نشریه علوم و تکنولوژی محیط زیست
سال شانزدهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 64، زمستان 1393)

Petroleum hydrocarbons and heavy metals are considered as common environmental contaminants and a worldwide concern. The aim of this study was to determine sediment contamination and to perform ecological risk assessments in the Mahshahr Bay.
Material and

Sediment samples were collected from the coastal area of the Petrochemical Special Economic Zone of Musa Estuary, which is located at the northwest of the Persian Gulf. Thirty-tow surficial sediment samples were collected. Total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) concentration of the sediment samples was determined using gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID). Also, the concentration of metals (Al, As, Ba, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Sr and Zn) in surface sediment samples was determined using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES).

The average TPH concentration in the study area was 42 mg/kg. The highest TPH value was recorded at station 8. There was a significant difference between concentration of Al and the correspondent mean crust.

The contamination factor (CF), degree of contamination (Cd), modified degree of contamination (mcd) and Pollution load index (PLI) revealed overall low values for metals. The average TPH concentration in the study area was 42 mg/kg indicating that the region could be slightly polluted. Cluster analysis was indicative of oil origin for Ni and Cr.

Cement factories are highly energy- and cost-intensive industries. Energy consumption in the cement industry is in the form of fossil energy carriers such as natural gas and fuel oil that are major sources of Co2 emissions. Since carbon dioxide emission from cement manufacturing has a high percentage of the total Co2 production in the world, there is a high potential for controlling and reducing Co2 emission.

In this paper, the theory of microeconomics firm was used to present a model for optimal production productivity considering the external costs of Co2 production in cement industry. To show the effect of Co2 emission in the model, Co2 emissions is considered as a function of energy consumption and then added to the set of constraints.

Eventually by solving the presented model by an advanced mathematical programming named GAMS software, Co2 emission is reduced by 15% and total annual cost is reduced by 6% which are remarkable.

Development is considered as an undeniable part of modern human life. The sustainable viability of natural elements such as lakes and wetlands is not only essential for survival of all present and future generations of human on the planet but also necessary for all habitats of the Earth. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of climate change and development on existance of the regional lakes which in turn are one of the main factors of economic development in the area.
Method and

In this study, the effects of climate change and development program on few regional lakes, including Urmia Lake, are investigated and some recommendations are provided to take proper management measures for the revival of Urmia Lake in order to prevent the dry out of this important natural ecosystem

Rice bran, as an organic solid waste material, has a high adsorption potential in removal of heavy metal ions from wastewater and can be very effective in treating the industrial wastewater which is the main source of water and soil contamination with heavy metals. In this study, the efficiency of Cr(III) and C (II) removals from heavy metals containing solutions was evaluated. Afterwards by adding rice bran to reaction environment, the amount of metal ions removed by rice bran in acidities, amount of adsorbent used, contact times and different initial concentrations of ions in wastewater were investigated. The results indicated that with an increase in the solution pH, the percentage heavy metal ions adsorption by rice bran increased and reach the amount maximum in pH=5. Also, percentage of adsorption was dependent on metal type, so that percentages of C (III) and Cu(II) adsorption from wastewater were 84.2% and 89.5% in pH=5, respectively.To increase the wastewater initial concentration, first percentage of adsorption was increased and then it was decreased due to saturation of rice bran particles. According to the obtained results, the calculated saturation capacities of rice bran for Cr (III) and Cu (II) were 71and 78 mg/g-1 respectively. Moreover, percentage of ions adsorption was increased with the increase of contact time. Due to rapid reaction, 50-60% of metal ions was adsorbed after 5 min from start of reaction. In this study, contact time of 30 min was offered as an appropriate contact time. The experimental data were analyzed using the Langmuir and Freundlich models of adsorption. Equilibrium data fitted well with the Langmuir model.

Encountering hydrogen sulfide gas (H2S) during excavation is one of the important engineering, geological and environmental hazards during the tunnelling. Tackling this hazard and solving its challenges solving are very difficult and costly. During investigation of the situation, one of the main tasks is prediction or evaluation of the risk of H2S gas and selection of the best methods to tackle its engineering and environmental problems. In this study, water conveyance tunnel of Aspar excavated in H2S bearing environment is discussed. This tunnel is excavated in the hydrocarbon formations. In this paper, hazards, characteristics, safety regulations, and geological sources of H2S as well as the methods to decrease the risks and problems in excavation of the tunnel are presented in brief.

In order to determine the source of gas and to select the best methods to mitigate its hazards and problems, in addition to investigation of the same experiences, concentration of various gases was recorded by fixed stations on the machine and by mobile sensors at the beginning, midpoint and end of each working shift. Moreover, sampling of the polluted air and water was implemented. The samples were sent to a specific laboratory for chemical analysis. At the same time, concentration of the gas in the air and water of the tunnel was measured.

Experiments raleted to the tunnel showed that the gas caused an unacceptable condition for workers. For predicting the risk of H2S gas in underground spaces, it is possible to use some evidences such as sulfur springs, organic traces, organic shales, exposure of H2S odor from fresh surface of rock, and smelling of H2S during boreholes drilling. Results of the analysis show that the gas enters the tunnel along with water, dominantly. Also considerable amount of the gas is released to the air at the beginning. According to the investigations, the source of the gas is relevant to hydrocarbon formations inthe area.

Geological formations related to hydrocarbon resources are very important in the formation and reservation of H2S gas. Since the gas is in solution form and is emitted promptly, controlling the inflow of groundwater into the excavation, diluting the concentration of H2S and training the workers are a series of methods used to decrease the risks and problems associated with tunnel excavation in an H2S-bearing environment.

Heavy metals are very pollutant in the environment as they are stable and can cause toxis, illness, mutagen, etc., by entering to the food chain. Heavy metals can be reduced by chemical prescription, electrolyze, using coagulant, ion exchange, absorption, evaporation and biological methods. Nowadays, removal of heavy metals from water and wastewater by biological absorbants is concerned because of their low cost. Accordingly, a small aquatic fern, namely Azolla filiculoides, was studies in a batch system to eliminate heavy metals including Cr NiCu. The tests were done in a batch system through contacting a determined amount of dried biomass of Azolla filiculoides with heavy metals solution in separated and mixed forms. The tests were carried out in retention times of 5, 10, 20, 30, 45, and 60 min , pHs of 2, 4, 6, and 8, andtemperatures of 20, 30, 40 0C. The obtained results show that increase of pH can increase the percentage of elimination by Azolla filiculoides and increase of temperature has not a remarkable effect on heavy metals elimination by Azolla filiculoides. Results also show that the aquatic Azolla filiculoides can eliminate CrNiCu with an efficiency of over 97% in retention time of 20 min and reduce them to below the permisable limits of discharge to the environment. It is concluded that Azolla filiculoides can be effectively utilized in industry.

The increasing rate of energy consumption and limitation of fossilized sources which are the main sources of energy in Iran and the world has made the industrial societies to seek for providing their essential energy for now and future. More than 26% of total energy is used in industrial section. Cement section is one of the important sub-sections of industry which is greatly energy-dependand, so that more than 15% of the energy allocated to industry is consumed in sub-section. Considering the “targeted subsidy plan” and “energy price liberalization”, the current rate of energy consumption in cement industry needs to be seriously revised. Production management, changing the ingredients of cement, finding alternative ways for replacing energy, and importing new technology can have good results in reducing energy consumption in cement industry. In this paper, energy consumption in its electrical and heat forms in a cement factory is investigated. The different ways for reducing energy consumption were also investigated in this paper. Findings of different studies carried out by the research units involved in cement industry in recent years indicate changes in production methods with an emphasis on energy consumption reduction and production increase. These changes include replacing wet method by dry method or development of pre-heating center. Nowadays, in cement industry, not only there is an emphasis on decreasing energy consumption to decrease the production costs, but also the environmental factors are focused. Over 0.7 kg of CO2 and other pollutants is released into the invironment as per production of 1 k cement particles. Therefore, application of alternative fuels which contain less carbon in their structural formula will result in reduction of both consumption and production cost as well as fewer pollutants released into the enviroment.

