فصلنامه فضای جغرافیایی
پیاپی 35 (پاییز 1390)

In this research climatolological factors of the Mogan plain were studied according to saffron climatic requirements. For this purpose climatic data of five selected stations (Parsabad, Moshiran, Bielesavar and Aslandooz) were collected from 1363 to 1384 and the missing data for some stations were calculated using Minitab software. Amounts of potential evapotranspiration were estimated by 3 methods (Blaney-Criddle, Penman and Hargraves). The obtained results show that cultivation of saffron in 4 areas of the studied plain was possible, but only one of the selected stations, namely Moshiran (south west) has no reliable climatic condition for Saffron cultivation due to low temperatures. Climatic conditions of the Germy station (south west) is highly appropriate for saffron cultivation among the other areas.

In this research, daily rainfall database of Kurdestan Province from 1.1.1961 up to 31.12.2009 (17897 days) was supplied. Front genesis conditions related to heavy rainfall have been analyzed using environmental circulation approach. Initially, 125 days of the higher and overall heavy rainfall from Kurdestan Province daily rainfall data base was selected. For this period using U wind, V wind and air temperature parameters, frequency of front genesis conditions and its locations have been calculated from to E and to N at three levels (1000, 700 and 500 hPa level) at 00:00, 06:00, 12:00 and 18:00 UTC. The results of this study showed that front genesis at 500 and 700 hPa levels and its subsequent instability does not affect Iran very much (to exception at 18:00 UTC in 500 hPa level). Generally, frequency of front genesis is highest at 1000 hPa level over Kurdestan Province.

At present, tourism has attracted much more attention as an economic tool throughout the world. In addition, many policy makers and planners consider tourism industry as a main sustainable development tool which shall be involved in the urban development providing there are calculated and appropriate planning and recognizing opportunities and limitations in this regard. Hence, the question is: What are the potentials and limitations in the city? What are the guidelines conclusive to tourism especially at national level? To this end, the present paper tries to combine strategies as for tourism development in Zanjanroud taking survey and field study using SWOT model. The results show that due to tourism potentials and capabilities in Zanjanroud. It can be an endogenous development tool requiring a comprehensive planning through SWOT spots.

Green space is a part of the whole city up to the 18th century which was generally developed in the form of garden or paradise for special people. After the industrial revolution, emotional and mental stresses caused by hard and persevering jobs emerged, so these spaces were introduced as a respiratory need in the spread of cities. In search for a great deformation caused by social and economic situation, we have emphasized on the development of health and open space such as green space and in the th20 century by the standardization of green space which affects the physical and nonphysical situation of many cities in the world as well as the cities in our country. This paper emphasizes that green space standards cannot be unique as the reality of towns are unique. Green space dimensions, alike any other changeable facts, must be set by considering climatic, local and timely facts in the framework of physical planning.

Performance appraisal is one of the basic and main managing instruments for achieving to the goals, strategies and plans of the different organizations. In public organizations like Ghayen municipality, devising and establishing a performance appraisal system, may lead to a right route for managers, in order to catch the goals, duties, new development plans as well as new guidelines. The present article will examine the ranges of individual’s satisfaction of Ghayen's municipality's activities, in the period of the years 2005/1348 till 1388/2009, with focus on the urban spatial structure. The research method in the mentioned article would be survey and documentary-based. Furthermore, sampling method is Probability Proportionate to Size (PPS) and the statistical society is the whole inhabitants of Ghayen in the year 2009/1388. The study's results show, the most impressive factor on satisfaction, is the volume of physical functions with the impact coefficient percent of 0.476. Moreover, the satisfaction of official services, electing the mayor by the Islamic council of the city, urban services as well as monitoring and controlling, are ranked as the second to fifth grade. In addition, appraisal the satisfaction levels of the citizens according to the urban spatial structure, presents no differentiate in the different zones, while in the neighborhood system level, there is a significant difference of inhabitant's satisfactions with 95% confidence level besides and0 0% significance level, which clarifies the necessity of making differentiate in planning, on the urban space quality and quantity basis.

Culture, defined also as the method of life includes economy, living method, food and clothes, housing, policy, government, political systems, customs and traditions, ceremonies, marriage and kinship system, religious and metaphysical beliefs, social classes beliefs, military armament, and all other possible human or nonhuman affairs and it faces constant changes. Change is known as the integrated part of the social life. Anthropological and cultural studies revealed that various factors such as innovation and invention, propagation and adoption of culture, originating outside or inside a society influence the cultural changes so that the degree of cultural changes depends on the intensity of the said factors. In fact, the weaker these factors, the slower will be the trend of such cultural changes. This article studies the effects of cultural changes on rural housing patterns and since housing is a cultural phenomenon, the researcher has attempted to clarify the effect of cultural elements and their changes on housing. To identify the effects of cultural changes on rural housing on rural housing, the architectural style and structure of traditional and modern houses are explained in detail and the effects of the changes resulted from modern technology and innovations following to Land Reforms and Islamic Revolution, on rural housing are investigated. Some of these changes include development of communication devices and technological tools, establishment of new schools, road construction, establishment of public offices, and transfer of power to the government. For this study, 10 villages of the central district of Ghazvin were selected as the sample. Results of field studies as well as using statistical analysis found significant correlation between cultural changes and housing satisfaction, architecture plan, housing resistance, the place of animals out of house, the housing main materials, number of rooms, kind of residential units, kitchen architecture plan, home heating and cooling equipment, residential units areas, the number of classes and feeling comfort and peace at home. An also results indicated that is significant linear correlation there between cultural change and rural housing pattern.

