نشریه علوم و تکنولوژی محیط زیست
سال هجدهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 72، زمستان 1395)

Background and The Importance of urban green space is undeniable in the sustainability of cities and their physical, natural and social effects in urban systems. For this reason, existence of urban green spaces in cities and a suitable distribution of them is one of the important issues in urban planning and management. The overall goal of this research is to determine the importance of affecting factors in site selection of parks and urban green spaces and also a suitable site selection of parks and urban green spaces in the study area.
This research is an analytic descriptive research. At first by using library and literature review and Delphi approach effective parameters in site selection of parks and urban green spaces were extracted and then, in FANP method pairwise comparison performed with relevant experts to determine significance and weighted of criteria. Then, data layers standardized in IDRISI software and were prepared in the form of Fuzzy. And finally prepared Fuzzy maps overlaid in GIS software by considering their weights to identify suitable locations for the construction of parks and urban green spaces in region 8 of Tehran municipality.
Findings: In this study distance from parameters of (Land use, Accessibility, population, Favorable centers and Ufavorable centers) are used to determine a park and green space site selection of region 8 of Tehran municipality. Each layers map prepared by using GIS and layer standardization in IDRISI software. Then for weighting and combining layers fuzzy analytic network process (FANP) and GIS is used.
Five operators of (Gumma, And, Or, Sum, Product) are applied to obtain final maps. Finally, fuzzy sum operator identified as a proper operator in park and green space site selection of region 8 of Tehran municipality. Five classes of very good, good, average, weak and very weak were considered for the final map of this operator.

Identification of climatic potentials as a context of human activities, constitutes a bedrock for majority of environmental plannings and land use plannings. In this regard, climatic features and their dominant elements play an important role in spatial distribution and development of environmental behavior of human societies, so that weather cognition and the use of its various potencies are comsidered as a base for urban development planning, construction, habitat, architectural and tourism expansion.
Methodes: In this study, the human comfort or discomfort at Arvand Free Zone was evaluated based on bio-climatic indices, Terjung, Neurotic strain, Baker, effective temperature, (TCI), (PET) and (PMV) using data from 60 years (1951-2010). Moreover, using the climatological parameters obtained from synoptic station of Abadan, the best time for environmental activities in this city was determined.
The results showed that the used bioclimatic indices are able to reveal comfortable and uncomfortable periods in Abadan and despite trivial differences, all indices present the same aspects of climatical comfort of this city.
The analysis showed that Abadan mostly had a wide range of variety during the year and changes from hot to very cool weather. During spring and summer, it is excluded from the limits of bioclimatic comfort. In the late fall and throughout winter, Abadan climate with its unique conditions for human comfort, is the best season for environmental and tourism activities.

Due to the expansion of cities, rivers are considered among the last places where somehow represent the presence of nature in cities. However this spaces are opportunities that have been abandoned and ignored, and despite much potential they propose, they are not being used properly. In this regard, the main objective of the present study is recovery and rehabilitation of rivers and streams which yet have been rendering only their first function as passing runoff while their other capacity is left unused. In this regard, with proper planning and management and the use of suitable strategies, such spaces can be restored to use cycle.
This study is a descriptive-analytical type and the data and information have been collected through field studies and and documents. This study examines the river of Shahrood as a case study. Data and information gathered are analyzed using the SWOT technique.
SWOT matrix analysis shows that the restoration of Shahrood River is highly important for transportation and diversification strategies. Similarly, the second, third and forth priorities are the use of aggressive strategies, defensive strategies and direction of change strategies, respectively. In addition, from special aspects, diversification strategies are more important than the others, and the second, third and forth priorities are use of aggressive strategies, defensive strategies and direction of change strategies, respectively. In this regard, in terms of environmental and recreational activities, diversification strategies are placed in first priority, defensive strategies are placed in second priority, aggressive strategies are placed in third priority and direction of change strategies are in fourth priority.
In general, it can be concluded that rehabilitation of study area is the first priority for dealing with the threats of the external environment. Also results of SWOT analysis techniques show that variety of strategies is first priority for rehabilitation of study area. Therefore, it is must to adopt some mechanisms for prevention of negative impact of external threats using the strength of the internal environment.

