نشریه علوم و تکنولوژی محیط زیست
سال نوزدهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 73، بهار 1396)

In large cities (metropolitan areas) the most important causes of noise pollution are transport systems, urban land uses, including heavy industries, workshop and noisy jobs. The workshops scattered throughout Tehran, such as carpentry, turnery, smoothing and smithery, in the vicinity of residential areas, and educational-healthcare centers can increase and affect the noise pollution level.
To determine the status of industries activities and occupations which are responsible for noise pollution and noise pollution increase in Tehran, an extensive study was carried out. Then the list of all the jobs and activities located within the boundaries of zone 3 of district 12 of Tehran were identified. Classification of noise polluting occupations in the study area was done in A, B groups. According to the results, the noise polluting jobs were identified to be about 1845 in number. The highest number of jobes was related to shoe manufacturing units, molding and casting and the lowest number was related to coppersmithing.
After presenting the SPL and Leq charts and also roviding the GIS maps the amounts SPL and Leq from the workshop in the study area were obtained. The maximum SPL belonged to thinsmithing and coppersmithing units and the maximum Leq belonged to bending units. The turnery workshps, in spite of having low SPL, were identified to be the noisiest units because of their high levels of activity duration and the area used. Considering the high SPL and the area used, bending workshop was ranked in the second place, and the rest of the workshops were ranked subsecuently.

There are natural and artificial radionuclides in the environment, and the humans, wanted or unwanted, are exposed to nuclear radiation.Amount of radionuclides in the environment depends on soil type, rock and geographical situation. One of the ways for radionuclides transfer tohumans is application of inorganic material for production of necessary products. Thereforestudy of radioactivity of mines is very important.
In this research, 12 samples of Iron Ore of Shams Abad Iron mine have been studied. The samples were collected randomly according to color and identified type of composition in a mineralogy laboratory. The specific activities of natural radionuclides were determined using gamma ray spectrometry method, employing a high purity germanium detector (HPGe) model GCD30195 with 30% relative efficiency. Radium equivalent (Raeq), internal and external hazard indices (Hin and Hex), internal and external annual absorbed dose and absorbed dose rate for all samples were calculated.
The activity concentration of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K in these samples varied from 9.39±0.53 to 271.70±1.84,

Drinking water supply with proper quality is one of the main goals of water treatment plants. Filtration is a process which has the largest share of quality making in water treatment plants and about 20% of the cost is allocated to this process. The main indicator used for filters efficiency is water turbidity at outlet.
In this research, the effect of various heights (20-50-70-90 cm), effective sizes (0.75-1) and uniform coefficients (1-1.5) sand filter’s packing on turbidity removal and coliforms has been studied for four months from May 2010. Sampling was performed according to standard procedures and the samples were analyzed immediately in Tehran Islamic Azad University of Science Research laboratories and water treatment plant laboratory.
Finding: Results of coarse packing filter show the maximum efficiency of turbidity reduction was 83.58% for turbidity of 5 NTU and packing height of 90cm. The minimum turbidity reduction was 29.25% for turbidity of 10 NTU and packing height of 20cm. The maximum coliform reduction was about 87.92% for turbidity of 2 NTU and packing height of 90cm and the minimum coliform reduction was about 38% for turbidity of 10 NTU and packing height of 20cm. The effective height which causes maximum turbidity and coliform reduction is 90cm. The longest operation time in the context of a coarse bed was 35 hours in turbidity of 2 NTU and the shortest operation time in the context of a coarse strainer was 23 hours in turbidity of 10 NTU.
Results of fine packing filter show the maximumefficiency of turbidity reduction which was 93% for turbidity of 2 NTU and packing height of 90cm. The minimum turbidity reduction was 54.9% for turbidity of 7 NTU and packing height of 50cm. The maximum coliform reduction was about 91.92% for turbidity of 2 NTU and packing height of 90cm and the minimum coliform reduction was about 45% for turbidity of 10 NTU and packing height of 20cm. The effective height which causes maximum turbidity and coliform reduction is 90cm. According to the results, efficiency of the fine bed and coarse bed filter directly depends on outlet turbidity and operation of previous unit (sedimentation). The maximum and minimum operation times in fine bed were about 28 hours (NTU=2) and 14 hours (NTU=10) respectively.

The Chahnimeh reservoirs in Sistan currently provide main source of drinking water for Zabul and Zahedan Cities. Therefore the survey of quality factors in this region appears to be essential. The aims of this study are survey of water quality factors (sulfate, nitrate, magnesium, ammonia, alkalinity, calcium, chlorine and hardness) and comparison among sampling stations and available standards.
Samples for laboratory studies were collected from 6 stations including 19 points in August 2010 from the surface of Chahnimeh. During sampling the EC and pH were measured. Then each factor was obtained with photometer 8000 Palintest. The statistical analysis was promoted with SPSS software and Excel was used for graphs.
Findings: According to the results, Sulfate obtained between 106-124 mg/l, Magnesium concentration based on CaCo3 measured between 416-600 mg/l, Ammonia concentration between 0.02-0.10 mg/l, Nitrate concentration between 0.52-0.93 mg/l, Alkalinity between 125-215 mg/l, Hardness between 182.66-205.33 mg/l Calcium Carbonate, EC between 559.33-604 Calcium, Chloride and Hardness µm/cm and pH between 8.45-8.79 was variable. Based on statistical analysis, any factors was not show significant different among stations.
Accordingly, these factors have the same distribution among the stations and they are not affected by point sources. Each factors was compared with available standards for drinking water. These comparison were suggest the factors including sulfate, nitrate, ammonia, alkalinity, calcium, chlorine, hardness, pH and EC have been lower than the standards set for drinking water While, The concentration of magnesium was higher than the levels them. According to the results, Chahnimeh Reservoir has desirable quality.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of pH, initial metal ions concentration and contact times in batch experiments to remove lead ion from aqueous solution by adsorption using pear peel (Pyrus pyrifolia) as a natural biosorbent.
For this purpose, four concentrations of 10, 50,100 and 250 mg/L, four times of 15, 30, 60 and 120 minutes and three pH values of 3, 4 and 5 were considered. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models, the critical factor determining the adsorption capacity of adsorbents and adsorption processes of design were evaluated in this study.
Findings: The optimal pH value for Pb adsorption onto the pear peel was found to be 5. Metal uptake capacity of Pb increased by increasing the initial metal ion concentrations,so that the maximum amount of lead was determined at a concentration of 250 mg/L. Maximum adsorption capacity for lead was estimated after 60 minutes. The equilibrium process was described well by the Langmuir isotherm model.

Natural mineral layers are composed of large amounts of heavy metals which are released into the nature during the mining process. Birds will be exposed to heavy metals by direct contact, contaminated food and water and even swallowing the gravels and digesting them in their gizzard. The aim of this study was to evaluate the concentration of cadmium in eathers of Alectoris chukar in Ahangaran mine and the impact of factors such as age, sex, and tissue on accumulation of heavy metals.
In this study, samples of breast and tail feathers from 9 samples in mining region and from 3 samples in control region were taken. Atomic absorption spectrometry, model SpectrAA 400, was used to measure the accumulation of heavy metals.
Findings: The results indicate that the average cadmium concentration measured in feathers of Alectoris chukar in the mineral-rich region was 2/18 μg/g, whereas this average in the control region was 0/54 μg/g. Comparisons showed that in the mining region the concentration of cadmium was slightly higher than the standard level and in the control regions it was lower than the standard level. However, this difference was not significant. Effects of type of region (mineral and non-mineral) and age (adult and immature ( on the accumulation of cadmium in the feather of Alectoris chukar were significant, but the effect of gender (male and female) was not significant.

