فصلنامه فضای جغرافیایی
پیاپی 19 (پاییز 1386)

The nature of different forms and outside functions of the earth basically depend on the environmental conditions ruling the particular region in a given period.Therefore the effects and the evidences for environmental changes from Quaternary are important and have created considerable and special changes in geomorphic studies, and taking these into consideration, one can trace environmental evidences.Although ice-cap studies have been attributed to obek's research in 1993, but some Iranian researchers have also worked on stronger empirical experiences, and reached greater achievements concerning the quaternary environmental conditions of Iran. In the present study that considers the Sakhvid drainage basin located 80 Km south west of Yazd we have tried to carefully study the obtained data on climate, geology, hydrology, geomorphology, economy, cultural and sociological characteristics and specifically the local knowledge of Sakhvid region on the mutual impacts and functional characteristics. We have also been tried to overcome the difficulties scaling the scanning of maps and fitting their coordinates in GIS softwares With the aim of obtaining a method and a working pattern for a sustainable development.In comparative studies of this research, the evidence for the existence of ice-caps in sunny valleys of Shir-Kuh mountain with a large ice cap in quaternary using the Write's (1963) method has been established. The beginning of civilization from the lowest zero line in six cold months of the year is very similar to Zefrah region in Isfahan.

The contrasting changes at geomorphic processes in Garangoo catchment are responses of this catchment to the dam construction and use of these hydro-structures. Environmental management with a one way approach about this catchment has affected geomorphic processes, as a system. Planning and management activities in this region,without the consideration of natural characteristics and functions of system has disturbed balance between elements of system. As a result, hard challenges can be faced in future. During the last decades, dam construction in many parts of Garangoo catchment especially Sahand dam, have affected the ecosystem of river beds, flood plains and its all other elements. In this paper, an attempt has been made to study the impacts of dam construction, planning and management activities and their impacts on catchment. Results of study suggest that due to lack of systemic approach in drainage system and geologic and geomorphic characteristics in Garangoo catchment, is dramatic results have appeared for example, the disturbance of slope surfaces, changing river bed and finally, intensive erosion in many parts of the catchment.

The North Atlantic Oscillations (NAO) is the dominant pattern of atmospheric circulation variability in the extra tropical division of Northern hemisphere and is a major controlling factor in basic climatic elements such as, temperature and precipitation, which have large socioeconomic impacts on energy, agriculture, industry, traffic and health divisions.In this research the data relating to Sea Level Pressure (SLP) index in North Atlantic and annual precipitation have been studied for Urmia Lake Drainage Basin in a time period of 43 years aiming at the calculation of coefficient of correlation and wet years and droughts. The main methodologies applied in this research include the analytical statistics (Pearson correlation coefficient, analysis of annual precipitation and NAO trend components, polynomial and nonlinear regression techniques). The results of this study indicate that there is a weak negative correlation (but meaningful especially in extreme wet years and droughts) between annual precipitation and North Atlantic Oscillations Index in Urmia Lake Drainage Basin.

In this research, urban and hospital solid waste management in Semnan was inverstigated. In order to determe the amount of solid waste production, we used the data of municipality of Semnan. This data has been extracted from weighting the solid wastes in the disposal site. For clarifying the type of household solid wastes we used The cluster sampling method and received the information from the households. The samples were evaluated and analyzed physically. The results show that 16.23 % of wastes couldnt be converted to the compost. This situation is varied by the changing of the season. For example, in winter this parameter in Semnan, sorkheh, Mehdi Shahr and Shahmirzad are respectively 2.6, 25.3, 22.5 and 24.7 percent. In summer the amount of waste is increasing. The percent of these wastes in summer is are 30.9% (Semnan) 26.8% (Sorkheh), 28.8% (Mehdi Shahr) and 33% (Shahmirzad) being distributed among imperishable wastes, woods and masonary wastes. But metal wastes have the minor portion of it. The total wastes in Semnan. Sorkheh, Shahmirzad and MehdiS hahr are 75, 8, 7 and 12 tons/day respectively.The total hospital waste in Semnan is about 760 to 850 kg/day that is disposed by two incinerators. Regarding the daily investigations, about 80 kg/day of daily hospital wastes are transferred to the urban disposal site landfill and are mixed with other types of wastes.