Khozeini canal is the second permanent connection way of Gorgan Bay with the Caspian Sea which has been blocked as a result of water level decreases and sedimentation in recent years.
In this investigation, 2D modeling results of current pattern using MIKE 21 FM model for investigating the impacts of Khozeini canal reopening on the general current pattern in Gorgan bay under 24 different scenarios were compared. Modeling was implemented on two types of unstructured meshes for 5 hours, 50 minutes and with 30 seconds time steps. In all modelings, the mean annual precipitation, evaporation and 13 rivers input to the bay as well as the effect of dominant eastern wind with 6 different speeds were used. The effects of components of the wave radiation induced by dominant wind were included by implementation of the wave model of MIKE 21 NSW in the 6 distinct considered in the hydrodynamic model of MIKE 21 FM. In order to include boundary conditions at the open boundaries, the mean maximum discharges of inlet and outlet in the Ashoradeh-Bandartorkaman spans and Khozeini canal were used.
Simulation results represented that the current pattern in Gorgan Bay is influenced by the inlet and outlet discharges at the spans of Ashoradeh-Bandartorkaman and prevailing wind.
Reopening of the Khozeini canal has no significant effect on the general circulation current pattern of the bay and only in areas very close to the canal changes the local current pattern to be North-South. In stormy times, the maximum current velocity of 0.23 meters per second was observed in areas close to the canal.

This study aims to evaluate tourism development in Khorasan Razavi. Nowadays, tourism is affected by the region’s climate characteristics. Weather has an important effect on tourism and, in some areas, tourism industry can be turned into one of the most interesting industries. Some climatic elements have an important role in health, comfort, recreation and attracting tourists, while some others such as temperature, humidity, sunshine hours and wind are more important.
In this study, we determined suitable time for tourism in Khorasan Razavi for a period of 21 years (1999 – 2011) using Misnard climatic index by ArcGIS software to find distribution of Misnard index in the study area. The required data was obtained from Neyshabur's weather station. 175.86 ha of moderate greenness level vegetated lands to non-vegetated lands was noticed.

The results of this study showed that September, August, and June have the most suitable conditions for tourism in this province, and January, February, December and March have the worst conditions for tourism.

Urban parks are crucially important in improving quality of life in urban communities. Since, health and safety of citizens depend on health and safety of the environment, application of HSE-MS to identify the hazards and control them in urban parks seems necessary. The objectives of current study were to rank the factors influencing HSE management of urban parks and to present a model for HSE evaluation of parks.
In this study, HSE factors of urban parks were ranked by using F.TOPSIS. Then a model was established based on scalograph method to determine desirability of HSE-MS in urban parks. The model was examined in three urban parks at Karaj.
The results from validation of the proposed model in three urban parks indicated that, health and safety of environment in Iran Zamin and Tandorosti parks were moderate while they were weak in Ebne Sina Park.
The proposed model for evaluation of health and safety of environment in urban parks was precise; however, application of other MCDM approaches was suggested to reach a more comprehensive model.

Background and Nowadays, industrialization, urbanization and time shortage are driving forces behind the extremely increased demand for natural areas and outdoor recreation. Natural Forest Parks are the most popular natural destinations that can provide human's outdoor recreational needs. A recreational system should be prepared based on different needs of various users to be responsible for visitors’ needs.
In the present study, Clawson method was used to evaluate the visitors’ outdoor recreational needs in Daland's Natural Forest Park, located in the east of Gorgan, Iran. In addition, U-Mann Witheny test was used to investigate the relation among genders and criteria of incentive to attend the park, acceptable crowd of area, and the best way to ensure park’s security. In this study, 168 questionnaires were filled out by the visitors to the Park in summer and autumn in 2011. Questions were about visitor's recreational interests and recreation facilities of the park.
The results showed that most visitors come to the park to get mental relaxation and recreation and 94% of the people believe that the facilities of the park are not enough. U–Mann Witheny test results showed a significant difference between the two investigation groups and the mentioned criteria.
According to the results, most visitors spend their leisure time in the forest parks, so at regional context, the managers should pay more attention to visitors satisfaction in this type of areas compared with other types of natural recreational areas. The results can help managers and planners in parks management, fulfilling visitor's wishes and needs, improving park quality and optimal management.