The hybrid biological, adsorption-ion exchange system is a newly developed process for water and wastewater treatment operations, in which the adsorption process in active carbon and silica sand beds and the ion-exchange process in resin beds (index resins) are used in combination in order to reduce contamination to acceptable levels suitable for reuse. In this study, performance of the mentioned system in wastewater treatment in Neyshabour Power Plant has been investigated.
In this study, the effect of various flow fluxes on TS and COD removal via silica filter at various ratios of silica sand (coarse and fine grades), as well as comparison of sodium and calcium ions removal via ordinary and index resins at different fluxes for sanitary and clean drain wastewater treatment in Neyshabour Power Plant have been studied.
Findings: There was a decline in sodium ion level from 1250 mg/lit to 1.9 mg/lit and in COD level from 411 mg/lit to zero. Also, conductivity was reduced from 2180µS/cm to 560µS/cm. The system demonstrated the capability for the removal of sodium ion up to 99.6%.
The biological, adsorption-ion exchange technology has a high potential for processing a large volume of wastewater as well as generating a high economic value. This hybrid system can be used to return the clean drain wastewater (wastewater from drain boilers and blow down boilers) with high purity to water cycle in power plants.

The investigation of CO2 dynamics, using β and σ convergence approaches, is one of the crucial issues in environment economics. Also, design of the coherent policies aiming at fulfilling international protocol targets such as Kyoto protocol and Copenhagen summit depends on both the levels and the distribution of per capita CO2 emissions among countries. For this purpose, the main goal of this paper is to investigate the dynamics of per capita CO2 in OPEC countries during 1970-2013.
In this study, to test the convergence hypothesis of per capita CO2 emissions, two measures of convergence, σ-convergence and β-convergence, are adopted. The empirical absolute β-convergence model has been stipulated within cross-sectional data and fitted by ordinary least squares (OLS) estimator. In order to test σ-convergence, the standard deviation of per capita CO2 emissions was calculated during the study period (1970-2013), and its trend was drawn.
Findings: The major findings indicate that both convergences (β and σ) have occurred in these countries and the speed of β convergence is high (0.97 %). Also, the emission level that all countrie's per capital emissions converge to and the time periods required for catching-up process were estimated to be 4.18(ton) and 5.31(year), respectively.
In this study, the occurrence of caching-up process for per capita CO2 emissions among OPEC members was confirmed. Moreover, the dispersion of per capita CO2 emissions among OPEC countries has a downward trend and has declined. According to the results, adoption of fair and similar environmental policies for reduction of CO2 emissions among OPEC countries is the applicably implied policy in this paper.

Various adsorbents have been used for retention of heavy metal contaminants. However, natural dispersive soils and soil morphology have received little attention. The dispersive natural soil used in this study is a clayey soil with micro and nano-scale particles. Accordingly, the main objective of the present study is to investigate retention of heavy metal contaminants and the changes in the structure and morphology of dispersive soils exposed to environmental contaminants.
To achieve this objective, environmental and geotechnical tests were performed to investigate and to compare the interaction of natural dispersive soil, bentonite and kaolinite clay samples with lead and zinc. The retention of heavy metals by dispersive soil was investigated by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope (SEM) images and energy dispersion spectroscopy (EDX) experiments.
According to the results, the retention capacity of natural dispersive soil is higher than that of bentonite and kaolinite, because of its morphology, dispersive structure and high percentage of carbonate. Although cation exchange capacity (CEC) of the natural dispersive soil is approximately 50% less than that of bentonite, retention of the heavy metal contaminant in this sample is more than 20% as compared with that of bentonite at high concentrations of heavy metals. Furthermore, the retention capacity of the natural dispersive soil is 2.3 times more than that of kaolinite sample. According to the results obtained in this paper, the orientation and structure of clay platelets strongly influence the retention of contaminant by clay samples.

Wind energy is an important energy source on earth that can be converted to electricity. The wind energy compared to fossil fuels is widely used because of its availability, stability, reducing air pollution and for economic reasons. The aim of this study is to analysize wind energy potential using the Wiebull distribution and the data recorded in synoptic and climatologically stations. The Windographer software is used for calculations.
In this study, hourly wind speed and direction data for 2005 to 2007 in 7 stations (6 synoptic and 1 climatology stations) were investigated and Wiebull distribution function fitted to data. Then, corresponding plots including wind rose, wind speed, and wind power curve were provided, and finally wind energy density was estimated. Moreover, the zoning map of wind potential density (WPD) for the study area was drawn.
Wind power density was 745 watts per square meter at Hzarkanian station on 50meters height from ground surface, which has been placed in category 6 of American Atlas Table for wind energy. Such region is considered to be windy and wind park. Bijar station in the east of Kurdistan and Zarineh station in the north of Kurdistan, with 301 and 200 watt per square meters wind power density, respectively, ranked in the next place. Other stations had low mean wind speed and power energy lower than 200 watt per square meters. Based on international standards, such places are considered as regions with low wind and inappropriate for installation of wind turbines to extract electricity.

Excessive consumption of fossil fuels and excessive production of CO2, in addition to problems related to the golabal warming cause air pollution. This has attracted more attention to biodiesel production. Among the benefits of biodiesel production is that when it burns no net CO2 is emitted. Therefore, finding a biological way to produce biodiesel has not only economical value but also it is valuable in terms of environmental aspects and impact on human health. The goal of this study was application of oleaginous yeast for biodiesel production and optimization of production process.
In this study, the oleaginous fungus Mortierella alpina with high capacity of lipid production was used for microbial oil production. After analyzing the produced oil by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), its potential for biodiesel production was evaluated. Also optimization of medium condition for increasing lipid production was done. The optimized condition was used in a semi laboratory (pilot-scale) fermentor I order to evaluate lipid production.
Findings: The evaluated fungal strain had the highest lipid production of 10.9g/L. This strain had biodiesel yield of 71% and the highest fatty acid was oleic acid with amount of 38%.
The lipid composition in this fungus has a high similarity with plants oil and can compete with plants lipid for biodiesel production and is valuable from economical point of view.

Recently pollution due to sewage containing surfactants has become a major cause of environmental pollution. Sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) is one of the most important types of surfactants. The purpose of this study was to synthesize activated carbon (AC) from Iranian pine cones (Pinus eldarica) for the removal of sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS) from aqueous solution in batch systems.
The activated carbon samples were prepared using three activation agents including phosphoric acid, potassium carbonate and potassium hydroxide with different impregnation ratios. Pyrolysis process was performed in a ceramic furnace under a nitrogen gas flow rate of 100 ml/min with a heating rate of 8°C/min for 3 hours in 750 °C. Maximum surface area was obtained using synthesized activated carbon with H3PO4 in impregnation of 2:1 with 1580 m2/g. The synthesized activated carbon with three activating agents was used in the batch system to remove the SDBS from aqueous solution.
Findings: The results showed that activated carbon produced by potassium carbonate with impregnation ratio of 0.75:1 has the highest absorption capacity of 97.56 mg/g. The experimental kinetic data were analyzed by pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, and intraparticle diffusion models. The result indicated that pseudo-second-order with R2>0.982 provided a better description of adsorption data. Desorption experiments were carried out using different compounds. Sulfuric acid and ethanol showed the highest desorption rates of 65/67 and 40/03%, respectively.

