions were studied by mycological (direct, culture) and molecular methods (PCR-sequencing).
In this study, 102 military forces with the mean age of 26 years within the range of 19-53 years old were studied. Among them, 17 patients (16.7 %) were infected with fungal diseases of pityrosporosis (dandruff) (58.8 %), tinea versicolor (35.3 %) and dermatophytosis (5.9 %) respectively. The most frequent species of Malassezia isolated from dandruff and tinea versicolor were M. restricta (80%) and M. globosa (67%), respectively.
In this study, the most frequent Malassezia species isolated from dandruff and tinea versicolor were M. restricta and M. globosa, respectively. In this study, the manual method of DNA extraction from direct sample scrapings was used which has been rarely reported in Iran.

Motivation is an important tool to motivate nurses to provide empathetic and safe care in complicated working conditions and crisis. This study aimed to survey the relationship between job motivation and empathy in nurses working in a military hospital in Shiraz in 2014.
A descriptive- correlational and sectional study was done on 102 nurses working in a military hospital. A census sampling was performed in a hospital affiliated to the armed forces in Shiraz. Data were collected with Jefferson's Empathy and Herzberg's Motivation-Healthy Questionnaires. The validity and reliability of these questionnaires have been confirmed in previous studies between r =0.85 and r=0.89. After data gathering was done, they were analyzed using SPSS software version 22, descriptive and analytical tests and also Pearson's correlation coefficient with a significant level )P =0.05).
The mean score of motivation was 86.40 out of a total score of 150. Also, the mean score of empathy was 65.01 out of a total score of 100. Most nurses were at a moderate level in regards to job motivation (63.7%) and empathy (81.4%).There was a significant positive but at the same time, weak correlation between motivation and empathy (P=0.049, r=0.198). There was no significant relationship between demographic variables and motivation and empathy (p Regarding the moderate level of occupational motivation and empathy in nurses, executive managers can promote nurse's motivation to bring about demonstrating their empathetic behaviors and improve nursing care quality.

Mental health plays an important role in ensuring the dynamism and efficiency of any community. Since human resources have a crucial role in the cultural, social and economical development of communities, and as students are one of the main segments of each society which pave the way to a better future, assessing their mental health is of utmost importance. Therefore the current study aimed to compare the mental health status between medicine and engineering students during 2014 and 2015.
This cross-sectional study was conducted among the medicine and engineering students who were in either third or fourth year of their studies in 2014-2015. Data was collected using a standardized questionnaire GHQ-28 including 4 scales of somatic symptoms, anxiety and insomnia, social dysfunction and depression. Demographic data were also recorded during this study. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS-17.
In the current study, 1155 students were participated. The mean age of the medicine and engineering students was 24.2±5.9 and 4/6 ± 7/23 years, respectively. The majority of the engineering students were boys (71.1 %) and the majority of the medicine students were girls (63.4 %). According to the findings, 47.7 % (n=289) of the engineering students and 43.1% (n=288) of the medicine students based on the GHQ-28 criteria were suspected of mental disorders. No significant differences were seen between the two groups (p=0.117). The Mental Disorders Scales distribution in engineering students were anxiety disorder, social dysfunction, depression and somatic disorders, respectively. Also, the Mental Disorders Scale distribution in the medicine students were anxiety disorder, social dysfunction, physical disorders and depression disorders, respectively.
The findings of this study imply that nearly half of the medicine and engineering students are suspected of mental disorders. Given the high prevalence of mental disorders, especially anxiety and social dysfunction, it is recommended that planning should be implemented to promote mental health in order to increase their capabilities and psychological capacities in skills and knowledge.

Fitness for military forces has been considered as a priority which helps them in achieving all mission goals and eventually increases their physical capabilities. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of intensity interval training (HIT) on the fitness and body composition of the military personnel.
This research was a quasi-experimental study. In this study, 30 employees attended a military center in Kerman. They were randomly assigned into two experimental (n=15) and control (n=15) groups. For a period of 6 weeks (3 sessions per week), the intervention group attended in an intensive interval training protocol which included 3 sets of ham (6 stages which were 35 meters with 10 seconds rest between each stage) with four minutes rest between each set in the first week. These sets were eventually increased until the fourth week of the training. In order to compare the variables, ANCOVA analysis was performed using SPSS version 22.
The results showed that weight (p=0.001), body mass index (p=0.001), body fat percentage (p=0.001), waist circumference (p=0.003) and hip circumference (p=0.001), a significant reduction in maximum oxygen consumption (p=0.001), power (p=0.001) and agility (p=0.003) significantly increased in the exercise group relative to the control. It was also shown that systolic blood pressure values (p=0.028) and diastolic (p=0.015) did not significantly change.
Based on the results of this study we can conclude that military forces can fit HIT training in their sport programs to enhance their physical fitness and improve their body composition.