فصلنامه فضای جغرافیایی
پیاپی 42 (تابستان 1392)

The total of the borders of the Islamic Republic of Iran are 8755 Kilometers including marine borders (2700 Kilometers)، riverine borders (1893 Kilometers) and mainland borders (4162 Kilometers). There are 3 edgy rivers in the north of the country. The northern borders of Iran such as mainland and riverine borders and Caspian Sea، were verified during some events in Russian Tsars، CCCP age. The international changes during 19th and 20th centuries and decreasing of the authority of the Qajar dynasty lead the constriction of the borders of Iran and separating some parts of that. Contemporary with extinction of CCCP، Iran neighbored some countries that have gained their freedom recently and it led to the formation of new territorial and marginal pretensions. Iran neighbored Turkmenestan، Armenia and Azerbaijan from the north. The border of Iran and old CCCP which was made Caspian Sea and riverine borders about 2643 Kilometers. This research is based on the analytic-descriptive method and by using data such as maps، tables and statistics we studied geopolitical changes on Iran''s northern borders and checked it with a scientific method and reviewed these changes. We tried to answer this question that what was the process of the changes of the northern borders of our country.

Regarding the role of water bodies and their sea surface temperature (SST) in providing humidity of weather systems affecting Iran، SST time series of main regional water bodies including Caspian، Mediterranean، Black، Oman، Red Sea and Persian Gulf are analyzed in this researchover the period of 1854 to 2009 (155 year). The Extended Reconstructed sea surface temperature (ERSST) data set in 2×2 latitude/longitude resolution، which was provided by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)، are used in this study. Results of current research over the period under study showed that the maximum annual increasing rate of SST has been occurring in the Oman Sea by 0. 0049 TºC (around 0. 5 TºC per 100 years). Red Sea، Persian Gulf and Mediterranean Sea by 0. 0028، 0. 0027 and 0. 0019 have other remaining maximum annual increasing rates of SST. Increasing trends of SST are statistically significant in four mentioned water bodies. But at the same period، amount of trends in Caspian and Red Seas were very low and statistically not significant. Analysis of the SST also reveals that the increasing rate in the most recent 25 years is multiplicities overall water bodies. Maximum increasing SST rate is detected to be in the Caspian Sea. Mann-Kendal test is then applied over SST time series for finding abrupt change in the dataset. We found that the abrupt change in annual SST has been occurring in 1981، 1954، 1972، and 1980 in time series of Persian Gulf، Oman، Red and Mediterranean Seas، respectively.

The northwest of Iran has located in a collision zone of two continental plates (Eurasian and Arabian plates). Also it is one of regions of active tectonics. It seems that Shaharchai basin is an active tectonic region. Because south Boagoosh fault and Garacheman fault have located in Shaharchai basin. Therefore، active tectonic was analyzed by geomorphic indices and geomorphological evidences (landforms) of this region. The indices used include: ratio of valley-floor width to valley height (Vf)، stream length–gradient index (Sl)، drainage basin asymmetry (Af) and index of mountain from sinuosity (Smf). For the estimation of indices of and recognition geomorphological evidences we used topographic maps، geological maps، and digital elevation model while several field observations were done in the study region. Maps and charts were drawn by ArcGIS and Excel. The results of the analyses show that 57. 1 percent of drainage basins in the study region have moderate tectonic activity، 28. 6 percent have high values of tectonic activity and 14. 3 percent have the lowest values of tectonic activity. There are several geomorphological evidences such as scarps، alluvial fans، fault valleys and meandering of the river in the high and moderate active tectonic basins.