The relation between a climate and its vegetation cover is a function of special condition. Climate is considered as one of important ecologic factors and has the most important effect on quality and quantity of vegetation cases. Selection of plants per improvement and recovery of each region should be simple implemented based on the knowledge of that region concentration of special species of each region is determined by three factors namely temperature, precipitation and humidity, which today are named as biological variables. The goal of this study was to investigate diversity of vegetation in Pardisan forest park and climatic adaptation of its dominant species in the region.
In this research by collection of tremendous species of vegetation coverage of Pardisan Park, preliminary recognition of vegetation cover and collection of information such as their names, growth forms, dispersion and application in the land landscape was done. Given the Pardisan Park management didnt have any statistical data of the numeral and position of hand planted plants. The general location and areas of prevailing species of the park was determined and was marked on the map of the park by using GIS software. The frequency of each gens and of each family were ordered by each software. In next step after getting the information and statistics and the values of climate logical parameters related to geophysical station from meteorological organization, we studied them and analyzed their relation to the survival of prevailing species of the park.
Climatology and ambrotermic diagrams and curves were plotted based on climatic parameters and finally echo gram curves of dominant vegetation cover of Pardisan Park were analyzed based on climatology parameters.
Results show that, given that there is no significant difference in the micro climate of different areas of the park, factors such as microclimate, soil, direction and amount of access of plants to water resources play the most important role in the diversity of vegetation even of Pardisan forest park.

Historic parks as national heritage and identity document of historical and cultural value indicates a close relationship between civilization and nature.
The study population consisted of all such cases in the spot visit the park in 3 days busy was intended to 170 the number of samples that have been set Park city.Data obtained from surveys with the use of analytic software spss chi-square analysis was used. Using SWOT opportunities, threats, strengths and weaknesses Sanglaj City Park in Tehran were studied. Use of analytic software spss chi-square analysis was used.
Findings: It is observed that 30 percent of respondents ages 30 to 40 years age group are the most respondents as well. 35 percent of respondents were high school graduates with the highest share of educational groups, respectively. It is also found 41 percent of respondent’s employee / free that have the highest percentage of respondents, respectively. After that housewives have the highest share with 19%.
The results suggest planning for tourism development requires careful consideration and recognition of the region and requires access to appropriate models for planning. And a small percentage inappropriate it evaluates, designs and planning in green space and recreational programs are offered to tourists.The results show that the most important opportunity for the park for recreation, spending time and psychological comfort of the most important threats

Background and Nowadays, Public green spaces in urban areas are the only shelters that soften life of urbanites and reduce the problems of machinism age. Urban parks through their diverse functions such as ecological, social, cultural, economic and psychological functions have important role in improving the quality of citizen's life. One of the factors that affect function and efficiency of urban parks are process of palnning and quality of designing. On this basis, main purpose of this study is pathology of planning and designing of urban parks.
the case study is Eram Park in Sabzevar. The methodology used in this study is a descriptive –analytical method. The sources of date gathering are including documentary method in theoretical foundations and related literature and also the data obtained from survey studies (observation and photography of study area).
Findings indicated that in designing of Eram Park various aspects such as designing of entrances, readability and identification, pattern of planting, parking spaces, usage of materials for pavement, attention to features and needs of specific social groups, such as women, children and the disabled, and the need for social monitoring of park space have not been taken into account.
Finally, it was proposed to pay more attention to the qualitative and quantitative criteria in planning, specially in designing of public green spaces and urban parks.