Composting is one of the best methods for solid wastes disposal, therefore, some efforts seem to be essential for improving its process and its products quality. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of sawdust admixture on composting process of municipal waste and some physicochemical parameters of compost such as temperature, pH, EC, heavy metals concentration and nutrient content.

4 piles were prepared and different amounts of sawdust were added (0, 16, 3 and 70%). Every day the temperature was measured within each pile; pH and EC were measured weekly; and heavy metals andnutrient content were measured in final products.

The pile without sawdust showed fluctuation in thermophilic temperature, and the gradual decrease in temperature was started on day 33, whereas this decrease was started on day 18 for 16 and 32% treatments. The pH value was shown to increase on day 21 and then slightly decreased to end of process. The pH value in final product was maximum in 0% treatment (8.1) and it was minimum in 70% treatment 7.73). The EC value showed a slight increase in all treatments during the composting process. Treatments with sawdust showed a low EC value in final products. 0% treatment gave a maximum amount (4.884) of EC and 32% treatment gave a minimum amount (4.235) of EC. The concentration of heavy metals and nutrients, except for Na and K, decreased with sawdust admixture. This was due to dilution effect of sawdust because of low metal content. Na concentration increased with sawdust admixture due to high content of Na in sawdust and used water.

Temperature fluctuation was controlled in composting piles and thermophilic temperature was preserved in active composting phase with sawdust admixture. Also compost quality was improved and heavy metals content decreased; therefore, the negative effects of compost on human health decreased with addition of sawdust

The major target of this paper shows effect of selected decision variables in the steam system for optimization of thermal combined cycle power plant.
Material and

Exergoeconomic, and other similar terms used to imply the combined thermodynamic and economic analysis of energy systems, which helps to increase the efficiency of a plant without jeopardizing its economic viability. The optimization accomplished using an iterative exergoeconomic. The design data of an existing plant (Damavand combined cycle power plant in Tehran) used for the present analysis.
Results and Diction: Two different objective functions proposed: one minimizes the total cost of production per unit of output, and the other maximizes the total exergetic efficiency. The analysis shows that the total cost of production per unit of output is 2% lower and exergy efficiency is 4% higher with respect to the base case. It demonstrates that selected decision variables have a good result for the exergy analysis and cost effectiveness

Introduction and AimLimited resources and the need for energy conservation have made the use of energy loss preventive thermal insulations, like the paints containing micro mineral particles, an economic option in different industries and buildings. The aim of the current study is to investigate the effect of modern insulation, such as paints with ceramic micro-particle in internal walls of a room with radiative cooling panels, on energy consumption.
MethodIn the present study, to investigate the flow field and temperature distribution in a room with a wall of radiation cooling, a three-dimensional cavity has been simulated with different boundary conditions. The effect of coating with a paint containing ceramic micro-particles, ordinary acrylic paints and no paint in different states of changing the boundary conditions, such as changes in wall temperature and absorption coefficient on a room with wall cooling radiation has been studied and the results were compared.
FindingsUsing the computer code, the interior surface temperature is obtained for different boundary conditions and used as a boundary condition for simulation. In case of using wall radiative cooling panels, room temperature is in the comfort zone in all cases, and the lowest temperature occurs when using paints with ceramic micro-particles in the interior surfaces of the room.
DiscussionIt was observed that the coating containing ceramic micro-particles acted as a thermal insulation and reduced energy consumption by about 22% .

Non-point source management has an imperative role in water resource management. One of the most effective structures in the field of non-point source management is wet detention pond. However, generating the cost-effective pond configurations that satisfy system-wide aims for total target sediment removal will be much more effective and efficient; but most of these structures are designed individually. In order to generate the cost-effective pond configurations, coupling the optimization algorithm with hydrologic simulation model is one of the best applied methods.
Materials and MethodIn this paper, an optimization-simulation model is presented for generating a cost-effective pond configuration in the watersheds. Obviously, more and larger ponds can catch more total suspended solids (TSS) from the watershed, but this will consequently lead to the increase of the cost of pond constructing. Multi-objective ant colony optimization algorithm is applied for determining a Pareto front between two opposing goals namely the loading TSS from the watershed and related cost of the pond designing.
Result and Discussion The Pareto front can be used by the watershed authorities for a better controlling of the loading sediment from the watershed. The applicability of the model is studied in a watershed in the west of Iran.

Aims: Nowadays, air pollution has become a major problem in the populated areas such as Tehran and other large cities in Iran. In such areas, the spatial and temporal variations of air pollution are important. In this study, spatial distribution of air pollution over Tehran is considered in cold a season during acute air pollution periods while indicating the factors involved.

The air pollution data of 16 stations located throuought Tehran for the years 2011-2013 have been used to find contour maps of gaseous and particle mater pollutants using interpolation techniques of which Kriging was more appropriate.

Results of the investigations of spatial and temporal distributions of air pollutants during the acute air pollution periods which often occur in cold months over the city, showed that in December 2012 that the concentration of gasous substances increased northwards, while that of particle matter increased towards the southwest. The north-south gradients of CO are highest during the day especially in the midday, while they are reduced substantially during the night. This appears to be due to the atmospheric local circulation, mainly due to the northern mountains inducing katabatic and anabatic near surface winds during the nights and days respectively. The atmospheric boundary layer thickness (increasing southwards) seems also important in the spatial distribution. As expected, the mean vales of CO at nights are higher than those during the day because high stability conditions prevail during the nights particularly in this mountain surrounded city.

The trends of concentration of particle matters in cold month show that it first increases in the southwest and west of the city and then by local wind circulation spreads towards the other parts of the city. This is probably due to the vicinity of the southern parts of the city to the more dry lands as well as the sources of the building construction industries. Larger air pollution anomalies are also found to occur for the particle matters during acute air pollution periods in cold season.

This research was carried out during 1382-83 on a monthly scale. The effect of sand and silt mining on Tonekabon river aquatic organisms was studied. One station was selected in sand and silt mining area and two stations were selected in upstream and downstream. The least abundance and biomass of benthic organisms was obtained in station 2 as 5%. This was also observed in estuary, as there were 21% and 74% of benthic organisms respectively in estuary and upstream of the reiver which have lost their habitates due to destruction of this area. Study on fish showed that Cyprinidae had the highest diversity and abundance. Fish abundance was 65% in station 1, 6% in station 2 and 29% in station 3. Station 2 had the least abundance. Migration and artificial propagation of Salmo truta caspius and Rutilus frissii kutum in this river are of high importance. Finally, destabilisation of river substrate and increase of suspended solid have led to reduction in diversity and abundance of species. The negative effects of sand and silt mining were not restricted to the sampling position and have affected other littoral parts of the river. This can result in degredation of river substrate and littoral parts

Due to increase of water consumption and lack of resources, wastewater reuse, especially in the industries, as one of the methods for supplying water needs is considered. Dyeing industries are among the large consumers of water and the major problem of their produced wastewater is that it contains color materials and it is non-biodegradable. The conventional methods for removing color from wastewater often lead to production of a large amount of sludge, posing the problems of sludge disposal and treatment. Electro-Fenton process is an advanced oxidation process which can decrease the pollutants organic and color concentrations effectivelly.