Some market activities have negative consequences such as pollution and destruction of environment. The market, despite its outputs, cannot product optimum quantity of goods and services and in other words it fails. In order to prevent market failure, government must intervene in the market activities through the policies of environmental protection and suitable regulation in order to reduce pollution and establish optimal conditions for production and consumption.
In order to investigate the effect of government expenditures on pollution, first a simultaneous equations system during 1975-2011 was specified, and after estimation of equations using two-stage least squares and three-stage least squares methods, the relationship between the direct and indirect effects of government expenditures and pollution on economy of Iran was studied.
Findings: The results from estimation of equations systems specified in static and dynamic approaches devide direct and indirect effects at show that i) the size of government only has the direct effect on per capita pollution ii) there is a significant and positive relationship between the government size and per capita emissions with elasticity coefficient of 0.08 in static approach and there is a significant and negative relationship between the government size and per capita emmisions with elasticity coefficient of -0.163 in dynamic approach. Therefore, increase of the government expenditure has a negative effect on pollution and decreases it in a period of time. In addition to government size, economic openness and consumption have a significant and positive effects and total investment and population have a significant and negative effects on the per capita pollution in economy of Iran.
The findings of this research can help in using appropriate policies such as improving public educations, proper execution of laws and regulations, strict enforcement of environmental laws and amplification of public infrastructure with the aim of environmental protection and pollution prevention.

Strategies for energy saving and optimization of its consumption to reduce environmental pollution and to improve environmental conditions have been the main requirements for building construction. Envelopes are those parts of buildings that have a considerable impact on energy consumption. That is why the study of envelopes behavior is especially important. In addition, heat transfer between the envelopes is the main factor of changes in the internal temperature and affects directly the heating and cooling load and thermal comfort of the interior space. This paper aims to study the thermal behavior of the envelopes in buildings and to achieve transparent envelopes with appropriate function in the buildings of Hamedan.
This study has been conducted using an experimental method. The internal temperature and the temperature near the envelope on both inner and outer sides of high-rise buildings with glazed facades in Hamadan have been registered using the environmental measurement tool. According to the obtained data, two parameters of heat transfer time lag and decrement factor have been analyzed. Then, the behavior of the envelopes has been studied by a numerical analogy and logical reasoning.
Findings: According to the calculation of the time lag, this study shows that in Hamadan, double glazing has a better performance (50%) than single tempered glazing due to the desirability of longer time lag and less decrement factor. In addition, in terms of heat transfer time lag, glasses with higher thickness and more distance between two layers of double glazing have better performance (16%) than other types of double glazing.
The results of this study can be useful to better understand the thermal behavior of the envelopes, as well as to better designing based on the climatic conditions of Hamadan.

Due to electrical charge and high specific surface area, clay minerals, such as sepiolite, are widely used for the removal of heavy metals from environment. However, limited information is available to identify their ability for heavy metals removal from multi-ionic solutions. This study was conducted to determine the ability of Fariman sepiolite for the removal of Cd, Co, and Zn from aqueous solutions, and the effect of different factors, such as contact time and initial solution pH, as well as application of heating pretreatments (150 and 250 Cᵒ) on adsorption process of the mentioned elemnts. .
All the experiments were done in 11 contact times from 5 to 2880 minutes, in three replications and at pH values of 4 and 5. After determining the remained amounts of each heavy metal in the centrifuged suspension solutions by atomic absorption machine, the experimental data were fitted by pseudo first order, pseudo second order, and intraparticle diffusion kinetic models.
Findings: The results showed that the adsorption potential of the heavy metals depended on contact time, solution pH, and physicochemical characteristics of the elements. Accordingly, by increasing the contact time and pH of solutions, adsorption rate of the heavy metals increased in an order of Co>Zn>Cd. Moreover, the results illustrated that application of heat treated sepiolite particles, compared to natural sepiolite, increases the removal efficiency of the heavy metals from aqueous solutions.
Results illustrated that application of heating pretreated sepiolite leads to greater removal of heavy metals in the solutions studied. Besides, greater efficiency in removal of heavy metals would be attained in pH= 5 as compared to pH=4.

Industrial development, increasing demand for water supply and illegal waste discharge into the aquifers have created major problems in most of the plains. Among the pollutants, heavy metals are considered as common factors due to their wide application in industry and urban communities. Thus, Zanjan plain as the hub of polluting industries is not exempted and the qualitative samples taken from it indicate the presence of different kinds of heavy metals. To investigate the role of natural and artificial factors in creation these pollutants, the used methodology is proposed based on geology, hydro-geochemistry study, the relationship between cations and anions and the distribution of heavy metals.
Using the proposed framework for measuring water quality data in both wet and dry periods, initially, all the factors leading to pollution were identified. Then, the role of anthropogenic and geogenic activities was determined based on a combination of factors involved in pollution of the plain.
Findings: The results indicate that the main part of contamination in the northern half of the plain is due to anthropogenic sources and appears naturally in the aquifer. In the central part of the aquifer, due to the centralization of industry and presence of Zanjan city, geogenic activities were identified to be the source of heavy metals. In other parts, both anthropogenic and geogenic activities were jointly involved in aquifer pollution.
The main source of pollution by heavy metals including Cr, Cu, Fe and Pb in Zanjan aquifer have been natural and geogenic factors. Also, the elements such as Zn, Mn and Cd are mainly associated with human activities and industries that are scattered throughout the plain. According to the evaluations, management strategies can be presented for restoration and control of pollutants input into the aquifer in that part of the plain whose contamination is due to geogenic activities.

Today, design of a supply chain network which balances economic and environmental issues is attractive not only for researchers and practitioners, but also for managers and industrial decision makers.
This study introduces a bi-objective supply chain network which uses a fuzzy approach in order to include uncertainty in parameters of the model and apply it to a real case. Moreover, this model takes environmental and economic issues into account simultaneously. This consideration occurs in production and recovery technologies. Furthermore, the aim of the represented model is to choose the optimal production technology at all centers, the optimal production planning, facilities and location and the optimal number of those technologies which must be purchased. The fuzzy model is converted to an auxiliary crisp model by Jimenez approach and then solved with є-constraint. For the large sized problems, the Multi Objective Differential Evolutionary algorithm (MODE) is applied.
Findings: It was shown that the cost objective functions and CO2 emission objective function are in conflict with each other, implying that any increase in one of them leads to decrease of another one and vice versa. Totally, it can be concluded that the -constraint method and the MODE method are appropriate and qualified methods for solving the auxiliary crisp model of supply chain network design problems.

Today, Chlorinated and Organophosphorous pesticide residues are considered as important environmental pollutants especially in surface water resources. Gargar River is one of the important tributaries of Karoon River. The main use of this river is to supply the drinking water for nearby cities. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determin Organochlorine and Organophosphorus pesticide residues in water of the Gargar River in 2012.
After field visits and determining five sampling stations during the spring and summer of 2012, the samples were taken and after carrying out laboratory preparation, identification and determination of the concentration of pesticides in the samples were performed using HPTLC.
Findings: Results showed that the mean concentrations (µg/L) of Atrazin, Alachlor and Trinoxol pesticides in water of Gargar River in the spring were 1.04±0.02, 1.06±0.03 and 1.12±0.04, respectively. Also the mean concentrations of these pesticides (µg/L) in the winter were 3.04±1.45, 15.27±4.51 and 12.12±3.62, respectively. Comparison of the mean concentrations of pesticides with WHO permissible limits showed that the mean concentrations are significantly lower than the permissible limits.
There are no public health risks for pesticides residues in Gargar River water samples in this time. However, it should be noted that because of indiscriminate use of agricultural inputs, such as chemical pesticides by farmers, the problem of excessive accumulation of toxins in aquatic ecosystems and their consequences will be faced in the near future.