Today, urban planners have become interested to consider sustainable development in their planning. Evaluation of ecological capacity for urban development in order to select appropriate locations is the main factor in sustainable development. In this study, it has been attempted to evaluate the ecological capacity in order to determine the best possible regions for urban development in Baghmalek district by applying a combination of Analytical Hierarchy Processes and geographic information system.
In order to achieve this objective, first we recognized the effective criteria in urban development using the previous studies and by collecting opinions of the experts by Delphi methodology. Finally 5 criteria and 12 sub-criteria were selected. Then, we determined the priority of the criteria against each other by pairwise comparison method and by applying Analytical Hierarchy Processes. Finally, the required information layers were valuated based on fuzzy logic in environment of Geographical Information System (Arc GIS 10.2), the calculated weights were applied on them and ecological capacity map was prepared by weighted overlaying the layers.
The results indicated that %46.65 of the studied area has a completely unsuitable potential, %39.62 has an unsuitable potential, %12.27 has an average potential, %1.17 has a suitable potential and %0.29 has completely a suitable potential for urban development.
According to the classification of the final map, it was concluded that the prone areas for future physical development in Baghmalek district can be further expanded in the northern part. On the other hand, Southeast and East directions because of having mountainous regions, face with more restrictions for future development.

Tourism is one of the key economic sectorsbenefit would be more than other economic sectors, if appropriate investment is done. Tourism and its different branches, especially ecotourism and geotourism play an important role in different aspects of cultural, social and economic sectors in the world. The aim of this study was to identifiy the criteria influencing ecotourism development in desert areas.
In this studythe criteria effective on introducing the potential areas to attract tourists were classified into two groups. These two groups included the critera related to environmental and climatic characteristics and to recreational services infrastructures. Each criteria included some sub-criteria.
In this study, using a multi-criteria decision systems and geographic information systems (GIS), the identified criteria and sub-​criteria related to the target area were weighted and combined.
According to the obtianed results, the study area has a high potential for ecotourism development.

Present status of cities emphasizes on the creation of an extensive and planned green space, with highlighting green spaces in order to establish ecological balance against the built environment. In this context, ecological parks that have been raised at the end of the last century, can be as an important factor to solve this problem. The overall objective of this study is to enhance the urban environmental conditions in order to promote the environmental sustainability through ecological designing and connecting the built environment with the existing natural virgin lands such as mountains in the cities. In this way, a suitable condition can be introduced as the scientific-economic support for education and developing a proper environmental culture.
The method used in the present study is based on descriptive and analytical practices. In this study, the southwest mountains of Mashhadhave been studied. After fundamental studies, the case study examples, feasibility and evaluation of the ecological capability of the study area were conducted. Finally, based on Makhdom’s model, the results were presented as solutions.
The findings show that only 35% of the study area have a potential for future use and activities and the rest should be considered as a virgin natural area. In potential activity zones, zoning is done in a way that in the edges with a lower slope connected to the city, there is greater utilization of land and with penetrating into the site and higher slopes, utilization of land is reduced.
The results show that in the process of eco-park designing as an ecological design sample, those criteria and activities which distinguish eco-parks from other types of parks are taken into account. Also in the designing process with ecological assessment, with respect to the environmental layers and localization of ecological models for determining the value of land use, the highest efficiency and minimum environmental impact can be achieved.

Cultural landscapes are resulted from interactions between past and present ecosystems, cultures and histories. Cultural landscapes also indicate layers of interactions between humans and the natural environment during the time, and it has formed a complex connection between them which are constantly changing. Cultural landscapes emphasize the importance of human history and continuity of cultural traditions and social values. The site of historical-natural Cheshmeh-Ali with 8000 years history is regarded as the origin of human settlement formation in ancient city of Rey. In this site, constitutive layers of landscape are visible in the format of spring and hill as the natural elements and also Ray’s battlement and Fath Ali shah inscription as the historical and cultural elements. Apart from the outstanding features of Cheshmeh-Ali from cultural-historical aspects, the site is under pressure as a result of human intervention, invasion of residential building to historical buffer zone, so that the nature of the site is under gradual degradation.
The methodology used in this study is descriptive-analytical based on library studies and field visits with the aim of enhancing the historical and cultural identity of the site, and the awareness and recognition of outstanding values.
All management actions are designed based on the principles and strategies of conservation, along with using sustainable tourism, through revitalization and interpretation of historical narratives and enhancing the experience and enjoyment of visitors.
Not only does the site return to its normal life process, but also the performance of all its economic, social and environmental aspects will improve.