In this method, sampling of wastewater was done according to standard methods book for the examination of water and wastewater principles. Then the samples were transferred to the made electrochemical cell pilot, and the impact of various parameters including the amount of electric current, rate of consumption of iron ions, pH and electrolysis time on operating conditions of process was evaluated.

The results showed that under the optimal conditions as current intensity of 20 V for color concentration of 100 mg/L and current intensity of 30 V for color concentration of over 200 mg/L time range of45-60 min, iron ion oncentration of 0.3 mg/L and pH = 4, color removal of 100% can be achieved.

Electro-Fenton process is capable of removing Reactive Blue19 dye with different concentrations and maximum efficiency. Based on the results obtained, it was found that the electric current intensity and iron ion concentration are the parameters affecting the Electro-Fenton process for the removal Reactive Blue19 dye, whereas electrolysis time and pH parameters were less effective on the efficiency of Electro-Fenton process for the removal of Reactive Blue19 dye

Groundwaters can be polluted due to various natural and anthropogenic activities. These water resources are directly used as community’s drinking water. Therefor, pollution vulnerability assessment of them can help the local and national managers and decision makers in control of many discharged pollutants. For this purpose, the aquifer vulnerability of Najaf Abad plain (Lenjan District) has been surveyed in this study.
Today, Geographical Information System (GIS) is used for assessment of vulnerability of groundwater systems. Therefor, GIS was also used to determine the different degrees of vulnerability in the study area. For this purpose, different information layers were prepared. These information layers included electrical conductivity, nitrate, total organic carbon, sulfate, chloride and total hardness concentration which were obtained from 25 wells in Lenjan district through sampling during 4 seasons from summer of 2008 to spring of 2009.
Finally, after weight ratings and overlaying of the information layers, the vulnerability of areas were determined both seasonally and annually.
Results of chemical analysis of the samples showed that the highest concentrations of nitrate, total hardness, chloride, sulfate and EC levels for spring of 2009 were 98, 3800, 6745, and 3780 mg/L and 14.5 mS/cm, respectively. In contrast, the highest concentration of TOC occurred in summer of 2008 was 21.6 mg/L. However, the lowest concentrations of these agrichemicals were recorded in summer and autumn of 2008.
The results obtained with the help of GIS showed that the area in the center of Lenjan district, that had clay type of soil and average groundwater depth compared to the adjacent regions, had the lowest vulnerability to analyzed pollutants. Therefore, vulnerability of the areas increased by moving towards the east of Lenjan district. Thus, digging a well in this vulnerable area will be faced with water resources pollution

Heavy metals contamination of soil and agricultural products due to the rapid development of industries and improper use of chemical fertilizers and manure on agricultural land have cuased a great concern. The purpose of this study was to investigate the accumulation of heavy metals such as cadmium, lead and zinc in soils and in irrigated wheat and rainfed wheat in some farms in Hamadan city.

Soils under cultivation of wheat (irrigated and rainfed) was sampled. Composite soil samples were taken from a depth of 0-20 cm. The location of the sampling stations was recorded by GPS. The composite samples were collected edible sections of the mentioned plants. Absorbent concentrations of heavy metals were extracted using DTPA. The experiments were done independently in the form of a completely randomized design with three replications. Concentrations of heavy metals (lead, zinc and cadmium) were read using an ICP varion 710 in the laboratory of Islamic Azad University of Hamedan.

Statistical analysis showed that the mean concentrations of cadmium in the soil of irrigated and rainfed wheat were4/61, 1/60 mg/kg and in the plant of irrigated and rainfed wheat were 2/29, 1/86 mg/kg, with a significant difference of 0/05. The mean concentrations of lead in the soil of irrigated and rainfed wheat were 4/61, 1/60 mg/kg respectively, and in the plant of irrigated and rainfed wheat they were 12/26, 12/84 mg/kg respectively, showing a significant difference of 0/05. The amounts of zinc in the soil of irrigated and rainfed wheat were 32/12, 21/26 mg/kg respectively, and in the plant of irrigated and rainfed wheat they were 13/99, 11/58 mg/kg, showing no significant differences with the the permissable standards.
Discussionand

The result showed the risk indices of over 1 for cadmium and lead, implying that these two elements can be of a greater potential threat to human health in the study area

This paper attempts to clarify the effect of dam construction on changes of physical urban development. This research also investigates if the physical development has occurred on scientific rules or not, and finally presents an urban development model.

In this paper, two frames of IRS satellite were used to investigate the urban areas physical changes. One frame was relevant to two years before constructing the Taleghan dam and the other one was relevant to two years after constructing the dam. Then, both frames passed the geometric correction order and after that the border of urban area was extracted. This revealed that the urban areas had more area than before constructing the Taleghan dam. Considering the recent researches, a new fuzzy urban development model was presented and all the weights for being in several circumstances were defined. Using the attributes data, 1:25000 digital maps and the other studies, extraction of the layers required by the new fuzzy urban development model was tried. By overlaying the layers in ArcGIS software, the very unsuitable, unsuitable and suitable areas were detected on map.
Result and

Finally, it was concluded that the areas located on very unsuitable areas must be emptied, and the unsuitable areas could be preserved by some management methods like watershed management. However, there was no more suitable areas for further development of the urban areas. On the other hand, some parts of the studied urban areas have been located on suitable areas. The most important cramp elements for prevention of urban areas development were found to be landuse and vegetation cover. For increasing the capitation of settlement, it is better to develop the existing residential areas by height

Industrial and municipal wastewaters are the main sources which contaminate the surface water and groundwater. Application of detergent in industrial and domestic uses increases this substance in wastewater. Detergents are large organic molecules that are slightly soluble in water, highly toxic, responsible for foaming in wastewater treatment plants and making interference with wastewater treatment operations. A numorous methods yet have been applied for the removal of detergent. These methods include coagulation and flocculation, reverse osmosis, oxidation by ozone and advanced oxidation processes. This study investigates the removal of cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide from synthetic solution by Fenton reagent as an easy and effective method. Experiments were conducted in several stages with 100 cc of synthetic sample and pH=4, 5, 10, 15 and 20 mg/L of ferrous ions, 20, 30, 40 and 50 ml/L of hydrogen perocide in a batch reactor with contact time of 20, 40 and 60 min. Results showe that, in a batch system with acidic pH (pH=4), the removal of detergent increases with the increases of contact time, ferrous ions concentration and hydrogen peroxide. Therefore, in pH= 4, contact times of 60 min, and 20 mg/L of ferrous ions, Lthe removal efficiency increased from 54/5% to 89/5% by increase of hydrogen peroxide conventration from 20 ml/L to 50 ml/L. Finally, considering the simplicity and effectiveness of this method, it is be suggested to be used for the removal of detergent from municipal and industrial wastewaters.

Chemical wastes in particular wastes obtained from pesticides production are very dangerous, so control and recovery of them has attracted attention of many researchers and environmental organizations in recent years. Wastes in butachlor industries are formed under undesirable conditions in the process and also during filtration step and cause serious problems. In this study, recovery of butachlor from waste and its effects on rice plant was investigated.
Material and

Waste and off-spec samples containing 55.8% and 63.3% butachlor, respectively, were subjected to solvent extraction. GC/MS and FT-IR were used to identify components of the extracts. The determination of butachlor recovered from waste and off-spec samples was carried out by HPLC and its amount was found to be 88.4% and 89.7%, respectively. Field tests were done on the rice plants to investigate using recovered samples in rice fields. The treatments were exposed at 1.5 Kg active ingredient / hectare of recovered butachlor, waste, off-spec and commercial samples.