Red reactive 2 dyes are colors which have many uses in textial industries the aim of this study is to eualuvate the efficiency of the processed walnut shell in the removal of red reactive 2 dye from aqueous solutions.
This study is an experimental type. Powder and granule walnut shell and red reactive 2 dyes have been used in different concentrations.
Findings: The adsorption rate was affected by adsorbent rate and expose time. By increase of adsorbent rate from 0.5 to 2 g in 100ml, the adsorption rate increased from 50% to 96%. The maximum adsorption rate occurred in the first 10 min. Dye adsorption rate was adopted according to Langmuir isotherm adsorption.
The comparisons indicate that the adsorption rate is much better in powder type than in granule type. Considering the acidic characterization of some dyes and high temperature of most of the industrial effluents, it is concluded that walnut shell can be used as dye sorbent in such wastewater.

One of the main objectives of the adsorption isotherm models is to determine the maximum capacity of the adsorbent. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the chemical absorption rate of chromium from aqueous solution by rice stem, using physico-chemical adsorption isotherm model of Shamohammadi and to compare adsorption isotherm models for determining the maximum capacity of the adsorbent.
The rice stem with particle sizes of 75, 300, 850 and 1200 micron, and the chromium solution with concentrations of 15 to 40 (mg/L) were used in this study.
Findings: The maximum adsorption efficiency of 96.30 % was obtained in in pH=2 using 10 (g/l) of rice stem with particle size of 75 micron. The maximum adsorption capacities of chromium by Langmuir model and Shamohammadi model for the rice stem were obtained as 2.918 and 4.926 (mg/g) in particle size of 75 microns, 2.206 and 3.310 (mg/g) in particle size of 300 microns, 1.838 and 2.617 (mg/g) in particle size of 850 microns and 1.037 and 1.322 (mg/g) in particle size of 1200 microns respectively.
Isotherm absorption studies showed that, based on Shamohammadi model, averagely 20.5% of adsorption occurs as initial adsorption. Moreover, by considering equilibrium adsorption (qe) as a function of initial concentration (C0), not only the precision of the model will be enhanced (according to evaluation criteria), but also the equilibrium capacity of adsorption increases to an average of 26.5% compared to the Langmuir model. Thus, application of the Shamohammadi model increases the capacity of chromium absorption by rice stem by an average of 47% compared to the Langmuir model.

Nowadays, oily and industrial wastewaters are among the most important environment problems. Conventional methods can hardly reduce the oil content to 1% of the initial concentration and are not able to effectively remove the oil droplets with the size less than 20 micrometer. Therefore, oily wastewater treatment is one the most essential environmental challenges which should be resolved in the oilfields.
In this study, the performance of different membranes in oily water treatment has been reviewed and furthermore, the performance of nanostructured polyethersulfone (PES) hollow fiber membranes in oil/water separation process has been investigated.
Findings: The membrane performance would change with time according to the membrane type, the feed compositions and the process conditions. In this research, the effects of operating parameters such as pressure, oil concentration and cross flow velocity of feed on the membrane performance were studied. Increase of pressure makes more membrane compactness and higher membrane fouling which reduce the performance. Therefore, the optimum operating conditions for oil separation are P = 1 bar, low feed concentration and high cross flow velocity of feed. Due to the increase of mass transfer at high feed flow rates, oil rejection reduces slightly.
All the PES membranes in this study showed complete separation of oil from water and can effectively be used in oily water treatment process.

Rainfall-runoff simulation is very important in many hydrological studies, such as investigating the effects of climate change on river flow, flood prediction and planning of water resources. SWAT model was used to simulate stream flow transport, sediment and quality variables (nitrogen and phosphorus) in the watershed areas. SWAT model is a distributed time series model with physical basis. This model has an ability to connect to GIS, in a way to cover a vast volume of data as information layers such as land use, soil map and DEM while GIS capabilities are used by the model. The main purpose of this study is testing SWAT model performance as a simulator of flow at the catchment scale.
This study attempts to prepare a model for Gharesou catchment. Moreover, the parameters were optimized using SWAT-CUP optimizer.
Findings: The model was calibrated for the years 1992-1996 and validated for the years 1998-2000. The coefficient of determination (R2) for monthly flow was equal to 0.82 and Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient (Ens) was equal to 0.8 in the calibration period while in the validation period these coefficients were 0.77 and 0.73, respectively.
These results indicate the success of the SWAT model, using optimized parameters, for the stream flow simulation in Gharesou catchment.

One of the main issues before the design and construction of any wastewater treatment plant is the selection of the optimal wastewater treatment process, since the wrong choice can have considerable effect in increasing expense, and also led to unattainable and undesired result.
The current study used the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) model to determine the effective criteria in the selection of the appropriate wastewater treatment process, are developing in cities such as Ardebil, Tabriz, and Uremia in order to prioritize and choose the most appropriate treatment process. In such cities the treatment process involved: Aerated Lagoon, Activated sludge, and Biolak. Based on the technical, economic and environmental criteria and related sub-criteria, the processes are weighted through pair wise comparison and the results obtained are assessed using the Expert Choice software.
Findings: Finally, Biolak was selected as the optimal process and Activated Sludge and Aerated Lagoon were respectively placed in the next priorities. Sensitivity Analysis is performed on the major factors to investigate the sensitivity of the alternatives in order to apply changes in the priorities of the criteria.

Tourism industry is one of the main sources of income, employment and infrastructure to achieve sustainable development. Growth of this industry in any country requires the proper strategy and effective management plan. In this study, planning and prioritization for five villages of Qeshm Island called Ramakan, Doulab, Souza, Hoomeh and Sallakh for tourism development are considered.
Using Delphi method, tourism criteria were identified in four main categories including, environmental criteria, tourism facilities and services criteria, cultural socioeconomic criteria and infrastructure criteria. Then tourism development prioritization for villages was obtained by TOPSIS method.
The results showed that Hoomeh was the most suitable village for tourism development and Sallakh, Souza, Doulab and Ramakan were suitable respectively. Zoning the areas with good potential for coastal tourism would play a key role in regional development. Enjoying many and varied potentials of the region would not be feasible unless the multidimensional approach and planning are followed.

Environmental impact assessment studies are one of the proper means of ensuring a sustainable development. Determining limitations and mitigation procedures for the negative effects compose the main core of the EIA procedure, in case the suggested development has been allowed. In this study, impact assessment has been applied for five suggested compost and landfill sites in Golestan Province of Iran.
In this study, considering the associated costs, linear programming has been applied to rank the proposed landfill and compost plant sites. For this purpose, GIS data has been used and the optimum site selection process has been implemented. The site has been determined so as to minimize the likely impacts.
Findings: The results show that by using linear programming, site 1 on the eastern part with a slight difference to others, and site 5 in the west,ern part with the least goal function value are the best. The most effective parameters for the sites 1 to 4 is underground water pollution, and for site 5 is loss of valuable land. However, at the site 5, the impact on the neighboring no-hunting area is more important than underground water pollution, considering costs and the required time for mitigation efforts.
Using the minimum and maximum levels of mitigation levels shows that increase of mitigation can reduce pollution, and vice versa. Sensitivity analysis confirms the accuracy of this method.