Application of quantitative criteria and methods for the grading system of settlements in the areas of spatial inequality in hand، to identify areas of settlements and the criteria to work towards reducing and eliminating disparities among them are considered. To identify areas of the state، and bottlenecks in capacity planning is important، so that economic، social، cultural and health indicators should be determined. A criterion for determining the status and problems in the areas of their failure to achieve economic prosperity and social well being is with this knowledge. The main purpose of this study was to determine the position of North Khorasan province in terms of development indicators، and the status of development at different levels and to compare them with each other. The results showed that compared with other provinces of North Khorasan province، based on Maurice and the standard score of 26 and taxonomy based on rank 28 were achieved. The problem of imbalance in the rate of development at different levels (and city) is evident، which was studied in detail. The gap has caused and exacerbated regional inequalities. Study of inequality at various scales، was one of the essential and basic steps for planning and reform for economic growth with social justice. It can address the regional disparities in the allocation of resources to be effective، Therefore، the imbalance، is one of the goals of development programs، and is essential it the long term. Deliberate policies and reasonable conditions necessary to reduce and eliminate the existing imbalances can be provided.

Designing buildings based on principles of architecture in harmony with the climate of each region، not only creates thermal comfort in interior spaces، but also it reduces fuel consumption and more importantly it makes a clean and green environment. This issue becomes more intense in some geological areas such as Khorramshahr، which has a warm، tropical and critical climate. Studies have shown that by regarding climatic issues in designing building of this region، using air conditioning utilities would be minimized. The research method of the present study is descriptive–analytical، and Information was gathered through library and field research. Thus the climatic characteristics of Khorramshahr was reviewed and adapted to climatic studies of several scholars in this field; finally، climatic standards of different residential building elements were extracted. The results of this research are a guide and reference for designers to achieve the architectural principles of residential buildings in harmony with this region’s climate. The results indicate that the main problem in Khorramshahr is hot and dusty winds and the intense heat of the summer which sometimes it won’t be solved by climatic architecture، whereas it requires the use of air-conditioners (gassy cooler). While، in winter these spaces can be kept warm at the level of human comfort by using solar energy or sometimes simple thermal devices. Proper design of the different components of housing and suitable location of residential complexes (in southern side of Karun River) will effectively uses the climatic issues، and prevents from adverse climatic factors.

In this paper using descriptive and inferential statistics we tried to analyze and assess the impact of climate elements and air pollutants in Sanandaj. on the input rate of asthma and mortality we. Studied populations as the number of people admitted to the hospitals in 8-year period (2001-2008) for asthma and the number of deaths during the five-year period (2004-2008) for heart failure disease in the city of Sanandaj. Data on pollutants were supplied from the Environment Department (2008) and data on climateelements (2001-2008) were collected from the Meteorological organization of Sanandaj city. The results show that considering the weather elements in the model، each unit increase in average of minimum temperature of the elements، the average maximum relative humidity and prevailing wind speed woud cause increase in heart failure deaths، respectively، at 0. 16 and 0. 06. With of each unit increase in mean minimum temperature and maximum wind speed، 0. 211 death units were increased while 0. 360 units were decreased. So despite the pollutants per unit of temperature in the region 0. 051 units regardless of the model were more or less the impact of mortality. Without entering pollutants in the model، the effectof average minimum relative humidity، average relative humidity، average wind speed and prevailing wind speed has respectively 0. 160، -0. 141، -0. 632 and 0. 198 values on the asthma admissions. By entering pollutants had climatic elements of the combined model، none of the elements and pollutants impacted on hospital admissions for asthma. MI mortality was significant in both sexes. The relationship between both sexes and admissions and ages was 0-20 and 21-40 and significant. In other words، unlike heart failure disease، the rate of asthma at the ages of less than 40 years was seen. In general، heart failure and asthma were respectively not dependent on gender and age.