The phytotoxicity degrees of both waste and off-spec samples were 100% and the plants died after 28 days. The phytotoxicity degrees of commercial and recovered butachlor from waste and off-spec samples were 6.5, 8.5 and 8% under the same conditions, respectively, which indicates that the recovered butachlor can be used as effectively as the commercial sample in rice fields.

Quality of the environment is part of the overall concept of quality of life (QOL). Quality of the environment is considered to be of minor importance as compared to other aspects of QOL including one's health, family life, work, and social network. Nowadays, decline or loss of environmental quality in the urban residential environment is one of the most important crises for urban planners and policy makers. The main goal of the present research is to perfom a comparative study in two residential areas including Navab and Ekbatan neighborhoods. To this end, a questionnaire was used based on satisfaction approach and theoretical model of environmental quality. Data collection was conducted at the study field using a questioner filled in for a sample of 540 residents. Data analysis has been also conducted using the SPSS software and statistical methods such as Hierarchical Multiple Regression (HMR) approach, one sample T test and One Way Anova. Reliability and validity of the questionnaires were tested by Exploratory Factor Analysis and Cronbach's Alpha methods. According to the results, environmental quality in the Navab residential area was lower than 5>98/2>1) Versus(5>23/3>1 the environmental quality in the Ekbatan residential. Results of Hierarchical Multiple Regression show that the environmental hygiene factor in Navab (β=0/657) and the sociability factor in Ekbatan (β=./288) were of top-importance from the residents point of view. The results of Exploratory Factor Analysis show that the experimental model of quality assessment was a good fit for quality evaluation. Results of Cronbach's Alpha in Navab (α=./87) and Ekbatan (α=./86) confirmed the validity of the questionnaire

Municipal effluents can often contain significant concentrations of organic and inorganic nutrients. There is potential for these nutrients to be used as a fertilizer source when the water is recycled as an irrigation source. Therefore, long-term irrigation with municipal effluents can add large amounts of nutrients to the soil and plant. A case study was undertaken to assess the impact of municipal effluent irrigation on macro and micro-nutrient (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn) concentration of soil and leaf of eldar pine (Pinus eldarica Medw.) trees, in south of Tehran.
For this purpose, Data were collected using technique of systematic random sampling with 4 replicates in two 15 year-old-artificial eldar pine stands 1) under irrigation of municipal effluent and 2) irrigated with well water. Municipal sewage and well water were sampled daily (3 days in each month) from early June to late November.
Results indicated that the concentrations of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn) in municipal effluent and leaf of trees irrigated with municipal effluent were significantly greater compared with those of well water treatment. Application of municipal effluent resulted in a 1.5-fold increase in the concentrations of soil macro and micro-nutrients. The nutrients showed their greatest values in the upper layer of soil (0-15 cm). Irrigation using municipal effluent did not result in toxicity of nutrients in tree leaf and soil. The macro and micro-nutrient contents of leaf were correlated with their respective value in soil.
It might be concluded that the municipal effluents could be utilized as a source of water and nutrients in afforestations.

Coastal tourism and its Environmental Vulnerability assessment is an important problems in sea tourism. Implement appropriate laws and regulations to protect of environment can sustainable development and increased tourism lead. The aim of this research is recognition of Environmental vulnerability assessment of Tourism in Coastal of Anzali with SWOT model.
Material &

At first most important Data of Weakness point , Threats, Opportunies and strengths in indoor and outdoor has recognized .Then ,the most important factors of Weakness points , Threats points ,Strengths points and Opportunities point with Mattress of Data and its axial classified and analyzed. After analyzed of data, the most factors of internal and external vulnerability and rate of environmental sensitivity in coastal of Anzali recognized.

The results of this paper has showed that in coastal of Anzali factors such as the coastal strip with sandy beaches suitable gradient strength is one area while supervising the management due to the polluted beaches and other areas of Rasht (Foumanat basin) into the beach and sea are as weakness are among external factors take advantage of the study results and planning future management issues in tourism organizations can develop as a factor to be considered sustainable tourism. Unfortunately, despite some threatening external factors like a lack of fabric quality and quantity can be planned tourism district and regional environment affect can be a strong executive management made living conditions of the region to maintain its sustainable development helped.

In this work, the batch removal of Ni ions from aqueous solution and wastewater using marine brown alga Sargassum was investigated. Activated carbon, prepared from Sargassum by acid decomposition, was also used for the removal of Ni from aqueous solution and wastewater. The effects of pH, biosorption time, adsorbent dose, metal ions concentration were considered. The most effective pH was found to be 5.0. The maximum uptake rates for nickel with initial concentrations of 30, 50 and 70 mg/L were obtained to be 97.8% , 84.53% and 60.34% respectively at pH=5. The equilibrium adsorption data were fitted to isotherm models. The adsorption followed second order kinetic. This study shows the application of activated carbon as valuable material for the removal of Ni from aqueous solution and wastewater

As we know ecological condition in terms of drought, lack of precipitation, salinity of soil and water level restricted restoration to life of plant layer, so selection the best managerial procedure is very important while in order to provide vegetation also has the capability to decrease the soil erosion .All of all this research concerning to one of the unique ecosystem zone salinity, high water level which due to several years ago, as a result of the overload grazing of animals cause destruction the power of generation, finally to intensify the soil erosion of the region.

For the purpose of investigation about the role of land use and its effects on soil surface two areas included of farmland and rangeland closest to the area which has fenced for 21 years.For measuring physical specification (texture and structure) and also chemical specification (nitrogen, PH, EC, organic material), Taking sample of soil from each of these zones is done. Sampling method for this matter is in according to the procedure that consists of taking 3 transect with 100(meters) long in each zone and in along each transect taking 3 sample up to 15 (centimeter) deep by using spade.In order to measuring the amount of permeability of the soil in each zone (exclusion, rangeland, dryland farming) in 3 times and in all of these 3 situation.Altogether, 9 experiments are done.

The result of these experiments indicates that exploitation in form of rangeland and dryland farming has not meaningful effect on the soil texture, but the compressibility of soil surface increased. Consequently there was not any effect on the nitrogen and organic material of the soil.Land use in form of dryland farming increase EC factor of soil and in form of rangeland has no any meaningful effect on EC. The result of soil permeability experiment shows averagely, soil permeability in exclusion area approximately 10 times to the rangeland and 9 times to the dryland farming.

With regard to the dangerous of desertification in this zone, it should be hesitate to exploitation in any form of land use (farming and pasture). In view of successful of researching exclusion, salinity decreases and increasing in soil permeability, exclusion should be considered as an amendatory method.Dry farming can cause high salinity and decreasing soil permeability, for this reason with attention to the low raining in this zone it is required that farmland convert to the implant pasture.

Introduction and

Land resources preservation is necessary to decrease environmental impact by human activities. There are various kinds of decision making methods to organize land resources preservation plans. In this study Fuzzy Simple Additive Weighting (FSAW) was applied for zoning parts of the study area which need to be preserved against any kind of land use.

