فصلنامه فضای جغرافیایی
پیاپی 26 (تابستان 1388)

Having different welfare services and social, cultural and health facilities are the fundamental development indices in planning section, especially in rural districts. In this article the position of social, cultural, health and fundamental indicators of Ardebil rural districts have been considered. We ranked the indices determined the poorest from the point of view of having development indicators and the richest of them followed by illustrating the priorities of development in the region. The Required information and data were collected using surveying and questionnaires in rural districts. The indicators for examining development levels were illustrated and with the application method of numeral taxonomy, rural districts were ranked. Moreover, their developing degree were determined and analyzed. Results indicate that the Sardabeh village is more unequal than other rural districts in terms of development; Kalkhuran village is in average development and the rest are in deprived and the most deprived ranks. It is obvious that illustrating the differences of development degrees of such rural districts, can lead the programmers of rural developments to deal with priorities of rural development programs from the development indicators point of view in mentioned regions.

There is greater application of adapting more accurate statistical methods for the study of changes and the prediction of elements such as temperature. One of these methods is the application of Halt-Winters method. According to the aims of prediction in which the estimation of extreme temperatures of Esfahan have been applicable for the next 10 years of 2006-2015, we examined different time series prediction methods on the basis of the number of exiting data records of each series including 55 rules (the time range of date included the years 1951 up to 2005). Among the mentioned methods only Halt-winters model had the ability of predicting negative values among minimum annual absolute temperatures recoded for Esfahan. After testing of the models and the consideration of evaluation indexes, the accuracy of model was proved and that Halt-Winters model gave better results compared to other models. This is the reason why we used this model for the prediction of next 1- years minimum and maximum temperatures of Esfaha.

The demand for natural gas has had the highest growth at the first decades of 21st century. Increasing economic growth of India has boosted the country's need to energy, especially the natural gas. Among other choices in the import process of natural gas, Iran- India ground pipe-line has been the focus of attention, which makes inevitable the passage of pipe-line through Pakistan. However, the problem is whether the economic cooperation among Iran, India and Pakistan will be able to solve or weaken the geopolitical challenges to the advantage of economic benefits. A descriptive-analytical approach has been used to answer this question.The results indicate that geopolitical achievements and geo-economy of Iran, India and Pakistan in the construction of the pipe-line are not the same and that the economic cooperation alone cannot prevent geopolitical challenges among the three states. Therefore, insecurity is the most outstanding obstacle in the way of pipe-line in Pakistan.

Landslide zoning is one of the methods that can help determine the critical regions and using zoning maps the planners can apply them. Landslide zoning has been used less logically in planning goals and minimizing landslide damages. Therefore, we have applied AHP model as one of the useful and applicable methods in a case study of Ahar drainage basin in East Azerbayijan for landslide zoning. In this method we have distinguished factors affecting landslides as components, followed by weighting each and determent the role of any factor in land sliding.Results obtained from the present research indicated that geologic parameters had the highest and human inducted factors played the least significant roles. Factors such as litho logy, gradient, faults, slope aspects, height, distance from the river, land use type, and distance from roads were the most effective elements in landslide zoning. The landslide risk map was then prepared in three different groups of high, medium, and low.

This paper deals with Tokyo’s urban planning experience in reducing earthquake impacts. In Tokyo city earthquakes is not regarded as unusual phenomena or an ordinary problem. In fact, this city has attended the reduction of earthquake impacts since great earthquake of Kanto in 1923, with the application of urban planning instruments including the development of open green spaces. However, these instruments, in 1960-70 and 1980-90 decades are adjusted to the world planning strategies and their great effectiveness caused the aim of noticeable reduction in body and financial injures in recent times. This paper is the introduction of excellent experiences of Tokyo city to the trends, strategies and interventions of the city against earthquakes.

Mountain streams exhibit a diversity of channel-reach morphologies formed over a range of fluvial and no fluvial factors. Baghlar catchments is one of fluvial systems of northern slope of Mishow-Dagh in northwest of Iran that has experienced drastic changes in recent geologic times. River capture is a stage of evolution in this catchments, whose effects are accompanied with slope instabilities due to tectonic activities in stream channel-reach deformation all of which are studied in this paper. The study includes the investigation of morphology of channel segments based on field studies and available models. Subsequently, four channel-reach types were recognized: Plane-bed, bedrock step- pool, cascade, and cascade-pool. Difference in plane-bed channel characteristics in various segments of catchments, formation of cascade-pool channel and occurring of periodic disturbances in stream flow, deformation of plane-bed bed form to step-pool type in a portion of channel, and formation of cascade reach are among effects of no fluvial factors (river capture and slope instabilities) on channel reach morphology. Such studies will contribute to a better estimation of the impacts that have on channel processes along alluvial rivers, providing fundamental information for land use planning, environmental conservation and sediment disaster control. Finally the investigation of no fluvial factors have been acknowledged in the selection of appropriate sediment entrainment equations for estimating bed load transport rates in mountain streams.

Urban areas are important for tourism because they are destinations in their own right, gate ways for tourist entry, and centers for accommodation and bases for excursions. The high volume of tourists (about 2.5 million parson/year) into the Kurdestan imposes tremendous pressure on the natural environment. Many studies revealed that with out any complementary alternatives for natural areas, their sustainability would be in danger in a short time. Kurdestan province with its urban centers is one of the main destinations for many tourists. The present situation of urban amenities shows that the area needs an enforcement of the cultural and historical sites, which in turn could attract tourists to spend some of their leisure time apart from the ecotourists attraction. It is clear that complementary recreation in the urban areas can create job opportunities and, more revenues. This paper tries to evaluate the cultural and historical sites with general utilities in this Province.

House as one of the humans’ essential needs, is regarded as one of the economic and sociological problems. Residential problems can be more in the increasing prices and its rents like spectially in the metropolitan region of Iran. Other large cities Tabriz have some problems such as population density, the rise in the price of land, settlement and its rent. These problems create much difficulties for the low income people, in other cases it causes the establishment of new buildings in outskirts and their accumulation inside or outside the city that generally have some affects in the spatial – structural expansion. Therefor, it is essential to use proper politics in Tabriz metropolitan housing to decrease the deficits and supply the future needs.Tabriz metropolitan structural development has followed the dwelling and land market conditions, rises Population growth has strongly changed the dwelling land markets and city spatial-structure.New residential building numbers or the buildings under construction follow factors such as land price, base–land, and rent price. Three floored or higher residential buildings are crowded most in places that land and dwelling prices and also rent prices has been higher. City space-form indexes change following the changes in land base prices and residential rent prices.