Today, urban public spaces in addition to being a place for people and social interaction are used as tourism spaces. In the meantime, in addition to the increase of citizen's awareness about the role of tourism, especially tourism, economic development and job creation in urban areas, urban awareness of the decision-makers in this area has been greatly increased. In this study it was attempted to evaluate the condition of public urban spaces in region 1 of Hamedan as the main tourism spaces with an approach to urban designing elements.
In this study, after library and field studies, preparation of questionnaires and using SWOT analysis we evaluated the condition urban public spaces in region 1 of Hamadan City (the first ring).
The results indicated that the importance of improving urban transport network, qualitative improvement of public spaces and urban tourism designing elemts as well as amplification of comfort, safety and relative comfort for tourists’ and residents’ easy access to the mentioned spaces.
Improvement of urban public spaces and their main elements, including urban furniture and equipment, can lead to achieve sustainable development of tourism and enhancement of satisfaction and attraction of urban tourists.

Population size and composition are the most important factors affecting the quality of the environment. Empirical studies of the impact of demographic factors on pollution emissions have very different results. Identifying the impact of these variables on the quality of environment, can play a significant role in formulation and adoption of policies and environmental regulations.
Using econometric analysis, STRIPAT model and carbon dioxide emissions data among the D8 group from 1995 to 2010, the impact of demographic variables such as population size, age of population, urbanization and concentration of population and also the impact of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) on carbon dioxide emissions have been examined in this study.
The results indicate that the population size and concentration of population, have no significant effect on greenhouse gas emissions. On the other hand, the population aged between 15 to 64 years, urbanization, and per capita real income, respectively indicating the greatest impact on carbon dioxide emissions among D8member states.
High rate of emissions related to the population raging from 15 to 64 years old in our society is important, because age distribution of the population in this age range has become more concenterated. Since this age range has a high proportion of production, economic growth and energy consumption, it has a high impact on CO2 emissions. Therefore, the environmental damage by users should be reduced to the lowest level through some measurments such as cultural environmental training and energy efficiency increase.

In general, landscape studies, conducted based on aesthetic criteria, do not seek to determine the aesthetic value but seek to extract aesthetic preferences of users. These studies have been performed in two different approaches. The first approach is based on measurable objective criteria and surveying the interaction between these criteria and the second one is based on recognition of the conceptual criteria from the point of observers view. The aim of this study is to identify the most important criteria affecting the landscape visual quality.
In this study, objective and subjective criteria of Ziarat basin, where is one of the tourism poles of Golestan province, were prioritized from the point of aesthetic value using the second approach. A questionnaire was developed and distributed among 100 visitors. Data obtained from the questionnaires were analyzed by SPSS software and the criteria were prioritized using ordinal classification.
From total of 23 objective and subjective criteria which were surveyed in this study, the first 5 criteria with the highest score were: pristine area, cleanliness of environment, waterfall visibility, visibility of diverse point and color diversity of a landscape. These 5 criteria could be introduced as the most effective criteria on scenic value of the study area.
The subjective criteria introduced in this study could be used as a perfect series of effective criteria which affect the perception of visitors in the other regions too; however, selection of objective criteria for evaluating the visual quality would be different according to geographical location, climatic and topographic characteristics of the area.

Climatic changes, one of which is water shortage due to low precipitation, drop in groundwater level and canals dryness, have resulted in degradation of vegetation in some Iranian historical gardens in hot and dry areas. In the present research, it is attempted to extract a model for vegetation rehabilitation in these gardens (by keeping originality), through merging Xeriscape and Iranian garden principles. Through implementing this model, it is attempted to save these gardens and to keep these valuable historical monuments.
In the present research, components of Iranian gardens and xeriscape are studied and merged consistently. Therefore, this research is conducted based on combined strategies.
In the present research, Iranian garden and xeriscape principles are merged and then a model is presented based on low and optimal water consumption through selecting plants which need low water, modifying soil, using new irritation systems and mulches for covering surface of soil and also appropriate keeping in Iranian gardens.
Although, in recent years, using xeriscape principles has boomed in different countries, but these principles not have been used in Iran synchronously. Through developing a comprehensive model for using xeriscape principles in Iranian gardens, the results obtained in this study can help in reviving vegetation of an Iranian historical garden degradaed due to water shortage.