At first, data collection was conducted and the effective criteria to decide preservation plans were defined and weighted based on verbal variables and triangular fuzzy number system. Finally, maps overlaid based on FSAW method for study area evaluation.

final classification of the study area showed that land classes for high, medium and low degree of priorities to apply preservation measures occupied 35, 58 and 8 percent of the study area, respectively.
Discussion and

The results approved that suitability of a land is classifiable for various types of land uses using FSAW. Also according to the results; central and southern parts of the study area were in most need for preservation measures since intensive uses of land were mostly concentrated in those parts

Biological diversity in Iran is in a way that it has formed exclusive and exceptional ecosystem which require protection as national heritage same as the way the global society has protected such phenomena as common mankind heritage through the Convention on Protection of Cultural and Natural Heritage (1972) in accordance with the selective-value based criteria implementing frameworks on the basis of originality, integrity and management in order to effectively protect such phenomenon at the present time and in the future.
Based on the studies, Iran has registered 17 global cultural heritage since 1975 (including Persepolis,Tchogha Zanbil, Takht-e soleyman, Bam and its cultural landscape, Soltaniyeh and Shahr-i-sokhta) whereas it has not registered any natural heritage yet and it has merely presented some suggestions to UNESCO.
In this regard, based on the library studies, interviews with experts and study of the upstream documents and existing regulations, certain areas of four regions which have been mostly recognized as habitats are more qualified due to their conformity with the selective-value based criteria.
Therefore, from 274 existing regions, 7 regions i.e.the National Park of Golestan, Kavir, Preserved district of Arasbaran, Genu, Arjan and Parishan, Touran National Park, Preservation and shelter for the wildlife, Miankaleh wildlife shelter were selected and after comparative study with the UNESCO Convention criteria, finally Golestan and Kavir Nationals Parks were suggested as natural phenomena for the registration in the list of the Convention's Natural heritage

Today by increasing the urbanization in bid cities and increasing solid waste percapita for industrialization of societies, waste collection and disposal have hanged to one of the most important issues in municipal solid waste management. Solid waste landfills have adverse impacts on environment. These impacts will intensify more when landfill sites have chosen without any site selection processes. Therefore it is essential usage of current evaluation techniques for identification of adverse impacts and offer approaches in order to diminishing negative impacts.
Methods and materials: Many difference parameters and criteria are used for site selecting and evaluating of landfills. In this study, the landfill of Semnan have been evaluated by using data from slope, topography, land use, soil type and ground water maps via three current methods of evaluating of landfills.

This site is classified in good category in Oleckno method, acceptable category by using Monavari method and it is placed in better score range by applying Drastic method.
Conclousion: Despite this site has chosen without site selection process, it locates in suitable position. According to this study, it is necessary to attend engineering action and design and landfill management.

Natural hazards like earthquakes, tornados and floods can cause considerable losses to lives and environmental properties. In order to develop an appropriate risk management and loss mitigation strategy, it is crucial to develop reliable methods for risk assessment. Risk assessment is defined by both assessing the likelihood and intensity of the natural disaster.

In order to assess earthquake vulnerability in this research, governing factors were identified and weighted using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). Vulnerability map for census tracts of Tehran city has been provided with the help of Index Overlay (IO) and Fuzzy Logic methods. Results are presented visually in GIS environment.

The results indicate the preference of fuzzy logic in determining vulnerability of areas, although index overlay method with sufficient number of weight classes for each factor can bring similar results. In addition, index overlay method benefits from simplicity, faster problem solving and more flexibility in combining inputs and ranking outputs. A suitable method for the preparation of vulnerability map must observe the fuzziness rate of parameters, the appropriate selection of membership function and the optimized integration of data layers.

Aims: Nowadays, air pollution has become a major problem in the populated areas such as Tehran and other large cities in Iran. In such areas, the spatial and temporal variations of air pollution are important. In this study, spatial distribution of air pollution over Tehran is considered in cold a season during acute air pollution periods while indicating the factors involved.

The air pollution data of 16 stations located throuought Tehran for the years 2011-2013 have been used to find contour maps of gaseous and particle mater pollutants using interpolation techniques of which Kriging was more appropriate.

Results of the investigations of spatial and temporal distributions of air pollutants during the acute air pollution periods which often occur in cold months over the city, showed that in December 2012 that the concentration of gasous substances increased northwards, while that of particle matter increased towards the southwest. The north-south gradients of CO are highest during the day especially in the midday, while they are reduced substantially during the night. This appears to be due to the atmospheric local circulation, mainly due to the northern mountains inducing katabatic and anabatic near surface winds during the nights and days respectively. The atmospheric boundary layer thickness (increasing southwards) seems also important in the spatial distribution. As expected, the mean vales of CO at nights are higher than those during the day because high stability conditions prevail during the nights particularly in this mountain surrounded city.

The trends of concentration of particle matters in cold month show that it first increases in the southwest and west of the city and then by local wind circulation spreads towards the other parts of the city. This is probably due to the vicinity of the southern parts of the city to the more dry lands as well as the sources of the building construction industries. Larger air pollution anomalies are also found to occur for the particle matters during acute air pollution periods in cold season.

Background and

Tourism is one of the world’s most important green industries. Different factors can affect development of any area for tourism and recreation. These factors include distribution and number of population, land ownership, air quality, surface and underground water recourses, pollution, landscape type, urban design and structure, landscape esthetic, social believes, culture, biological criteria and so on. The aim of this research is resources assessmentfor tourism development in the Ziyarat watershed of Gorgan in Golestan province.

First, effective factors on tourism were identified in this area. Then, their maps were provided in geographical information system. Analytical Hierarchically Procedure (AHP) was used for weighting the maps. Multi Criteria Evaluation (MCE) method was used to determine appropriate sites for both of tourism landuse. At the end, two final maps were merged together and the area's tourism landuse map was determined.

According to result, 1137.15 hectares of the watershed was allocated to the extensive tourism and 6.48 hectares to the intensive tourism.

Considering to results, low allocated intensive tourism especially their dispersal and fragmentation show this fact the area is not suitable for intensive developing and has not essential potential for infrastructures construction especially dense buildings. So, it is recommended residential constructions are controlled in this area and the area is developed parallel to extensive tourism.

Land cover changes are among the most important alterations of the Earth’s land surface which affect the environment and environmental processes.
Material and

In this study, aerial photos from 1956 and 1972, Landsat TM and IRS-P6 LISS-III images obtained in 1980 and 2006 as well as the post-classification method were used to detect land cover changes and to evaluate Arak and its periphery during 1956-2006. At first, geometric correction was done to prepare aerial photos and satellite images. For this purpose, topographic maps at scales of 1:50000 and 1:25000 and nearest neighbor method and resampling method were applied. Root mean square error for all aerial photos and satellite images was less than one pixel. Afterwards, all georefrenced photos were mosaicked and land cover maps with 4 classes (urban areas, vegetated areas, barren lands, and rocks) were generated using visual interpretation of aerial photos. Following satellite images geometric correction, topographic correction was applied to images using DEM and Lambert model. In the next step, thye artificial neural networks classification method was implemented after producing false color composite images and image fusion.

Land cover maps in four classes were generated with overall accuracy of over 90%. To detect the land cover changes during 4 periods between 1956 and 2006, land cover maps of 1956, 1972, 1990 and 2006 were compared, and change maps and Tables were made. The results showed significant urban expansion, vegetated and barren lands losses and stability in rocks and mountainous areas during 1956-2006.

Forestation is one of the most suitable methods to increase the carbon sequestration potential which has been taken into consideration by many countries recently. This study was done in Chitgar forest park of Tehran in order to evaluate the carbon sequestration content of biomass (above and belowground), litter and soil (0-15 and 15-30cm) of 40 years old stands of Cupressus arizonica, Robinia pseudoacacia and the surrounding barren land (as blank). The results indicated that the content of carbon sequestration in R. pseudoacacia stand was 493.35 Mg/ha which was significantly (p

The young population of Iran and increasing graduated youth requires job-creating opportunities to tackle with unemployment and social-economical deterioration. Today, ecotourism development is one of the tourism branches which is connected to local population development, and local population participation is considered to be the principal factor in ecotourism development. Therefore, development of this industry can lead to employment of the youth. This study was carried out to investigate the strategies for development of ecotourism in the Natural Resources Cooperatives. From objectives point of view this study is classified to be practical, and from methodology point of view it is classified to be descriptive. Statistical population of the study were 123 members of Board of Directors of the Natural Resources Cooperatives in Golestan province which were selected by census. A pilot test was carried out to measur the validity of the questionnaires. Result of Alfa-Cronbakh for the questionnaires was obtained to be 87%. Results of regression test showed that territorial population training in the Natural Resources Cooperatives, communication and territorial population participation in ecotourism development programs have positive effects on ecotourism development. Totally, these factors address 50% of the factors affecting ecotourism development by the Natural Resources Cooperatives.