This research has studied the effects of the milk collection network for the rural development، and the increasing rural welfare and strengthening rural-urban linkage especially in social and economic dimension. For this mean descriptive and analytical research methods were used. For collecting data needed، documentary methods and field studies have been applied. In field studies some of the tools like observation and complement questionnaires and interviews were used to collect data and information. For this، 42 villages and 15 milk collectors in a central district of Hashtrood township has been selectedthrough stratified sampling. In order to describe and analyze collected data، the SPSS software and descriptive statistics were applied. For hypothesis test in gresearch Wilcoxon sign rank test was applied. The results indicate that the creation of infrastructure and facilities for collection، processing and marketing dairy products were essential prerequisites for the development of dairy activities and the underlying increase in the welfare and economic development and improving relations between urban and rural areas. Therefore، in order to diversify agricultural income، especially considering how and what of the production of milk and livestock production in this section، along with reduced production costs can increase income and welfare in the rural area as well as help create and diversify job opportunity and finally economic sustainability

One of the most important factors in the proper management of water resources is understanding the probability distribution of rainfall and dry and wet spell lengths days. Such cognitive areas can be suitable for the planners to deal with the devastating effects of drought and intense rainfall fluctuations. In this study، in order to do probability analysis of precipitation، daily rainfall data from 7 meteorological stations in Hamedan province have been used. The method used in this study was the first order Markov chain model. Daily rainfall statistics based on matrix mode change count and the lack of raingdays were sorted، then the probability of switching matrix based on x2 test methods against the trend was calculated by the Spearman method. Using the power of repeated these matrices، probability and reliable return period day of each of the two modes of precipitation and drought were estimated and periods returned to mainland were three، four، five، six and seven days during the year and weekly (for 52 weeks Years) which were calculated. Results show that the highest probability consecutive dry days are 3 and the lowest probability، consecutive dry days are 7. Likely return period of three consecutive dry days during the summer and autumn are about 100 percent. The probability was less than 80 percent، from 24 to 38 weeks which include the months of July and August. In summer there are 7 likely consecutive dry days that have also reached about 100 percent. The results also show that the probability distribution of weeks with rainfall in most of the stations were 21 and 42 to 52 weeks in a year and there is more chance of precipitation and 22 to 41 weeks in a minimum amount of rainfall. The minimum probability of 7 consecutive dry days in spring and minimum during weeks 11 and 12 with probability 45 percent are revealed.

Of considerable factors in the development of tourism industry of each geographic region are climatic conditions. The present research has examined tourism climate in domain of the country، northern provinces، surrounding Caspian sea (Golestan، Guilan and Mazandaran provinces)، using Miczochofscky، index of touristic climate (TCI) within geographic information system (GIS) environment. Finally، the conditions of the tourism climate of study provinces were evaluated through cluster analysis. In performing the research، statistics and data from 14 climatologic stations within northern provinces were utilized. Preliminary analysis was carried out، using seven climatologic elements، and involved in the tourism climatic index as well as statistical software. Then، the values of TCI were derived from studying cities، using the relations of Miczochofscky model. At the final step، TCI values were put in the of geographic information system (ArcGIS). Using inverse distance weighted (IDW) for mean finding، TCI values were expanded to the provinces. The zoning maps were prepared based on a monthly scale for northern provinces. The results of this research show that on spring، the eastern side is more appropriate than western side regarding tourist climate. In summer، only Siahbishe city of Mazandaran province possesses ideal conditions for tourism. In the fall season، month of Aban is more desirable than other two months and two cities of Mansil and Muravetappe possesses the best conditions for tourism. Considering the tourism climatology no proper and ideal condition is observed during winter. Eventually، four clusters were identified for studying cities، using cluster analysis.

In this study، the relationship between annual sunspot number (ASN) and annual precipitation totals (APT) has been investigated over the northern coasts of the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea using two statistical cross-correlation function and contingency tables. Bushehr، Jask and Shiraz stations are alone stations in which long term annual precipitation records more than 100 years exist have in the south half of Iran. Precipitation records of these three stations were collected from three resources of Iran Meteorological Organization، Regional Water Organization of Fars Province and Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections، respectively. The statistical gaps were filled with suitable regression models. Daily international sunspot numbers in 1871-2005 periods were prepared from the National Geophysical Data Center. Results indicate negative significant cross-correlation coefficients between 3-year lagged ASN and APT over two stations of Bushehr and Jask but nothing is found Whatsoever significant relationship for Shiraz station in none of lags. On the basis of this 3 year lags، for two stations of Jask and Bushehr have been constructed several contingency tables. The chi-square test was used to determine whether there was a dependency between observations. Also Kendal Tau-b coefficient can show the intensity of association between observations. Almost in all cases for Jask (Tau-b=-0. 2 averagely)، the Chi-square tests Were significant at the 5% level while there Were not a significant relationship for Shiraz and Bushehr but there Were minor cases in Bushehr (tau-b=-0. 03 averagely). Inasmuch as a sunspot minimum has occurred in 2007 and 2008، therefore we Would expect that Oman Sea coasts precipitation during 2009-2011 Was higher than normal.