Due to the fact that in arid and semiarid areas, access to high quality water resources my have limitation, using purified wastewater for irrigation plays an important role. Although wastewater are so little comparing with needed irrigation water but using this much water can cause that we use higher quality waters for better consumption. This research has been alone in laboratory and there has been utilized the jar test set.
In this research has been attempted to analyze, the effects of moringa seed powders (Oliefera species) in comparison with Alum and Poly Aluminum Chloride (PAC) in wastewater treatment. For performing the experiments, we utilized urban wastewaters with mediun density. Efficiency of each coagulant was assessed by measuring a number of parameters including the hardness (total, Calcium and Magnesium), turbidity, electrical conductivity (EC), acidity, Coliform (fecal and total) before and after the treatment. It is noticeable that all methods of measuring the qualitative parameters were based on those described in the book of Standard Method.
This research showed that in optimum concentration Alum, PAC and Oliefera were able to decrease turbidity up to 99.5, 99 and 97.7 percent, respectively. The efficiency of eliminating total, Calcium and Magnesium hardness, fecal and total Coliforms in the best condition were 40 (100 mg Oliefera), 72.5 (100 mg Oliefera), 67(80 mg Oliefera), 99.8 (combination of 100 mg Oliefera and 15 mg Alum) and 99.7 (combination of 100 mg Oliefera and 15 mg Alum) percent, respectively.
Discussion and The results showed that the efficiency would be higher if Oliefera be combination with Alum or PAC. The Moringa seed powders decreasing sedimentation time, comparing with the Alum and PAC. So much, so that the sedimentation time was decreased from 30 min to 10 min. we have to remark that the bulk produced sludge in Moringa seed powder has less density comparing with the Alum or PAC. It also was easier to drain.

To employ HSE in industrial sector of Iran, evaluation of economic impacts of HSE is unavoidable. This would justify the financial costs of risk assessment and safety control for policy makers either in public and private sectors. On the other hand, considering the occurrence of fire in the subway system can cause catastrophic losses to the society. This study aimed at determining the economic losses caused by fire in Light Power Substation (LPS), and Rectifier substation (RS) in Tehran subway line 1.
After identification of the most important causes of fire hazard in LPSs in Tehran subway line 1 by applying fault tree analysis, economic losses caused by fire were determined using scenario techniques.
Findings: The economic loss caused by fire in LPS by transformer fire scenario and 20 KV panel fire scenarios that have the highest occurrence probability, was determined to be about 3,980, and 6.410,milion Rials (based on the prices in 2012) respectively. The economic loss caused by fire in RS by transformer fire scenario and 750 KV panel fire scenarios was determined to be about 6,452, and 70,266 milion Rials respectively.
Considering the mentioned economic costs and consequences, a comprehensive risk analysis and emergency response planning are unavoidable necessities in Tehran subway system.

Health, Safety, and Environment (HSE) in hospital settings is of importance due to the economic, Humanity and ethical issues. To stablish this system in hospital, the attitude and knowledge, and eventually the practice of hospital staff toward this issue is important. This study was conducted to assess the knowledge, attitude, ad practice of healthcare workers toward health, safety, and environment.
The study had a prospective descriptive cross-sectional design. The study population included 435 physicians, nurses, para-clinic and administrative staff working in a teaching hospital affiliated by the Iran University of Medical Sciences. Knowledge, attitude, and practice of included participants were assessed using a standardized 60-item questionnaire.
Findings: The knowledge, attitude, and practice of participants differed between different job categories and between different hospital wards. In overall, higher level of education found to be significantly related to the higher attitude toward the health safety and environment (P The findings of the study emphasize a suboptimum level of knowledge and practice in the field of health safety, and environment among hospital staff. We suggest using continuing education standards, positive and negative reinforcements, and constant evaluation and monitoring as effective tools for increasing the knowledge and practice of hospital staff in health safety and environment.

In this study, managing environmental aspects of pulp and paper industries using AHP method was studied. The process of producing paper have 4 main step that done in for main unit of paper factories, the unit of Preparation and production of wood, pulp production unit, paper production unit ,chemical recovery system unit .
To identify and manage environmental aspects and environmental impacts of the industry AHP method (Analytical Hierarchy Process) was used. In the hierarchical structure of research, Factory production units were selected as criteria and various activities of each unit were selected as sub-criteria, four major environmental impact of the factory were selected as alternatives (water pollution, air pollution, noise pollution and solid waste pollution).
After analyzing the hierarchy with a group of experts in the software Expert Choice, four important results was obtained. 1- Most important environmental impacts of Wood and Paper industries 2- Which of the factory's production unit makes the most contaminants 3- in every single unit, which are most significant environmental aspects. 4- Any trace of contamination was identified that are shown in graphs .finally the obvious causes and effects of each of the significant aspects were examined and some solutions were presented in order to fix them.

Supply chain sustainability is one of the newfound concepts in operation and production management that emphasizes on social and enviromental issues beside financial performance in network organizations. The aim of this study is to identify and prioritize the factors contributing to supply chain sustainability in food industries. To achieve these goals, in the first step, it is attempted to identify the factors affecting a sustainable agriculture supply chain (citrus fruits).
In this step, extensive literature review in relation to sustainable agriculture/food supply chain was identified, and the overall indicators affecting the agricultural supply chain were extracted. In the second step, the extracted factor indicators were categorized in sustainable supply chain dimensions (economic, social, and environmental) in agriculture sector (citrus fruits). In the next step, by using analytic network process technique, the weight of criteria was identified.
Findings: In this section, the pairwise comparisons and relative weights were calculated by Super Decision software and after the formation of super matrixes, the final weights of 9 main indicators of supply chain sustainability in agricultural sector were determined.
The obtained results reveal that efficiency and market focus, water consumption, energy consumption, waste recycling, transport, volume of hiring, the quality of hire, and balance in hiring are the most important criteia. According to the experts’ judgement, economic dimension (0.488) had a heavier weight compared to two ather dimensions of sustainability. This implies that it is a necessity to pay attention to the efficiency of the energy sector and sustainable agriculture supply chain in our country.

Considering the enormous growth in the number of patents worldwide, and the increasing use of patent data in economic and environmental analysis, the aim of this paper is to analyze patent activity in green chemistry with the use of patent data in order to help the understanding of the patterns of environmental research and development and sustainable development.
In this study to analyze green chemistry technology invention, after extracting the appropriate search term, search by "keyword" in the abstract, title, and claim (s) of patent was done. To this end, those inventions related to green chemistry technology which have been registered within the 1993 to 2013 in different countries or organizations were evaluated using QPAT patent database.
Findings: Patents in the field of green chemistry are mainly originated from activities of factories and companies. In general, chemical and electronic sectors hold the most patents. Japan is the largest inventor region with 32% of all green chemistry patents. China is the second largest region, holding 29% of patents, followed by the United States (24%), Europe (14 %) and the rest of the world (1%).
The economic incentives, legal and regulatory pressures and avoidance from charges by governments, citizens and environmental organizations were the major factors to move towards innovation in cleaner technologies and more favorable technological applications. The use of green chemistry technologies has proven to be an intelligent business strategy that can provide both environmental and economic benefits and can induce further technology diffusion. The results of this study provide helpful information for developing R&D strategies, policies, planning and management of environmental issues. The obtained results can be used to build a technology strategy in a private company and to make policy at a public level.