The study was done in forest of Tehran University in Noshahr. The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of fern application as bioindicator of site condition and to determine the effective physical and chemical factors of soil on distribution range of growing elements.
Material &

For this purpose, the selective sampling method was used to locate samples, and totally 55 samples were selected in the study area. For floristic studies on herb stratification, parts of an area of 100 m2 (plot size) were determined and the herb layer was recored using modified Braun Blanquet Tables.
Soil samples were taken from the center and four corner pieces of the samples, in the depth of 0-20 cm soil horizon, and the physical and chemical properties of soil (moisture saturated, pH, soil texture, lime, phosphorus, total nitrogen percentage, potassium exchange, organic matter percentage) and physiographic factors (height, slope and aspect) were examined. The environmental variables in the analysis (cluster analysis, DCA and CCA) were used to analyze the data in order to determine the relationship between vegetation and plant cover (grass).
Result and

The survey results showed that amon the various physiographic factors (slope, direction and altitude), slope is the most important factor in the establishment of species such as Phylitis scolopendrium and Polystichum aculeatum, and in the absence of two species named Peteridum aquilinum and Pteris cretica direction isthe most important factor in the establishment Asplenium adiantum.Athyrum filix-femina, Phylitis scolopendrium and Polystichum aculeatum are observed where the amounts of acidity, organic matter and slope percentage are high. In other words, establishment of Athyrum filix-femina, Phylitis scolopendrium, and Polystichum aculeatum is influenced by the environmental factors of pH, organic matter and slope percentage. Belechnum Spicant is abserved in the areas withlight soil (sand) and Asplenium adiantum-nigrum and Polystichum aculeatum are observed in the soils with heavy texture (clay).

Agricultural and specifically industrial activities have led to the substantial release of toxic heavy metals into the environment posing a major hazard to ecosystem and human health. Today, contamination of soil, groundwater, sediments, surface water and air with hazardous and toxic metal is considered as a serious problem worldwide. In assessment of the risk associated with metal contaminated soils, metal absorption by food chain is one of the major problems. Thus, it is highly important to assess and control metal concentration in industrial wastewater before it isreleased to the natural environments. The presence of heavy metals, such as Ni, Cr, Cu, Cd and Pb, that are phenomenally seen in industrial sawage can be toxic to human and other organisms, even at low concentration. Nowadays, soils in many places have been contaminated with heavy metals and these soils have turned into one of the most important problems specially in disposal areas.
Material and

In this study, in order to investigate the effect of an industrial wastewater on the heavy metals contaminated soil, it was sampled in 4 points and 4 depths including 0-25, 25-50, 50-75 and 75-100 cm, along the soil draine. Soil samples went through a physical and chemical analysis and were assessed for the heavy metal concentration. The electrical coductivity of soil saturation extract was determined by ohm-meter; soil texture was investigated by the Hydrometer method; the lime percentage was detrmined by Titrimetric method; total heavy metals concentration was specified by the acid nitric digestion method; and cation exchangable capacity in soil samples was identified by the Acetate method. Finally, the data analysis was done by SASS.

According to the obtained results and based on the standard limits in agricultural and industrial lands, soil samples were found to be toxic only for Ni, refering to low heavy metal concentration in wastewater samples. Statistical analysis results showed that there is a negative correlation between the soil depth and heavy metal concentration, which refers to low mobility rate of heavy metals specially in soils with a high content of lime and pH.

The present study was conducted to investigate the reasons for illegal hunting and fishing in Golestan and Mazanderan provinces during 2007-2008.

In this study, the references such as books, papers, and magazines about the wild life and hunting laws were identified, and for this purpose, all the references in the existing libraries were studied. To find out the reason of crimes related to hunting and fishing, three methods were used: 1- Investigating the documents and records related to the last decade, 2- Providing an especial questionnaire for hunters, and 3- Providing an especial questionnaire for environmental lovers.
Result and

Results revealed that there were great differences, from different points of view, between the two provinces. Lack of rangers and deficient protective actions were the most important causes for hunting and fishing violations in both provinces. The questioners completed by hunters and fisrhemen showed that sport, recreation and especially need for food (meat) were the main incentives for violation. In both of the provinces, the rate of illegal hunting of wild animals in the areas under the management of Department of Environment (DOE) was higher than other violations. Hunting types were quite different in both provinces. However, bird hunting had the highest rate among other violations. Distribution of the detected hunting and fishing instruments was not equal in both provinces and among their towns. Furthermore, types of hunting and fishing instruments were quite different, and there was an unequal distribution of illegal fishing and hunting of wild mammals, birds and aquatics among the towns. There was also a great difference in the range and manner of harms to the environment in the two provinces. Therefore, correlation coefficient was higher in Mazanderan province than Golestan province. Finally, based on the results and the diversity in the two provinces, in terms of types of crime and means of crime, some solutions were presented to reduce the mentioned crimes

Background and

Biogas is a clean and renewable energy that can be a good alternative to the conventional sources of energy. The purpose of this study is to produce biogas from kitchen waste and sheep manure in laboratory scale.

In this study, biogas production from kitchen waste was investigated. Anaerobic digestion experiments were performed using one-liter bottles as reactor at the room temperature. The effects of the waste weathering, sheep manure, concentration of solid waste, sheep manure percentage and the time of the preparation of bacterial environment in biogas production efficiency and methane percentage in biogas was investigated.

Experimental results showed that kitchen wastes which are not affected by aerobic fermentation can be fermented to methane gas in anaerobic digestion. Also, the addition of sheep manure as a supplier source of anaerobic bacteria increases significantly biogas production. In this case, the mean value of biogas produced was measured about 14/65 ml/(g of dry solid) and 16/25 ml/ (g of dry kitchen waste). In addition, it was concluded, if methanogen source is prepared during about 16-20 days, the biogas production process would be completed in about 24 hours and biogas consists mainly of methane.
Discussion and

Final obtained results from anaerobic digestion of kitchen waste in the presence of methanogen showed that, if the concentration of methanogen bacteria is quite enough before adding to the waste and organic acids production from the first stage of digestion, produced acids are converted to biogas (methane) upon formation and produced gas is mainly methane.

Background and goal: In today's competitive world, certainly one of the most important tools in the creation, development and survival of a system to achieve its desired goals and policies is the new approaches and programs of education .The aim of this study is examining the role of Strategic planning in achieving sustainable development and introducing the key educational sustainable developement strategies with regards of responding to the challenges of environment in Iran regarding to strengths , weakness , opportunities and threats.

by using descriptive – analytic method and configuring researches on the basis of SWOT analysis whit assess processes and stages in strategic planning for sutainable development training with emphasis on environment, the necessary features planned strategies and necessary principles for strategic planning in different levels motioned.
Findings: in this article work process to achieve the result in strategic model in 5 stage was mentioned and compiled sample from SWOT analysis about sustainable development environmental training in 4 sections strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats and strategies about training preferences in sustainable development and environment preservation in 4 section strategies rivals/offensive, differentiating, reviewing and defensive mentioned.

training for sustainable development should be performed in strategic planning so by considering strengths and weaknesses from the bottom of available threats give chance for reconstruction of some chances which come out of them. The chosen strategies should be considered during processes of study in specific plan by local institutions and people with governmental manager strengthening policies, regulations, procedures and provisions from priority orders.

