مجله غدد درون ریز و متابولیسم ایران
سال هجدهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 86، خرداد و تیر 1395)

Diabetes mellitus is the most common metabolic disorder. This study, conducted in Arak in 2014, aimed to determine the effects of education, based on a health belief model on the adherence to medication among patients with diabetes.
For this research, a quasi-experimental study, with a before and after design was used for which 130 patients with diabetes of Arak were selected by sampling method and randomly assigned to two groups (65 cases and 65 controls). The data collection tool used was a questionnaire, the validity and reliability of which had been confirmed. Before the training, the questionnaire was completed for both groups. The intervention group received 4 sessions for one month. Three months after the intervention, both case and control groups completed questionnaires and data were analyzed using the appropriate tests.
Three months after the educational intervention, perceived susceptibility, perceived benefits, self-efficacy, internal and external guidelines and performance in the field of medication adherence were all significantly increased with pre-intervention (p 0.05) while the structures, perceived barriers and perceived severity, did not differ significantly to before intervention status (p>0.05).
Teaching diabetic patients skills in the context of medication adherence can raise their compliance with medication beneficially affect their health.

Health literacy is the capacity to obtain, process and understand basic health information and also the health care services required to make informed-care health related decisions. Low health literacy has a negative impact on care and treatment of chronic diseases such as diabetes, although this disease may require lifelong care. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between health literacy and self-care in patients in Bastak with type 2 diabetes.
This study was a cross-sectional study, conducted in 2015 on 265 patients with type 2 diabetes. Data collection was conducted using the Iranian adult Health Literacy (HELIA) questionnaire and the Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities (SDSCA).
The results of this study show that 51.7 percent of patients had low levels of health literacy. The average score of self-care one week before study was 53.78±15.67. In the present study, significant relationships were found for health literacy with self-care and two of its domains, including physical activity and diet.
Diabetic patients need more knowledge and a proper attitude to control their disease successfully with appropriate self-care. More attention to the issue of health literacy in health promotion programs is highly recommended.

Although previous studies report the relationship of diabetes with various groups of fruits and vegetables, and also an inverse association between insulin resistance with dietary carotenoids and flavonoids, no studies have yet examined the effect of (Fruit and Vegetable) FV subgroups on insulin resistance. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of red, orange and yellow FV, with the 3-year incidence of insulin resistance in adults.
In this longitudinal study, 940 men and women, aged>19 years were selected from among participants of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. Dietary intakes of fruits and vegetables (FV) were determined using a valid and reliable food frequency questionnaire. Fasting serum glucose and insulin were measured at baseline and again after a 3-year of follow up. Logistic regression models were used to estimate the occurrence of IR across tertiles of color subgroups of FV with adjustment for potential confounding variables.
The mean age and body mass index (BMI) of participants were 40.34±12.1 years and 26.4±4.4 kg/m2 respectively. Mean residual energy adjusted total intakes of FV, red/purple, orange and yellow FV were 503g/d, 17 , 108and 104g/d, respectively. Total intake of FV was inversely associated with IR after 3 years of follow up (OR=0.511P for trend=0.018). and also an inverse association was found between red/purple (OR=0.48 P for trend=0.012), orange (OR=0.34 P for trend=0.001) and yellow (OR 0.34 P for trend=0.011) groups and the occurrence of IR.
Results of this longitudinal study, found an inverse association between dietary intakes of FV, red/purple, orange and yellow groups and the risk of IR in adults.

Since obesity and overweight have dramatically increased in recent years, the purpose of this study was to compare the effects of hypoxia on responses of PYY3-36 and the appetite to interval exercise among overweight individuals.
Eight healthy male subjects (age, 22.14±2.11 yrs; height,175.28±7.69 cm; weight, 87.03±5.95 kg; BMI, 28.4±1.5 kg/m2) voluntarily participated in the study and performed an exercise protocols (cycling) in noromxic and hypoxic conditions on two separate sessions (Counterbalance) with a one week interval. Interval exercise included 5 repetitions of 4-min activity at 85%of HRmax, followed by 2- min active restat 50% of HRmax. The environmental and training conditions were kept constant in two sessions, with the exception that the interval exercise was performed with 15% reduction in oxygen partial pressure in a hypoxic trial. Blood samples were taken before and after exercise (10, 20, 40, 60 and 80 minutes) and were analyzed for measuring the PYY3-36 using the ELISA technique.
Environmental conditions did not induce significant effect on PYY3-36 responses to interval exercise (P=0.1), though, exercise increased the PYY3-36, especially in normoxic conditions. In addition, although there was a reduction in the appetite following the two trials, environmental conditions had no significant effect on appetite (p=0.872).
Interval exercises increase circulating levels of PYY3-36 and reduce appetite, irrespective of the environmental conditions (normoxia or hypoxia) in which the exercise is performed.