Forecasting of watershed Hydrologic reaction to rainfall in the form of outlet hydrograph is one of the most important objectives of surface water hydrology in order to manage extreme phenomena، and to create and execute construction programs. The purpose of this research is to investigate the accuracy and precision of the efficiency of geomorphology And geomorpho-climatology instantaneous unit hydrograph models for appointing dimensions of flood hydrograph due to rainfall with determined intensity، duration and to compare them with Nash، Rosso and SCS methods and finally to introduce the most efficient model In Ekbatan of Hamedan Watershed. In order to increase the precision and velocity of processes GIS is used and in order to be efficient in precision، MRE and MSE statistical indicators are used. The results show that the efficiency of geomorpho-climatology model ratio to geomorphology، Nash Rosso and SCS are 109/12، 168/56، 137/99، 195/26 percent respectively and geomorphology model ratio to Nash، Rosso and SCS are 156/43، 121/77، 187/23 percent respectively and، Rosso model ratio to Nash and SCS are 164/14، 186/55 percent respectively and Nash model ratio to SCS is 122/24 percent. Therefore، geomorphoclimatology model that is based on geomorphologic and climatic data ratio to geomorphology، Nash، Rosso and SCS can be introduced as the most efficient model for estimating flood discharges.

Flood routing، one of the most complex issues in hydraulic open channel science and river engineering is investigated. There are different methods in the field of flood routing which are divided broad and focus groups. Today، a new technique using evolutionary artificial neural network model based on artificial intelligence is widely used in various fields، especially water engineering works. In this study the flood routing in Maroon river، Khyrabad-Pol Felor reach using MNN، FF، JEN، and RBF evolutionary artificial neural network models Were Studied. Including cases where a new method is a model using linear cross correlation between input and output time series. Using genetic algorithm models the structure of artificial neural networks in terms of number of layers، number of nodes in the hidden layer، the type of network learning algorithm and transfer function were optimized. Results show that the method of cross correlation. and the output models compared with actual values show that the MNN selected model has capabilities، flexibility and greater accuracy in forecasting and flood routing in the river than the statistical model and other models of artificial neural network determining the number and time delay. Effective input data were effecative، while the number and time delay input data were also effective

This research was conducted for regional planning provision، and the evaluation of natural-managerial context of agricultural development in Kermanshah province townships in Iran. To this end we employed 8 indicators for measuring natural potentiality and 21 indices utilized for assessing managerial issues such as infrastructure، institutional، and work forces. After releasing indexes from various scales and weighting them on the basis of factor analysis method the final composite indicator was determined. According to the results of natural potentiality، Songhor and Kermanshah townships placed first and second with 5. 49 and 5. 06 score in the ranking and Salas and Babajani and Paveh townships with 3. 46 and 3. 74 acquired eleventh and twelfth positions. Also in respect of managerial development، Kermanshah and Eslamabad-e-Gharb townships with scores of 22. 39 and 17. 65 placed first and second in the ranking and Ghasre-shrin and Salas and Babajani townships with 6. 36 and 4. 02 acquired eleventh and twelfth position. Value of coefficient of variation for infrastructure (0. 56)، institutional (0. 714)، and work force (0. 559) composite indicators indicate high disparity between the townships with regard to managerial contexts. Therefore، focusing on balanced agricultural development in the province was emphasized.