Recent researches have been shown that gully erosion has a considerable role in world erosion. In this condition, the important need is a favorite model for evaluation of erosion types. Presently, EGEM model is the only model that can be used for evaluation and estimating of erosion types. Data for this model were surveyed and extracted from 58 gullies on mostly cultivated fields. With respect to quantitative analysis, length is one of the important parameters, which has significant correlation with measured and calculated volume. In other parameters, there is a powerful relationship between measured volume and estimated volume with measured cross-section resulting from model. There is a meaningful relationship between measured and calculated width of model, but it is not powerful. Therefore, the model can be used for gully erosion estimation in Sarand Chay basin.

In this paper we have determined the widespread low extreme temperatures of cold periods in Azerbaijan region using Normalized Temperature Deviation Index (NTDI). With an emphasis on (NTDI) 80 low extreme temperature days were selected for the study. For the recognition of circulation patterns that generate extreme temperatures in these 80 days, we made an 80-day matrix having 943 nodes from the geo-potential height data in 500 hpa and 0-100 degrees longitudes and 15-70 degrees of latitudes.Ward cluster analysis of the matrix led to the recognition of 7 circulation patterns influencing the creation of extreme temperatures. Among these patterns, the No. 1 circulation pattern with the 24-day frequency (out of 80 days) having 30% of contribution i.e., the highest contribution, and pattern No. 6 with a 3 day frequency (out of 80 days), having the 3.75% of contribution showed the lowest contribution in the creation of extreme temperatures in Azerbaijan. The study of geo-potential elevation in 500 hpa contours during 80 days indicate that extreme temperatures of Azerbaijan are affected by topographic patterns of 500 hpa contours. Wind direction and the spell of cold air to the area also in harmony with the same contour patterns leads to the movement of cold heavy air of higher latitudes to the area of study and thereby, the creation of extreme temperatures. Out of 8 known circulation patterns that transfer the cold air from higher latitudes to the Azerbaijan area, in 7 patterns the long plunges are observed and in the circulation pattern No. 6 there exists a deep cyclone that acts like a cold depression and establishes the stability of cold air continuation over the area and therefore, make extreme values in temperature. Paying attention to the role of cold winds in 80 selected days for the study it became clear that coldness or the extreme cold temperatures in this area were resulted from downward movement or the transfer of the cold air while even one radiation coldness was not observed in the whole 80-day study period.

The development of tourism industry like any other industry in every country is dependent upon its infrastructures. Recognizing the tourism right is one of the fundamental principles for human beings especially for foreigners. Nowadays, this right is one of the basic human rights known in the world and emphasized in the national rights and international documents.Furthermore, the necessity to perform tourism right is recognizing other rights including rights and basic freedom of human beings. If a person has the tourism right as his/her natural right but has not the right to enter or stay in another country and his/her property (money) or life in the target country be not safe, or in case of any offence against his her life or property (money) has not the right to refer to the court and defend his right. Then the concept of tourism right will be futile and in vain. It is because of this matter that in every country, there are special approved regulations to recognize and provide these basic rights. In our country, Iran, these rights and freedom have been recognized and approved for foreign nationalities and tourists as far as the human beings, personality are concerned.

Most of time geomorphic processes that are created by fluvial systems cause environmental hazards in natural and human environment. In this paper, Songhor has been investigated on the basis of fluvial geomorphic processes. Hazards are studied in two parts, one of which is based on function of river and stream erosion (degradation, transportation and aggradation) and the others are hazards instigated from flood and storm-water. Therefore, firstly Songhor Chai basin was divided into two northern and eastern sub-basins. As Songhor city has located in the outlet of these basins, maximum discharge of flood was calculated for sub-basins by Dicken model. At second stage, longitudinal river profiles and the main stream were derived and analyzed. At the third stage, based on field observations and works using GPS, aerial photos, and GIS, geomorphologic map of the study area, the river hazard map and buffer zone of Songhor Chai River were drawn. Finally we found out that Songhor is under environmental and human-derived hazard threats due to factors such as the residential establishment on the flood plain in Songhor Chai river and streams, the construction of some parts of the city over the southern and eastern alluvial fans, and factors such as the encroachment to the river banks, and finally existence of loose colluviums in the banks. The inappropriate dimensions and elevation of Songhor Chai River Bridge can be also regarded as a threat.

At present paper the frequency and the spell of rainy days in Urmia have been analyzed by using probability rules and Markov chain technique. The 48-year rain data (1961-2008) for Urmia synoptic station is used. The frequency matrix is formed and the probability matrix of rainy–dry days is created. Accordingly based on maximum likelihood method, recurrence interval is estimated on the basis of succeeding power on probability matrix. Rainy and dry days have 5 and 1 year return period. Rainfall occurrence probability on each day was about 0.2057 and dry occurrence probability was 0.7943. Continuous return period on rainy days with continuity of 1 to 5 day has been calculated. According to the calculations it was clear that maximum occurrence probability on rainy days was for spring especially (in April) whit 2 or 3 rainy day return period probability being was equal to 4.4 and 13 days respectively.