The reducing effects of some of tripedale family plants on blood glucose, lipids and enzymes have been reported. The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of the hydroalcoholic extract of Nectaroscordum tripedale on liver and kidney function in streptozotocininduced diabetic rats.
Forty male rats were randomly divided into five groups (n=8 each). Groups 1, 3 (normal control and diabetic control) received distilled water, group 2 received 50 mg/kg/day Nectaroscordum tripedale extract, and the groups 4 and 5 (treatment groups 1 and 2) received 50 and 100 mg/kg/day of the Nectaroscordum tripedale extract respectively for 21 consecutive days. Diabetes was induced by a single injection of streptozotocin in rats. At the end of the 21st day, blood samples were collected by heart puncture. Serum levels of ALP, AST, ALT, Alb, BUN, creatinine and urea were evaluated.
Results showed that the hydroalcoholic extract of Nectaroscordum tripedale can increase the average body weight in the treatments groups. ALP, AST, ALT, BUN levels decreased, wherease level of albumin (Alb) increased in a dose-dependent manner at the end experimental period (P Our results showed that the extract of Nectaroscordum tripedale improved liver and kidney function in a dose dependent manner in experimental conditions.

Polycystic ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most prevalent endocrinology disorders in women, in whom the state of systemic inflammatory cytokines, especially TNF- is the main reason for immunological disturbances. Some PCOS manifestations such as infertility, hyperandrogenism, obesity and chronic inflammation are considered as risk factors for breast cancer. The risk of developing breast cancer in women with PCOS is being investigated in some epidemiological studies. In this research, the ability of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of women with PCOS to develop antitumor response was studied and evaluated using an experimental co-culture approach between PBMCs and breast tumor cell lines.
PBMCs were isolated from 50 heparinized venous blood samples (patient and healthy groups) by density gradient centrifugation byficoll. Breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-468 and MCF- 7) were incubated as two target cells and were cultured adjacent to PBMCs in a transwell coculture system. At different time intervals (48 and 72 hours) after co-culture, the proliferation rate of the effectors cells was evaluated by the BrdU cell proliferation assay. Determination of T CD3࠿ lymphocytes was determined by flow cytometry.
The proliferation of PBMCs after 48 hours of co-culture with MDA-468 (P=0.002) and MCF-7 (P=0.021) was significantly higher in the PCOS group compared to healthy controls. No pronounced differences were observed in T CD3࠿ cell numbers between the PCOS group and healthy controls (P>0.05) although T CD3࠿ percentage increased after 72 hours of co-culture in most samples. There was no statistically significant difference between MDA-468 and MCF-7 co-cultures in any of the tests.
The stimulation threshold for mononuclear cells was reduced in women with PCOS. Differences between proliferation responses of PCOS and control groups may be caused by a chronic inflammatory condition in these patients.

Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women. Despite much progress in its identification, advanced surgical techniques and chemotherapies, physicians have not been successful in the control and inhibition of its metastasis. The aim of this study is notification fertility specialist and stakeholders of malignant disease to inform the role of normal pregnancy, which support immunological response of mothers, special anti-tumor and anti-metastatic mechanism against breast cancer in women. Epidemiological studies in the field of cancerassociated with pregnancy history show that pregnancy has a dual impact, short-and long term, on the development of breast cancer; the first, a transient effect the after delivery, stimulates the growth of cancer cells in the early stages of transformation and increases risk of cancer, a result of a short-term effect of pregnancy. In addition, the increased differentiation of stem cells that are capable of forming tumors in the breast due to pregnancy and hormonal changes, reduce the risk of cancer, a phenomenon related to the long-term effect of pregnancy. The immune system of multiparous women due to multiple chimerism that occur as a result of the contact of the maternal immune system with common tumor antigens and embryonic cells, is more powerful and resistant against breast tumors than their nulliparous counterparts.

Diabetes, one of the most common chronic diseases worldwide, has many complications and current treatments impose a high cost on health system necessitating that newer treatments be investigated. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the most common form of diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance and dysfunction of pancreatic beta cells. Considering the restrictions of human studies, animal models of diabetes are appropriate tools for researches. Rodents are the first choice for inducing diabetes mellitus due to their short generation time and economic considerations. There are several animal models of type 2 diabetes, of which, those with both beta cell impairment and insulin resistance are preferable. In the high fat diet streptozotocin model, as a model of type 2 diabetes, high fat diet induces insulin resistance and streptozotocin causes partial beta cell destruction. The high fat diet-streptozotocin model is a cost effective and appropriate model for studying type 2 diabetes. In conclusion high fat diet-streptozotocin model has metabolic characteristics similar to those of human type 2 diabetes and can be used for investigating the effects of more recent antidiabetic medications available for the condition.