Previous studies showed that the level of total mercury (T-Hg) in Sanandaj Gheshlagh Reservoir (SGR) water is higher than those limits established by WHO and institute of standard of Iran (i.e., 1 µg/L). Therefore this research was carried out to evaluate the level of T-Hg in SGR plankton biomass as the main source of food which is the most consumed fish in the region and to calculate the mercury biomagnification factor based on published results related to the SGR's silver carp.
Plankton samples were collected during July to December 2009 from three different sampling sites. The level of the T-Hg in plankton biomass was measured using Advanced Mercury Analyzer.
Findings: Mean accumulated T-Hg (± S.E.) in plankton biomass of SGR was 78.21 ± 3.13 on ng g-1 dry weight basis that the highest level was observed in August (86.81 ± 10.9) and the lowest level was observed in September (68 ± 2.53) on ng g-1 dry weight basis. Statistical analysis showed that the amount of accumulated T-Hg was not significantly different between plankton biomass samples during different months (F5, 10 = 0.94, P = 0.49) and among different sites (F2, 10 = 1.19, P = 0.34).
Based on previous studies results in related to the planktivorous fish of SGR and present study results, occurring of mercury biomagnification in the food chain of this water reservoir was proven and it seems that the planktonic biomass of fresh water ecosystem have a considerable capacity to transfer a significant amount of mercury to the higher trophic levels.

Nowadays, environmental considerations are known to be a necessity in the country to achieve the objectives of sustainable development. In this regard, environmental impact assessment is an appropriate tool to achieve the sustainable development objectives. Thus, environmental impact assessment of constructing Tiam steel factories as a mechanism by providing the proper and reasonable techniques of human and natural resources can reduce the costs. The aim of this study is to identify and predict the environmental impacts of constructing Tiam Bistoon steel and rolling factories by using modified RIAM matrix, providing methods to reduce the harmful environmental effects and rendering corrective proceedings.
The study area is located in industrial town of Tiam Bistooon at the east of Fouman County. In this study, the prominent impacts of constructing Tiam Bistoon steel and rolling factory were investigated using modified RIAM method for analyzing the impacts of construction in two construction and operation phases.
Findings: The results of analysis showed that construction activities and dismantling workshops, earthworks and construction camps had the greatest negative impact on air quality, noise level, soil erosion and surface water resources parameters in physico-chemical environment during the construction period. In biological environment, also, vegetation density would be mostly affected by clearing activities. Moreover, land use change and decline of health indicators have been known as the most significant negative impacts on the socio-economic environment.
During the Tiam steel plant operation, the most effective activities have been identified to be combustion process, withdrawal of underground water resources, waste disposal, and transportation of raw materials and etc. which affected the regional air quality, noise level, amount of groundwater and soil characteristics. The most significant negative impact of the project, due to the gases emitted from combustion, would be on regional vegetation and habitat quality in the ecological and biological environment. Also creating job opportunities, thriving businesses and national development prosperity are the most significant positive effects of the project on the economic and social environment during the construction and operation periods. Due to the fact that most of the negative impacts of the project are in very small range, the project can be executed by applying environmental management methods and mitigation measures.

Environmental risk assessment is an important tool to achieve sustainable development. The purpose of this study is application of Bayesian modeling method based on a hierarchical structure for prioritization, assessment and offering management solutions to reduce the hazards of Taleghan dam environmental risks.
In the first method, environmental risk assessment (ERA) of Taleghan dam was performed by using Bayesian Network (BN) and the Netica software. To compare the results of this method with those of conventional methods such as multi criteria decision making method (MCDM), ERA of Taleghan dam was also performed by MCDM method and use of the Expert Choice software.
Findings: Based on the obtained results, the output node of the BN, changes in land use, effects on population and erosion and sedimentation are the most important risks and pollution, seismic, flooding, tourism and ecosensetivity are in second priorities.
BN as a new method with some advantages such as considering the relation between variables and uncertainty conditions data is considered flexible model with high capacity for ERA. Therefore, to achieve a comprehensive solution for environmental risk of engineering projects such as dam construction, application of BN based on the MCDM has a high performance.

In the present study the impact of silviculture activities on soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil organic carbon pool (SOCP) in the mixed beech-carpinus forest located in district one of Shastkolate forest, Golestan province, was investigated.
In the first month of growth season in 2014, from 4 one-hectare treatments, 80 soil samples were randomly collected (up to depth of 20 cm) for organic carbon and coarse fragments estimation and 80 soil sample cylinders were collected for bulk density measurement. Treatments were 3 managed forests (selection system) in time periods of 1, 7 and 10 after the last disturbance and 1 unmanaged forest (control). Amounts of SOC and SOCP in different treatments were compared by one-way variance analysis.
Findings: Result showed that the amounts of SOC and SOCP in 4 treatments were different significantly (p

Planning and development of tourism projects, disregarding environmental aspects and the extent of developments can lead to irreversible negative changes in the environment. Environmental impact assessment can predict many of these negative consequences and can provide corrective measures before the project is implemented.
Matrix, if done appropriatly, can be the most common assessment method because of its simplicity, efficiency and comprehensiveness. To upgrade the impact assessment through matrix, mathematical matrix can be applied to increase the efficiency and accuracy of the original matrix.
Findings: Mathematical matrix was designed as it included magnitude, spatial extent, duration, synergy, cumulative, controversy, impacts compensation and significance in columns and 50 environmental factors in the rows. In the next step, every environmental factor was compared with the project activities and scored in the range of ±1 to ±9. Then, the final number of effects was determined using sum positive and negative effects of the significant effects. Also, the minimum, maximum and final values for positive and negative effects of the project were determined considering the weight for each group of the effects according to their significance in the range of low to high.
Mathematical matrix has more realistic and more logical results as it considers other effects of development projects in the region by cumulative criterion and synergism criterion, using the opinion of experts and decision makers by controversial criterion and considering reform and reduction operations by compensation criterion.

In management of parks and protected areas, zoning is a mechanism through which the conflicts in the protected areas are reduced and the opportunity for making decisions is provided.
Maloosan protected area with a mountainous landscape, valleys and shelters and with an area of about ​​9513 hectares is located in Hamedan at a distance of 24 kilometers northwest of Nahavand city. In the zoning process of identifying ecological and socio economic resources through analysis and summary of collected data (based on systematic process), 5907 units were partitioned (in scale 1:25000). Then the special ecological models were developed and by comparing them with the chart of environmental units, the units for different zones were evaluated. Finally, the prcess of prioritizing and organizing the zones was carried out according to the common method applied in Iran, and zoning maps as planning units in the region were prepared.
Findings: The result from zoning of Maloosan protected area shows that protective zones, other uses, extensive recreation, reconstruction, intensive recreation, buffer zone cover 50.21%, 36.48 %, 13.21%, 0.09%, 0.01%, and 28.7% of the total area in the region respectively.
Results showed the necessity to prepare proper conditions for both protecting the ecological values and development and optimal utilization using administrative policy in the area.

