نشریه علوم و تکنولوژی محیط زیست
سال چهاردهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 52، بهار 1391)

Different types of sewage including hospital sewage are important especially from health point of view because of pathogenic organisms due to sewage and other risk factors. In this research, the quantity and quality of hospitals’ sewages in selected Tehran hospitals are studied. 14 similar with same basis hospitals are selected, general, specialized and highly specialized hospitals and sanatoriums. from each selected centre, two series of sampling under the form of instantly and mixed forms are taken and qualitative parameters such as biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (COD), potential of Hydrogen (pH), electrical conductivity (EC), total suspended solid (TSS), and total dissolved solid (TDS) were studied. This research results show that average of BOD5, COD, TSS, TDS, pH and EC in mix sampling of refined sewage were 42, 86, 54, 768, 7.1, 768 mg/lit and in mix sampling of non-refined sewage was 320, 507, 380, 743, 6.97 and 561 mg/lit accordingly. Minimum and maximum of BOD5 in mix sampling for refined sewage was equal to 25 and 68, and for non-refined sewage was equal to 281 and 381. Minimum and maximum of COD in mix sampling for refined sewage was equal to 37 and 113, and for non-refined sewage equal was 419 and 687. Minimum and maximum of TSS in mix sampling for refined sewage equal was 28 and 82, and for non-refined sewage equal 300 and 1309. Minimum and maximum of TDS in mix sampling for refined sewage was equal to 626 and 857, and for non-refined sewage was equal to 469 and 695. Minimum and maximum of pH in mix sampling for refined sewage was equal to 6.5 and 7.8, and for non-refined sewage was equal to 5.9 and 7.8. Minimum and maximum of EC in mix sampling for refined sewage was equal to 398 and 1483, and for non-refined sewage was equal to 481 and 928. In this side average hospital sewage's flow in unit research for small hospitals with maximum 400 beds, is calculated 1300 lit/bed/day (l/b/d) and for great hospital with up to1000 beds, is calculated 750 l/b/d.Findings of this research showed, that changes of BOD5 rate with number of hospital section have direct relation and quantities of qualitative parameters in hospital sewage with a little increase is approximately equivalent of those rate in urban sewage. Moreover, findings of research of instant sampling in comparison with mix sampling showed credit and recommendation to use mix sampling.

Assessing the cross impact of macro phenomenon in country level has been emphasized in empirical studies during past few years. Environment, health and Economic growth are the topics that affect each other considerably. In this article we are going to analyze these effects. To do that we performed related models and applied a cross county database, consists 40 countries in different economic development levels through panel data approach. The results imply that (about 4.5%) of the positive effect of economic growth on health level of countries can be offset by its negative impact on environment (degradation) and it can be considered as a deviation from their environmental and health programs. This result can be concerned as a contribution for policy making in Iran.

Pollutant and sediment transport is one of the main problems in riverine and estuarine systems and has negative effect on life. Heavy metals are one of the main pollutants which modelling of these pollutants near the places that humans are living is very important. Heavy metals are non-conservative in nature and there concentration depends on salinity and pH. The objective of this paper is to introduce new equations for the reaction coefficient of lead and cadmium using pH and EC variation in riverine systems.This paper first describes the governing equations of dissolved heavy metals in riverine systems. Then it introduces the FASTER model for modelling the flow and heavy metal concentration downstream of the river. In the current model the one dimensional advection dispersion equation was solved using the new ULTIMATE QUICKEST and FTCS methods. This method has been verified using a standard example and then used to model the heavy metal concentration in Karoon riverine system. In this regard for calibration and verification of the hydrodynamic model, the model was run in the Mollasani-Farsiat reach of the Karoon River and was calibrated using Ahwaz station observed data. In the end some equations were introduced for the reaction coefficient of lead and cadmium heavy metals and used in the model source code. Later the model was run for five different reaction coefficients for lead and cadmium, which are as follow: 1- zero coefficient reaction, 2- constant coefficient reaction, 3- coefficient reaction as a function of pH, 4- coefficient reaction as a function of EC and 5- coefficient reaction as a function of pH and EC. The results of the model calibration and verification for lead and cadmium heavy metals show that selecting a varied reaction coefficient increases the accuracy of the model. Selecting a varied reaction coefficient with pH and EC will increase the accuracy of the model about %91.71 and %97.71 for lead and cadmium respectively. Therefore this model and the new approach can be used as a useful tool for hydro-environmental modelling in riverine systems.