Spending long time in the hospital environment, usually for patients, staff and visitors is stressful and unpleasant experience. In this study, we attempted to integrate principles of healing gardens, horticultural therapy and Persian gardens in order to extract suitable criteria for designing therapeutic environments which provide peace of mind and wellbeing for the individuals present at these sites. We specially considered the cultural and climate specifications of Iran in developing the criteria.
Since, one of the main components of healing gardens and horticultural therapy spaces is their user-oriented nature. These spaces should be compatible with the interests and preferences of each society. Therefore, this study was carried out based on the methodology of combined strategies and case studies. Because of abundance of contents, in this paper, only the first part is discussed and the second part: “synthesis strategies” is explained in detailed in another paper.
In this study, principles of the Persian Garden, healing gardens and horticultural therapy was combined and then design principles of therapeutic environments with special emphasis on the comfort of users through the stimulation of the senses, simplicity, visual pleasure, increased social interaction, rehabilitation patients, etc. were developed.
Although, the healing gardens have gained an extensive attention from different countries in recent years, this kind of gardens have not been implemented in Iran yet. Consequently, it seems that the combinationof Persian garden principles with healing sites design principles along with appropriate planting can create a peaceful and wellbeing place for patients, visitors and staff and leads to reduction of stress, increase of social interaction and life expectancy, and improving healing of users.

Development of tourism in preserved areas has many advantages both for the management of the related areas and tourists. Therefore, determining suitable areas for development of tourism in preserved areas and forest parks is highly important for sustainable exploitation of natural resources. The present study aims to evaluate the potential for ecotourism in Morineh forest promenade in Lorestan province by using analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and geographical information system (GIS).
First, the most important and effective criteria and sub-criteria for evaluating the potential for recreation in the study area were determined. Then, by using Delphi method, some questionnaires were designed and distributed among the related experts. The weight of criterion in each questionnaire was calculated and the average weights were estimated. In the next step, the final weight for each criterion and sub-criterion was calculated. Then, the required maps for the evaluation were provided in GIS environment. Finally, with the help of Weighted Linear Combination technique, the final potential map for the ecotourism development in the region was provided.
The results shows that 21.04% of the study area has a high potential and 22.52% has a good potential for ecotourism. In addition, 28.7% has an average potential and 27.72% has a weak potential for ecotourism purposes.
Obtaining the detailed information about the importance of Morineh forest park will lead to a higher WTP for the conservation of this ecosystem.

Regarding the vegetation's crucial role in urban environment, investigation on the change detection seems to be necessary. Therefore, the usage of remote sensing was noticed to be important to study the changes.
In this study, to estimate the qualitative changes of vegetation cover, the NDVI was applied and Tm and IRS images of 1990 and 2006 were used and vegetation maps of District 5 of Tehran municipality by underlining the different greenness levels were generated.
Findings: Statistics revealed that the area of good and moderate greenness level vegetated lands decreased and the area of poor greenness level vegetated lands increased by 23.22, 684.27 and 299.43 ha respectively. It is important to mention that to find out the procedure of qualitative changes of the study area's vegetation cover post-classification change detection technique applied and results indicated that non-vegetated areas converted to poor and moderate greenness level vegetated lands by 0.9 and 186.48 ha respectively. Also the conversion of 419.58 ha of poor and 175.86 ha of moderate greenness level vegetated lands to non-vegetated lands was noticed.

The maximum amount of increased non-vegetated area and destroyed moderate and good greenness level vegetated lands were studied in region number 2. So, region number 2, in comparison with other six regions has been changed the most during 1990 to 2006. The equal amount of increased non-vegetated area and decreased vegetated area by 408.06 ha showed that land use changes have been accrued in study area, therefore conservation and increase the urban vegetated areas are important to develop urban master plans.

Security is one of the essential necessities of every society. Research in security issues, is a field which facilitates improvement of quality of life in residential spaces, especially in residential complexes. The assumption in this research is that it could be possible to develop a model on the basis of interrelation between environment and human being and then use it for preventing crime as an anomic behavior.
In a qualitative approach, the context analysis is used for developing a background in crime prevention through environmental design, and then with interpretation approach and using comparative analysis method, it is attempted to investigate the environmental factors affecting the security of residential complexes. Observation, interview and questionnaire are used for data gathering.
The findings of research are presented in a complicated model of the environmental factors affecting security issues. This model shows that socio-economic factors and then physical factors which lead to natural surveillance, access control, territoriality and image, have important roles in security improvement in residential complexes.