Increasing hazardous industrial waste and lack of necessary regulations for their management have led to serious problems in some parts of Iran. The aim of this study was to evaluate the situation of collection, transportation, recycling, and disposal of hazardous industrial wastes in Abbas Abad Industrial Park of Tehran, Iran.
This study was a descriptive cross-sectional study performed using questionnaires and local visit during 2013.
Findings: In Abbas Abad Industrial Park, 60,000 ton/year or 165ton/day of different industrial waste is produced. The largest proportion of waste includes metal waste which is about 47,232 ton/year or 80%. The smallest proportion is textile waste which is produced at a rate of 34 ton/year or 1%. 90% of the active industries at the Park produce solid industrial waste.
Disposal of these wastes is mainly done by selling to trading agencies in amount of about 55%. The wastes of most industrial units at this Park have the potential to be recycled and re-used in other industries in amount of about 33.2%. The best, most economic, and most environment-friendly waste management activity in Abbas Abad Industrial Park is prevention of production, increase in the potential of recycling, and reuse of material with emphasis on sorting at the production site, increase of mechanical sorting, and decrease in production of disposable waste.

Since identifying different methods of training for citizens and employing effective ways can pave the way for comprehensive management of residues and solid waste and ultimately sustainable development, they are used to provide a background for this study.
Four instruments were used to collect data including interviews with professors and experts, library studies, documents and questionnaire (main questionnaire specific for Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)). Collected data were analyzed using SPSS and prioritized using AHP technique. In this study, α-Cronbach's value of 0.81 was calculated to obtain reliability. To measure and approve validity, questionnaire was checked out by professors and related experts.
Results of AHP technique showed that integration method is the best way to train separation and collection of residues or wastes. Finally, it was concluded thatamong four training methods available in this District 17, integration method is the best one; the best training time is on weekday afternoons; and the best places are schools and parks. It is noteworthy that promoting specialized knowledge of teachers, educators and other individuals related to waste management in municipalities could be effective on efficiency of training methods.

Daily 7500 tons of municipal solid waste generated in Tehran and after processing, 4000 tons of them remain as rejected waste. Reuse of waste to conserve resources and reduce environmental pollution is necessary. The objective of this study was to investigate the technical and economic possibilities of using Tehran rejected waste in cement kilns.
The amount of rejected waste was askesd from the Waste Management Organization and their heat value was computed using the Dulong Formula. Then, physical and chemical characteristics of the rejected waste were computed using ultimate analysis. Finally, the cost of producing 1 ton of clinker using gas, Mazut and waste fuel, as well as the cost saving by using waste in kiln No. 8 of the Tehran cement factory were calculated.
Findings: Tehran rejected waste contains chemical formulas of C71H107O32NS0.07, 24.72% moisture, 21% ash content and 21.4-23.6 MJ/kg heating value. Therefore, we can produce 3613.54 tons/day of waste fuel with a heat value of 19.63 MJ/kg and 20% moisture content. Also, replacement of 10% of the heating value used in kiln NO. 8 of the Tehran cement factory with waste instead of Mazut will result in a 4.16 billion Rial annual revenue and 282.6 million Rial saving in the cost of waste landfilling.
The heating value and sulfur content of Tehran rejected waste meet the requirements of alternative fuel; however, reduction of ash, moisture content and size of waste, as well as increase of heating value of the rejected waste is necessary.

Millions of workers are being victims of work accidents each year. According to International Labour Organization, 120 millions of work accidents occur every year which lead to death or disability of many human resources.
This study, being the first one to consider the crystal and glass industry in the country, has been carried out in Isfahan Crystal and Glass Factory as the case study. This study is performed through comparing the data and statistics of the accidents, and evaluating and analyzing the rate of harms to the industry workers in a 12-year period (2001-2013). The management improvement strategies for sustainable development are presented according to the obtained results. The ultimate goal of this paper is to assess the safety indexes in crystal and glass industry to help enhance health and safety level of the work environment.
Findings: The results show that majority of the recorded accidents belong to production section with frequency of 38% while the workers in age group of 36 to 40 years old demonstrated 41% of work accidents. It is concluded that people with 1 to 5 years of job experience are most prone to face work accidents. The main causes of accidents include: being hit by objects, objects collapse, and workers getting stuck or fallen dawn. Workers hand is the most likely organ to be harmed in this industry with the frequency of 58%. Year 2002 showed the highest rate of accidents while personnel trainings played a vital role in decreasing accidents rate in the following year.

Considering the importance of urban green space and their inseparability from the city's complex, in order to minimize damage to life, financial and adverse effects and to create security in the parks, necessity to adopt the policies and persistent solution is binding. Therefore, in this research, health, safety and environmental management in Ahvaz urban parks was reviewed and management solutions were proposed in order to improve current situation.
In this research, at first 6 parks from the different kinds of parks based on the number of user, equipment, land measurement, type of parks, proximity to city places have selected to study, Then collection of criteria and indexes for all of these criteria identified accoding to the Delphi method and asking from experts have scored from 1-10, and after removing least important indexes have specified the identified criteria and indexes. Then, by using of hierarchical analysis process technique base on 10 people expert's viewpoint based on binary comparisons and by using of expert's questionnaire in hourly scale have preferred the main criteria and the identified indexes for health, safety and environment management, then used TOPSIS method for choosing the best option of health, safety and environmental criteria and also the best park.
Results show that scores of safeties indicator of parks with 0.526 point is lesser than environment indicator score with 0.656 and more than health score with 0.403. Also, the result of ranking of studied parks indicate that Island Park in term of health, safety and environmental condition is the best and State park allocated the lowest point. Thus, collection of standards and indexes for all of these standards identified and based on asking from experts and determining their importance degree had specified the identified standards and indexes.
since the giving priority to health, safety of urban parks according to that parks have high portion in the citizen's collective life, is inevitable necessity and according to valuating results of Ahvaz's urban parks situation base on health, safety and environment standards, it is important to cite that the success of revision programs for making optimum the health condition of urban parks is hided in accompanying and integration three mentioned factors and performing of their integrated management and this means that implementation HSE-MS model may consider successful method.

Concern about the illogical utilization of territory by humans have been increased. This can be due incorrect management in territorial administration and exploitation methods, which must be resolved in order to reach a sustainable development. In this regard, it is nessary that any kind of exploitation from nature is performed after assessment of environmental capacity. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) procedure is considered as an assurance for environmental criteria and regulations in various plans and its main aim is to predict, recognize, an analyze in detail all the positive and negative impacts of a plan for natural and human environment. The aim this study was to cover the environmental impact assessment of Lavar plain artificial recharge plans in Bousher province.
In this study, ICOLD matrix method has been used. In this method, the environmental impact of each project activity in the construction and operation phases was measured.
Findings: Findings revealed that the impacts of the plan on the whole environment were positive ( score).
According to the results, implementation of artificial recharge plans based on the standards is permissible. Finally based on the results, some recommendations were presented.