Parallel to development of biotechnology and fermentation processes in the country, the importance of the wastewater treatment has been increased. One of the cost effective methods in fermentation and wastewater treatment is back setting and recycling wastewater in a new run of fermentation which is used in this project to reduce xanthenes fermentation wastewater and water usage.In this project, the main chemical and microbiological characteristics of distilled wastewater were determined. Thereafter distilling was added to new batches of fermentation in different concentrations at different times; and the effect of these additions on xanthenes production quality and quantity were examined.This study showed that the use of different physic – chemical methods is necessary for the distilling treatment before its back setting in a new fermentation batch. For this purpose, in this project, the effect of treated distilling with C18 disk was examined.Further examinations showed that the back setting of distilling treated with C18 disk in 25% concentration in Xanthenes production medium leads to producing of 11.91 g/l crude Xanthenes in comparison with the positive control (culture medium prepared from tap water), 11.68 g/l crude Xanthenes, was produced. Moreover, the increase of 107% crude xanthenes, 75% pure xanthenes and 67% viscosity compared to the negative control (culture medium prepared from raw distillation) is observed.

Adsorption by using of activated carbon is must important factor the deletion of contaminant. Activated carbon with high surface to mass- volume ration are used extensively as an adsorbent in removing refractory pollutants by conventional treatment processed organic component. The present study was done in beverage industry Zam Zam Tehran. There is remarkable differences between washing water which used in beverage industry with town water in indicators of contamination including; C.O.D, T.D.S PH, N.T.U. In order to adsorption of contaminants activated carbon were used during five months period in this study. The experimental data on the sorption of activated carbon in beverage waste water were analyzed with the equilibrium isotherm of Langmuir and Freundlich. According to results of this study, the Langmuir model could be better for detection of the equilibrium isotherm data in the activated carbon which adsorbed the waste water. The results showed that with decrease PH of waste water ability adsorption by activated carbon most significantly was increase. Result showed if we used from activated carbon in beverage industry for adsorption of contaminants of water in decreasing to 41%.

The Aluminium Industries are one of the greatest consumers of water in anodizing unit and also discharge large volumes of wastewater to the environment. Due to the different pH of the materials used in the industry the wastewater produced includes a wide range of pH. The purpose of control and minimization of wastes is to reduce pollution loads and wastewater during the process by using different techniques. In order to decrease, more or less, the difficulties of industrial wastewater treatment plants. Basically, waste minimizing programs are complicated and included management responsibility, definition of main targets and economic and technical assessment, accomplishment of programs and permanent assessment. In this study, the aluminium industry’s anodizing section was studied and by recognizing the production line of mentioned unit saloon, general processes were drawn. Main processes include several units such as: grease removal, etching, neutralizing, anodize unit, presealing and sealing operations, color units, and washing. These were drawn after each process. For this reason, wastewater produced by each process had special features. After gathering the necessary information, different ways were suggested to decrease consuming materials and to minimize wastes. Using two-way crane instead of one-way ones, and transferring profiles vertically. Installing electronic taps and sensors in bathtubs instead of manual ones, to prevent discharge. Changing the starting hours of work and using much more of daylight in order to decrease the consumption of electricity. According to the test results on using different coagulants, using 80 mg/lit of Alum as coagulant materials in wastewater treatment plant is suggested, which decrease the produced sludges by about 30% compared to the present amount.

Nowadays soil contamination by oil production due to leakage of fuel storage and transition hazards is an important environmental problem. Due to the additional hazard of transition to the human food chain, there is the possibility for pollution of ground water. Therefore in situ remediation of oil contaminated soil is very important. In this investigation the effective parameters on diesel soil remediation by soil washing using SDS surfactant were investigated. For modeling of contaminated land remediation the contaminated soil columns was used. Soil columns were contaminated with diesel in amount of 10000 ppm and 20000 ppm. In this study the effect of pH, surfactant concentration in washing solution and initial contamination amount were investigated. Results showed that in all states the quantity of remediation for acidic states is very low and efficiency of remediation when using only water is (1:3) of maximum amount. For soil with initial contamination amount of 10000 ppm the maximum efficiency is for surfactant in concentration of 0.3 and pH=11 and for soil with initial contamination amount of 20000 ppm the maximum efficiency is for surfactant in concentration of 0.1 and pH=11. By increasing the amount of surfactant concentration the permeability of soil decrease and in pH=11 the amount of permeability is maximum. With increasing initial contamination quantity, the velocity of increasing of remediation and permeability decreased. Consequently in the low level of contamination the effect of washing solution pH in soil remediation is greater in comparison with high levels of contamination.