Recreation in the areas and parks outside the city has become a need for citizens. Therefore, the identification, selection, analysis and desigining of tourism sites outside the cities is necessary. Variety of methods yet have been innovated for site identification. The main question is that: are the result from different methods similar in the calculation process? The gole of this paper is to analyze the results of Pralong and TOPSIS methods in order to evaluate the capabilities of tourism sites.
First, the capability of tourism sites posisioned by the Shamrud was analysed. Then, these sites have been analysed using two methods of Pralong and TOPSIS and final site has been chosen. At the end these two methods were compared.
The whole results for choosing the final site were found to be similar. Also, the TOPSIS method reflected the differences between sites more intense than the Pralong method and finally both methods reached a similar choice that was equal with people choice.
Combining Pralong and TOPSIS models to achieve applicable decisions will offer better results. Also, from the zones specified in the Shamrood riverbank zone, zone number 4 was selected as the best tourism site for designing

Registration of each country's natural heritage in the UNESCO World Heritage leads to recognition of it in the international arena as well as ever increasingly growth of tourism, in addition to many other national benefits. UNESCO has introduced its goals concerning sites registration as: determining methods and conditions of getting helping from the World Heritage Support Fund and preservation of the qualified valuable cultural, historical and natural works in the world. Meanwhile, Islamic Republic of Iran has Patened One Location (Loot Kavir) in The UNESCO World Heritage List.
Methodes: Authors aimed at answering the question regarding the Iranian unique nature and necessity of the international registeration of qualified natural sites that: which sited have been qualified for introducing to the UNESCO Commission for registeration as Natural Heritage? Then, we would present a historical survey on registering the natural sites as the world heritage, and provide the readers with the registered statistics in the UNESCO website. We would also introduce the country's important natural attractions for the purpose of opening a file and being announced as a candidate to the institute. The method used in this study is descriptive-analytical and an applied study. Data collection has been conducted using databases of international conventions and liable organizations for environment and site registration.
Finally, the authors have proposed some qualified natural sites for international registration, based on the World Heritage Institute predetermined characteristics and the related details.

By definition, the urban landscape is a natural structure in an urban setting and research in social perception about studying the intangible norms that the landscape, as a medium, represented and transmitted throough the society. In this sense, in contrast to landscape restoration which has an ecological approach, social perception has fewer contributions to regeneration of urban streams. Shiraz Khoshk River is one of the natural and historical edges of city that has become a symbol of the city and one of its natural identities for lack of sufficient water, presence of physical interventions and valuable religious monuments in its path across the city. This paper aims to find out the social perceptions of Khoshk River in order to establish a practical framework for landscape regeneration of the urban streams. Hence, categorizing the citizens’ perceptions is inevitable and this could be defined as one of the research objectives.
This study relies on integrated strategies as a research method; we applied a complex description with a social survey within the case study using an exploratory content analysis approach. Besides, during assessing the social perception of residence, totally 32 person were chosen randomly through semi-structured interviews. Social perception variables obtained from literature review and categorized in two main groupes: landscape to society variables (six variables), and society to landscape variables (four variables). These variables were evaluated in a field survey (interviews and photography).
Results showed that the upper part of the river has higher potential for social perception than the middle and lower part. Furthermore, according to the survey, the social perception consists of some variables which could be categorized in three groups: “natural environment variables”, “functional and activity variables” and “emotional variables” appeared in the responses in priority order.
In the social opinions, the noticeable elements of the river were in order of “natural elements”, “arterial and manmade elements” and at least “functional-activity elements”. It means that the relations between landscape and people are mostly a one-way direction than a two-way correlation. In another word, society to landscape variables is less considered than landscape to society variables. At the end, the principle of urban natural stream regeneration based on the case study and social perception of the landscape was modeled and proposed as “cultural, symbolic and identical strategies”, “recreational strategies” and “social and legal sensitivity strategies”.