It is possible to correlate late Pleistocene moraines in the Sabalan mountain with those of Hasobshir-Aluce mountain in the south of Van lake. On the basis of available traces two terminal moraines are distinguished in the Sabalan. The value of snow line retreat was calculated during the stages of first and second morainic periods according to the recent snow line of Sabalan mountain. The value comparison of snow line retreat of morainic periods between Sabalan and Hasobesir – Aluce mountains indicate that at these mountains they have the same trend. By use of present information about the age of moraines in South of Van lake and Sabalan morainic periods conform with the Wurm 3 and Wurm 4 stages.

Climate is one of the most important information data for agriculture that affects the quality of crops. In fact, forecasting atmospheric elements in longtime is necessary for basic programs in agriculture. One of the branches of agro-climatology is isoclimate of agriculture by which these areas are determined by suitable climate qualification for planting special plants and because each plant for suitable growing needs some suitable terms. By preparing these terms, the quantities and qualitative features of the crops will be increased. The purpose of this research is the recognition suitable site in east plain of Guilan for the cuitivation of sunflower industrial plant.The method of this research is using descriptive data and their analysis with a special attention to foundations of physical geography.

During the last two centuries, the world has been rapidly moving toward urban state. The most important result of this process is physical extension of cities toward the rural spaces, which is performed through annexation of villages to the cities and conversion of rural centers to towns. Although at first towns have a low population and a small domain, however, they rapidly extend toward the agricultural lands and the surrounding rural areas. In Europe worry for prevention of such a process has been started since the end of the 19th century with movement of garden cities. Since the first half of the century 20th, European countries, USA, Japan and even Philippines executed some plans for prevention of the process of physical extension of cities in fertile agricultural lands through which they attained success in some cases. But developing countries, which were at the process of movement from agricultural society to urban industrial societies, rapidly lost a great amount of their fertile lands due to increasing growth of cities. In Iran this process has been started since the second half of the 20th century and thereby the number of the state cities and urban population increased rapidly. On the other hand, a great number of villages converted to cities or annexed to the great cities. Although the rapid procedure of conversion of villages to cities during the recent decade has been performed with the aim of enjoyment of rural population from urban services, but in the areas such as Caspian plains this will result in change of application of agricultural lands and destruction of natural landscapes of the area. Specially where the new established cities have been formed from the combination of some villages, their uncondensed and non-homogenous structure would be filled out with urban buildings in the near future. In order to prevent this worrying procedure, we cannot set aside the plan for conversion of rural centers to towns and consider it as an unfavorable action, rather, development of such towns should be performed in accordance with the space and operational patterns proportionate to the area. For example, in the Caspian area, garden cities patterns can both protect agricultural lands and rural landscapes and cause enjoyment of the natives from urban services and facilities and also activate the tourism efficiencies of rural areas.

Interpolation, the generalization of point data to scatter data, and combining maps are three cases of important applications of GIS in Climatology studies. In this study, we have tried to estimate rain erosion capacity (Fournier Method) by using GIS capability in interpolation and the generalization of point data to scatter data. In Fournier method, the rain erosion capacity is calculated through the use of two climatic parameters (annual precipitation and the rainfall mean in the rainiest month of the year) and two physiological parameters (the height and slope of the region). The findings indicated that there is significant difference between these two methods of calculating rain erosion capacity. Using the mean of rain, erosion potential was estimated to be almost 121 tonnes per km2 annually, while this amount was estimated to be 267 tonnes per km2 by using GIS capabilities.