An appropriate urban landfill site selection prevents environmental issues in cities. The study aimed to identify suitable sites for landfill site selection based on an estimated population of 20 years and the area required for landfill sites in Minoodasht city by using Fuzzy logic model in GIS and Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchical (FAHP) .

Selecting a suitable site for landfill requires several factors which using spatial data and its integration with other planning and management activities is necessary according to the complexity of affecting factors in site selection. For this purpose deployment of the integrated Geographic Information Systems (GIS)and multi-criteria decision-making methods (MCDM) are the perfect tools for landfill site selection.
Findings: The present study focuses on using many data layers including ; Distance from roads¡ elevation¡ slope¡ land use¡ precipitation¡ distance from faults¡ distance from surface waters¡ distance from protected areas¡ geology and Distance from city and villages for an appropriate landfill sites site selection of minoodasht city. the maps of each data layer ¡ standardized in IDRISI software and were prepared in the form of Fuzzy Then¡ in order to integrate the layers¡ Fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP) and GIS were applied.

Ultimately the final maps performed by applying 5 operators of fuzzy Gamma¡ Fuzzy Product¡ Fuzzy AND ¡ Fuzzy OR and Fuzzy SUM. Then¡ suitable landfill site selection maps were chosen and each of them classified to four categories of: suitable¡ average¡ weak and very weak. And suitable category became dappling. Methods which their Spots area were less than required area of landfill were excluded. Finally (AND)¡ (GAMMA) methods with 0.9 number¡ determined a suitable landfill site for a period of 20-years.

Sound comfort is an essential aspect of physical comfort of urban parks. In this research in order to demonstrate a method for evaluating the acoustic comfort questionnaire surveyed¡ and noise emission levels were measured in 30 points distributed in five parks included Mellat, Saei, Laleh, Shahr and Besat parks in Tehran.

LAeq (equivalent continues noise level) LAFmax, LAFmin, LA10, LA50 and LA90 were measured and calculated. Moreover¡ intensive questionnaire surveyed acoustic comfort based on the quality and sound source.

The sound level at most of the points evaluated 63dB in the parks exceeded the 55 dB(A). Perception of sound sources within the Soundscape was found to be a better predictor of Soundscape quality than measured sound levels. The results of the research clearly indicate the level of discomfort or comfort of a population is not necessarily connected only to sound levels¡ but includes other factors in the environment and in the receiver himself.

The results show the space planning¡ distance from main city roads, green belt around park’s boundary and music player’s position considerably affect acoustic comfort in the urban parks.

Balekhloo River is one of the main branches of Garasoo River in Ardebil and provides water for Yamchi Dam. Importance of this dam providewater for drinking agriculture and drinking for Ardebil and Sarein Cities. in according to different pollutant source like residential, industrial and agricultural and hot spring, bioassessment is essential for conserving of bio life in this river.

this study is in view of biological assessment based on population and species of fish in Balekhloo River in five stations in the two seasons two seasons (low water and high water) in 2010-2011. In this study were fish sampled by Electro shocker and physical and chemical parameters were measured simultaneously.

in this study 8 spaces from 3 order were identified most of which were of Cyprinidae Cobitidae .Shannon index result varied different between 0(station3)-1.33(station5) in stations.

The result of this research show that Shannon index for assessment of river results of physicochemical assessment result of Taxa richness and Shannon indexes. Finally by comparison of physical, chemical and biological parameters, of Balekhloo River’s water quality was classified into three region low(4and5 stations), moderate(1 and2 stations) and high pollution(station3).

Zinc is one of the most important metals often found in effluents discharged from industries. It is important for the phyonsiological functions of living tissues and regulates many biochemical processes. However, excessive zinc can cause eminent health problems. The aim of this study was to investigate zinc removal from aqueous solutions using chitin extracted from carapace crab shells.

To study the removal of zinc, chitin extracted from carapace crab shells was used as biosorbent in a batch system. Also the influence of pH, initial metal concentration, amount of adsorbent and contact time on adsorption process was investigated.

The results of this research showed that the absorption capacity of zinc closely depends on the pH of solution, because zinc absorption concentration (mg/g) increased with the increase of pH. The maximum biosorption capacity of Zn2 onto chitin (181.181 mg/g) was obtained at biomass dosage of 4g/L and contact time of 180 min. The result showed that removal efficiency of zinc was decreased by increase of initial zinc concentration. The results of equilibrium studies revealed that zinc absorption process on the extracted chitin was desirable and followed the Freundlich isotherm model and pseudo second kinetic model. Moreover, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) results demonstrated that functional groups such as amine (-NH2 (and hydroxyl (-OH) had the largest effect on zinc adsorption.

According to the obtained results, the chitin extracted from crab shells appears to be a suitable adsorbent for the removal of zinc from aqueous solutions

Field and purposeAccording to huge utilization of domestic and urban wastewaters in planting and agricultural fields around big cities, now a days local researches about this field and observing different outcomes from irrigation by waste water, has got a great importance.
ProcedureIn this research we have used discharging waste water of filtration plant of Parkand Abad of Mashhad (BOD=169.5 & TSS=138 & SAR=14.6) and water of the well (EC=740 micro M per second) as samples. Irrigation and experiments were performed in fields of 4 square meters, which were surrounded by the soil of farm. With waste water and water of the well, fields were irrigated one to five times and every time the amount of irrigation was 150 mm. After that, by using concentric cylinders, absorption potentiality and full hydraulic conduction was estimated. The other chemical and physical parameters of the soil in the fields are presented in standard book of measuring methods.
FindingsIrrigation with wastewater effects density of the soil and decreases the amount of it. So much so that with 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 times increase of wastewater irrigation, relatively we had 2, 6.6, 4, 15.7 and 17.6 percent decrease in density of the soil. Also with increase of irrigation times by wastewater, ions of sodium, phosphorus, nitrates and nickel were increased as well. The maximum increase was seen in nitrates ions (38%) and sodium (84%). The amount of absorption potentiality in irrigated fields with water and wastewater was less than the fields which were not irrigated at all. Besides this absorption was even less in the fields which were irrigated by wastewater. Also from the second irrigation on, because of formation a seleh layer, absorption was suddenly reached to its maximum rate (0.34 mm per minute), which absorption was controlled by this seleh layer. One of the most important reasons of seleh layer formation was existence of sodium particles in wastewater which were absorbed in the soil. It seems that sodium ion causes scattering particles of soil, so due to these fact small particles fills the pores and prevent absorption of water in the soil.

Among different natural principles, water and plants are of a more importance. They usually influence the other natural factors. If they are carefully taken into consideration at the time of environmental design, we`ll have a more qualified sustainable living space which could as well result in economic saving. Meanwhile, it is important to be familiar with the different conceptual, functional and esthetic aspects of the mentioned principles to be able to organize them in a better way. Herein, the wise combination of water and plants in Persian gardens is a remarkable example of its kind which crystallizes a sustainable design with respect to the above aspects.
This paper investigates the importance of water, trees and flowers -as leading environmental factors- in Islamic documents in addition to some gnostics viewpoints. The position of these principles in Persian gardens is discussed afterwards.
The results show that the Persian garden has a wise, philosophical design concept in which the environmental factors as the water and the plants are arranged, not only to provide people with their phisical needs (Fuctional and Esthetic aspects), but also to prepare them with a metaphysical and intellectual space (Conceptual aspect). These qualities have made the Persian gardens survive over the centuries, while harnessing a great cooperative relationship with nature.