Some of the environmental problems are due to wrong behavior of human beings. Attitude and knowledge are effective on human being's behaviors. University graduates are playing important role in the management of society and it is essential to study their attitudes and knowledge about the environment and enhance their environmental culture. The aim of this descriptive-survey study was to investigate the attitude and knowledge of the students in the University of Zanjan about environment.
The target population consisted all the students of the University of Zanjan in the 1st semester of 2013-2014 (N=8944). According to the Krejci and Morgan formula, a sample size of 370 students was selected using a randomized multi-stage sampling method. Content and construct validity of the instrument was approved by a panel of experts, and its reliability was confirmed by conducting pretest and Cornbrash's alpha coefficient calculated as 0.78 and 0.73 for combined scales of attitude and knowledge.
Findings: The results showed that majority of students (71.8%) have favorable environmental attitude and majority of them (78.2%) have a moderate level of knowledge about environment issues. Age, number of course units, and information using had a meaningful relationship with the level students’ attitude and knowledge. There are also positive meaningful relationship between attitude and knowledge of students in the Faculty of Science and Humanities, but this relationship was negative meaningful between the students of the Faculty of Agriculture.
Increasing knowledge of the majority of students due to their favorable attitudes could have a significant effect on their behavior.

The current study has been performed to present the ecological restoration strategies of natural Margoon Waterfall landscape as a natural monument and dynamic ecosystem of Fars province based on landscape restoration principles. To achieve this important goal, landscape mosaic of the region has been studied and analyzed.
In this study a descriptive – analytic method is used for ecological restoration of Margoon waterfall protected area. For this purpose, first, landscape mosaic structure and flows are analyzed trough aerial photo to recognize landscape disturbances. Afterwards, design strategies (both restoration and conservation strategies) are presented based on ecological assessment.
Findings: The results show that Margoon natural landscape faces large disturbances such as biodiversity destruction (plant and animal), soil erosion caused by destroying riverside trees and forests to develop farm land, air and sound pollutions, and decrease of water level through climate changes. These factors cause reduction of ecological quality.
Results of this study emphasize on conserving riverside trees by deleting the incompatible activities in the vicinity of natural attraction, improving domestic plant community by cultivating Zagros plant, protecting wildlife habitat and removing tourism parking from the surrounding area of natural limits of riverside trees.

Air pollution in the national and international levels, have adverse effects on human and natural environment. Technology development and urbanization, consequently, have led to increase of a wide variety of pollutants in the air. Being harmful to public health and the environment, they have raised the concerns of authorities to take specific measures to prevent contamination of air and environmental degradation. In recent years, in Iran especially in major cities, such pollution has increased significantly and it has caused irreparable damage to the health of individuals and the quality of properties. It seems that laws and regulations are somewhat sufficient to meet air pollution in Iran. In fact the problem of continuity of air pollution is not due to laws and regulations, but the law enforcers who are not doing their duties properly are the main problem. On the other hand, since the possibility of compensation for damage caused by air pollution, because of its nature and characteristic, is somehow low, much of this damage remains uncompensated. However, there are still some solutions to effectiveness of laws and regulations for air pollution, at the local level. Thus thispaper attempts to addressair pollution in metropolises of Iran in terms of effective laws and regulations and also to introduce applicable methods in this regard.

Education along with other educational systems can introduce the main environmental concepts to various social groups. In the meantime, teachers as one of the main components of training process, play a key role in environmental education. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify the factors influencing awareness of high school teachers about environmental protection.
Statistical population of this research consisted of high school teacher of Dorud (N=150). A random sampling method was used to collect data. 100 persons were selected as sample using Morgan Table. The main tool to collect data was a researcher-made questionnaire. A panel of experts approved content validity of the questionnaire and its reliability were confirmed by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient (α ≥ 0/80). Descriptive analysis performed by using SPSS V20.
Findings: Results showed that television, leaflet, magazines, book and newspaper have the highest importance in contributing to awareness of teachers about the environment. Results of factor analysis showed that three factors of mass, interpersonal and scholastic sources of notification explained 54.94% of variance in the variables used for factor analysis.
Mass, interpersonal and scholastic sources of notification have a unique role in awareness of high school teachers about environmental protection. Since human environmental behavior is influenced by environmental awareness, it is necessary to increase environmental awareness of teachers by these communication mechanisms in order to protect the environment.

Nowadays, it has been revealed that biomonitoring can be the optimal method for evaluating metal levels and their bio-availability. Birds are ideal for monitoring metal pollution due to being in high trophic levels and their high sensitivity to toxic substances.
The levels of nickel, lead, and vanadium were evaluated in egg contents and eggshell of Dromas ardeola (n=14), and Sterna bengalensis (n=13), breeding in the northwestern Persian Gulf.
Findings: Levels of Ni, Pb and V (µg/kg dry weight) in the eggshell of Sterna bengalensis were found to be 51±16, 293±89, 82±5 respectively, and also the level of these metals (µg/kg dry weight) in egg contents of this species were found to be 47±8, 374±134, 96±7 respectively. Levels of Ni, Pb and V (µg/kg dry weight) in the eggshell of Dromas ardeola were found to be 46±18, 228±43, 73±12 respectively, and also the level of these metals (µg/kg dry weight) in egg contents of this species were found to be 36±8, 244±43, 95±3 respectively.
The results showed that Sterna bengalensis, because of feeding from the higher levels of the food chain, has a greater potential for bioaccumulation of metals as compared to Dromas ardeola, and can be used as a biological indicator.

Release of detergents via urban sewages into aquatic ecosystems can have adverse effects on aquatic life. In this study, the acute toxicity of NaOCl on Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and Caspian kutum (Rutilus frisii kutum) with average weights of 16±1 g (mean ± SD) and 3.5±1 g, respectively, was investigated to determine 50% lethal concentration of the fish populations in 96 hours.
Experiments were carried out in a static base according to O.E.C.D standard method in 4 days (96 hours). After primal experiments to explore the lethal range, the main research was performed by selection of 5 final treatments (0, 15, 30, 60, 120 mg L-1) for Cyprinus carpio and 6 final treatments (0, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80 mg L-1) for Rutilus frisii kutum, each one with 3 repeats. Eventually according to the results obtained by probit analyses, amount of LC1, LC10, LC30, LC50, LC70, LC90 and LC99 were calculated in fishes during 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours.
Findings: In the present study, 100% of mortality of Caspian kutum in concentration of 80 mg L-1, happened only within the first hours they exposed to pollution. However, this process in Common carp in concentration of 120 mg L-1, happened after 30 hours passed from starting the experiment. The acute toxicity of Common carp and Caspian kutum were 39.48 and 23.77 mg L-1 respectively.
The present study showed that this washer is dangerous for fishes and also Rutilus frisii kutum is much more vulnerable to NaOCl in comparison with Cyprinus carpio.

Due to importance of Sarbaz River in the Sistan and baloochestan province, study about environmental status of this river especially plankton community have so valuable and importance.So, this research was conducted to study plankton community of Sarbaz River.
Sampling was carried out monthly in the ten sampling sites (Kajdar, Bandan, Hit, Firooz abad, Pole jakigoor, Ab nemaye Sade pishin, Pole kahirborz, Shir govaz, Jor) through Sarbaz River. The collected samples were fixed in 10% formalin and brought to the laboratory for plankton analysis
Findings: Generally, ten species of phytoplankton (Bacillarphyceae) were identified in the all sampling sites. The Navicula with five species was more frequent than other phytoplankton species. Three groups of zooplankton including crustacean, rotifer and ciliates were identified in the all sampling sites. We have identified two groups of crustacean: Cyclops and daphnia. The frequent species among zooplankton were ciliates. This species have found in the all sapling sites and times. We have found negative relationship between diversity and frequency of crustacean. Crustacean with higher diversity have lower frequency.
Studying plankton community in the Sarbaz river have shown that this environment have very low plankton diversity and frequency.