Varjin Protected area is an estimated 26907 hectares of mountainous terrain located in Lavasanat and Roodbar Ghasran, districts in the Northeast of Tehran. Owing to its spectacular nature and its proximity to Tehran, Varjin protected area is considered to be an area with rich potentials for implementation of Tourism. The present study was an attempt to carefully examine the environmental capability of the area to further its extensive and centralized applicability. To do so, after detecting the ecological resources of the protected area (scale 1/100000) the obtained data was introduced to Arc GIS 9.2 software. Since implementation and applicability of outdoor recreation necessitated synchronized evaluation of numerous criteria or variables, the study utilized spatial multi criteria evaluation method (SMCEM). And therefore, the initial attempts focused on preparation and standardization of the criteria maps. Fuzzy expert system and s-shaped functions were used for the purpose of the study. Overall, data were obtained through sixteen layers as criteria maps for extensive outdoor recreation capability evaluation and seventeen layers for spatial evaluation of centralized outdoor recreation. Using Expert Choice software, analytical hierarchy process was conducted to load the criteria in relation to the type of applications. Then, the mathematical relationship of the extensive and centralized outdoor recreation was extracted. To analyze land proportion for the development of the expected applications, combined loaded linear method was utilized and the final map of extensive versus centralized applications were represented on the criteria maps data. The results show that nearly 4641.46 hectares (approximately %17.25) of Varjin protected area has suitable extensive outdoor recreation implementation, while nearly 1915.78 hectares (approximately %7.12) has the ideal conditions for centralized outdoor recreation development.

Attention to the importance of natural and ecological resources in Iran, considering non-market value of environment, would lead to better perception of its real functions. So, recreation value of Soleyman-tangeh tourism region in Mazandaran province and factors effecting individual willingness to pay were analyzed utilizing contingent valuation method. Legit regression model applied to determine effects of related factor using maximum likelihood approach. Results show that income and household size variables have positive and significant effect on willingness to pay while bid and age variables have negative effects. Probability of accepting proposed amount would decrease when the number of women exceeds men visitors. Age and sex variables had the most elasticity and marginal effects, respectively. Willingness to pay for recreation use of Soleyman-tangeh tourism area was estimated 1674.129 Rials per person and 5340.472 Rials per family.

Due to their environmental situations diversity and density, aquatic invertebrates are different. Some species of this group are considered as biological indicators for aquatic ecosystem. Through research in 1386(summer and winter) the diversity of invertebrates of Jarahi river was determined to find bio-indicators and water quality. In this research the physic-chemical experiments and the biological indicators and also its result are used to reduce the errors to minimum. Some indicators of determining the quality of the water which effect on physiology of benthos creatures and on quality of water such as (salinity-temperature-pH-DO-TOM-GSA)are examined.According to achieved results, 11genus and 8 species of 5 classes of freshwater benthic invertebrates are recognized. The maximum percentage frequencies of invertebrates accordingly are: Bivalvia =41/23 %, Gastropoda = 30/88 %, Insecta = 17/71 %, Hirudinea = 9/98 %, Crustacea = 0/2 %, and so macrobentic community structure in this river is included Bivalvia, Gastropoda, Insecta, Crustacea and Hirudinea. In Bivalvia classes, the maximum frequencies is related to Sphaerium rivicola (Lamark, 1818) species that is the abundance species in all research stations, and it is used as a bio-indicator to determine the water quality. Maximum density of macro benthos were observed in winter (535 m2) and the lowest (498m2) were observed in summer. For evaluation of macro benthos diversity in the study area, the Simpson and Shannon and Margalef indices were also used. The highest and lowest levels of Shannon indices were observed in summer and winter respectively. All the samples showed a medium pollution in all station and sampling season, according to (Welch, 1992).

The most beautiful description of Paradise in the Holy Koran is Jannaaton Tajri Men Tahtehal Anhaar which means "Gardens with beneath running streams". The word "tree" is not explicitly mentioned here, though it is implicitly understood. In Majma-ol Bayan by Abu Ali Amin-ol Eslam Tabarsi, we read that the word Roza means a green land in which plants grow well, and the word Jannat means a land with trees around it, and consequently Rowzaat-ol Jannaat (plural form of Rowzatol Jannat) are the gardens with trees in the middle of a green land. Many of the Persian gardens have these features.Numbers and concepts such as: Chahar Bagh (Four Gardens), Hasht Behesht (Eight Paradises), Bagh Dar Bagh (Garden in Garden), Gardesh Ab (Water Circulation), etc have their roots in the Koran terminology that gives ideas to architecture and composition of the Persian gardens and then many of the gardens in other Islamic and even the European countries. (The impact of Persian gardens in France and Spain is a proof of this claim and cannot be rejected.) However, the most effective Koran's terms in Persian garden construction are Jannaaton Tajri Men Tahtehal Anhaar. Some of the annotators and theologists have clarified this phrase and considered the gardens of this world as an introduction to the Paradise. Many of the Iranian and Persian poets have compared the world to a whole garden and even some like Molavi have compared the human body and soul to a garden. Many garden builders and architectures were influenced by the mentioned Koran's phrases which have tried to go beyond the described Koran's gardens and created similar ones. Doubtlessly, paradise garden or with Koran's terms Jannaaton Tajri Men Tahtehal Anhaar is similar to earthy, man-made gardens with the mere difference that "In Paradise, where the host of man is Allah, the worthiness is not that there are the gratification of eating, drinking and having sex, but eternally feeling that He hospitalizes you. And this is not exhausting"