Women constitute more than half of the population, however, designers do not pay attention to their special needs. Architecture is for human and human could be divided in two groups: males and females. They are different in sex and gender; because of their different gender roles in society they have some different and special needs in using the spaces. Sometimes spaces, exactly public spaces, for a part of user (women) are not suitable because gender needs are overlooked. Gendered spaces as a problem will be appeared when we forget gender differences, so that some users (women) have to leave the space and in this way a general space is converted to a specific space. This research attempts to find and explain these spaces by focusing on women psychological and behavior needs in public spaces as parks.

Research methodology is survey and case study is chosen from some parks of Tabriz.

This research attempts to to clarify the process of being gendered and to investigate the spaces in three ways of being gendered:1-By planning
2-By design process
3-By occupation and future using.
Finally, three factors were found: sparated spaces, easy circulation and domination on space in parks that make suitable spaces

Environmental education can be called a new discipline by which human being can continue his living by nature better. In this discipline, principal, values, personal responsibility, professional even behavior customs should move in according to nature and develop. In order to establish this educational and intellectual system, the current investigation attempts to analyze and assess the environment’s educational needs of students in Khouzestan province. This study is an applied and descriptive type of survey and from the study method perspective has employed a synthetic need assessment model. Sampling population consisted of the girl and boy students of secondary schools and high schools of Khuzestan province, in academic year 1386-1387(2007-2008). Sample of investigation consisted of 1067 students which selected through cluster sampling from Ahvaz, Behbahan, Masjed Soleiman, and Bandar-e-Emam cities. The questionnaire for gathering information was prepared based on experts’ opinions in environmental education and has had considerable validity and reliability. The research data analysis was done whit the help of descriptive statistic, including various distribution tables, mean and standard deviation as well as inferential statistic F test , chi-square test, Analysis Of Variance,correlation coefficient, Duncan test, and factor analysis. Some of the findings of the research are as follows:1)The textbooks’ contents do not provide the students with adequate information and stimulant about the student’s living environment. 2) School teachers in Khouzestan don’t supply the students with information and stimulant in accordance with the area’s environment. 3) Extracurricular and side activities related to environment are rare in Khouzestan province’s schools, and the students lack enough information and stimulant about their living environment and surroundings.
4) Extracurricular activities proved more effect in stimulating the students to environment and their knowledge than the two other variables: textbooks’ content and teachers.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)form a group of compound compused of two or more fused aromatic rings that are carcinogen and mutagenic for human and animals. thay are formed by the incomplete combustion of organic matter and fossil fuel.
PAHs are released into the environment from way waste water of factories producting Coke,oil,s refineries and industrials that use from very high temperatures,also these compounds are primary substance producting cosmetics,polymers,high explosive,fertilizer,colours and etc,that transfer to environment when used.
Today biodegradation of PAHs by microorganisms is the best way for fending these contamination and because bacteria have variety enzymes, hence thay are the best microorganism. Anthracene is tricyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, solid and Phenanthrene isomer.
Anthracene is major source colours such Anthrakinon and Alizarin. Anthracene is formed by the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels.
In this paper,we isolate anthracene degrading Gram negative bacteria from Maharlu lake.samples of lake,s sediments and water were collected from four sites in Maharlu lake. Samples filtered and cultured in Mineral medium that include inorganic compound, trace element and anthracene.
Post of sequential cultures in specialized medium and employed biochemical tests, isolated gram negative bacteria and identified species and genus.The bacteria include Pseudomonas, Vibrio, Nocardia, Aeromonas, Mycobacterium isolated and characterized as anthracene degrading bacteria from lake.Among these bacteria the most bacteria was in Khoshk river,s estury and the least was in lake,s center.Whereas Pseudomonas have the most dispersal,can used as anthracene degrading indicator species.

Textile industry is of those industries whose wastewater includes different pollutants. Therefore, conventional treatments are not able to treat all of the textile wastewater pollutants. Chemical coagulation may be suitable for the removal of Total Suspended Solids (TSS) as a pre- treatment.
Material and

In this study, after monitoring the wastewater from Mazandaran textile factory, which is currently discharged into the river without treatment, Jar test, alum, calcium oxide, ferrous sulfate, ferrous chloride and barium chloride were applied to investigate the maximum amount of TSS removal with the change of pH.

In addition to the type of coagulator, other parameters such as coagulation cost, sensitivity to pH change, the amount of sludge generation and side effects are effective on selection of coagulation. Hence, to select optimally, AHP was applied using Expert choice software considering the important effective parameters in decision making. Moreover, the score of each parameter was used considering the related experts’ opinion included in the questionnaires.

The results of Jar test and AHP indicated that calcium oxide was the best choice for reduction TSS in thye wastewater from Mazandaran textile factory. Also the Jar test results indicated 70% dye removal and 30% COD removal using calcium oxide as a coagulant.

The environmental sciences can be constituted based on some branches of natural science, social science and applied science. Solving environmental problems requires integration of expertise in some academic disciplines. This challenge stems from the essence of environmental sciences because these fields have an interdisciplinary nature. The most academic disciplines have specialized research methodology, but environmental sciences need to some research methodologies. The aim of this paper is to present qualitative research methodology for solving environmental problems and respond to expected questions through gathering and inferring from the results of various qualitative studies. In this paper, various qualitative research approaches used in the studies are discussed. Using qualitative research is inevitable under some conditions. Based on presented cases, the capability of qualitative research in environmental areas is explained. Qualitative research can respond to many questions in environmental researches and professional reports. Qualitative research approaches may be used to respond the questions arisen in preparation of environmental professional reports. This research methodology has the advantage that can be performed with minimum planning and equipment. In many complex environmental studies, design of quantitative research is very difficult or impossible. In this condition, using qualitative research design is an appropriate option.

Aim and scope: The area, shape and configuration of habitat patches are crucial features in landscape ecology studies, and they are also important to habitat evaluation and habitat suitability.Wild sheep is from Bovidae Family found in Kavir national park. The most important feature of the habitat of wild sheep is proximity to escape terrain (as cover for avoiding of predators). Understanding habitat requirements in landscape level is essential for successful management and conservation of wild sheep.
Materials: We used logistic regression approach to develop habitat suitability model for wild sheep in Kavir national park with Using landscape ecology metrics such as shape, size and proximity of habitat patches and based on field data gathered from autumn 2009 to summer 2010 .

Due to the Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test statistic is greater than .05, So the model has adequate fit. Habitat suitability model indicated good discrimination based on the receiver-operation characteristic (ROC) criteria (ROC> 0.97), indicating habitat suitability model can explain distribution of wild sheep reasonably well.

Of Cardaria DESV. genus is a species Cardaria draba (L.)DESV. in Iran.Plant is Pereniale . Lower leaves are petiolate, entire, lyrate or sinuate. Upper leaves are sessile with cordate or slightly sagittate base, ovate-oblong, often serrate-sinuate, amplexicaule, with (or without) stipule. inflorescence dense corymbe. Fruit is silicule, obcordate. Pollen grains morphology Were studied with Optical microscope and scaning electrony microscope to evaluate phylogenetic Relationships. For Optical microscope studies, the pollen grains were asetolysied with Erdthman method. After sprayed gold pollen grains on the samples with electron microscope model Philips XL 30 PD were studied. Pollen grains single, isopolar, tricolpate, elliptic in equatorial view, round in polar view, Pollen grain size of 15-35 µm in length, 18-40 µm in width Are different. Tectum is reticulate. Features of pollen grains coupled with other traits in the interpretation of systematic relationships of this genus are used.