فصلنامه فضای جغرافیایی
پیاپی 52 (زمستان 1394)

River flow estimation in every region is one of the fundamental and important issues in agricultural planning and also in the water resources management. Therefore presenting a suitable strategy is more beneficial to accurate estimation of rivers flow rate. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the capability of the intelligent models such as Gene Expression Programming, Artificial Neural Network and Nero-Fuzzy Inference Systems in order to estimate the flow rate in Mordagh Chay River. Three different methods are used to estimate the flow rate in these models, the flow rate data of the previous daily flow and the mixture of each of these states with one to five days of delay period in daily scale. Totally 45 kinds of different data were applied and the estimation was conducted. Mordagh Chay River basin has been located on Eastern Azerbaijan Province. The findings were compared with the observed data by coefficient of determination and the root mean square errors criteria. With regard to the results obtained from the models all of the three methods were of acceptable accuracy. Finally the adoptive Nero- fuzzy inference systems model was chosen for the highest precision and was recommended to be useful in this basin.

Change detection is the basic assessment requirement in natural resources management. Maps of land use/land cover changes can be made based on multi-temporal remote sensing imagery. Several methods have been proposed to detect land changes. The subject of this study is to investigate changes in impervious surfaces within the Esfahan city by using MSS and AWiFS images and the comparison of post-classification method during the 1987-2008 period. Therefore, the images were corrected geometrically by using the geometric algorithms. RMSe of MSS and AWiFS images were obtained from 0.58 and 0.56 pixels, respectively, indicating that the spatial error was less than one pixel. Then, two images were provided with 5 classes including water (river), residential area, bare land, plant cover and roads using the training samples and multilayer perceptron neural network. The overall accuracy of MSS and AWiFS images were obtained to be 90.79 and 92.86, respectively. In the next phase, for change detection, post classification comparison method was performed and the changes map was produced. The results show that impervious surface area has increased 6829 ha and the vegetation area has decreased over 527 ha during this period. The principal reasons for this change are rapid population growth rate of 62% and industrial growth during this period.

Ecological Planning with Multicriteria decision making is a process that evaluates the alternative land uses in relation to its environmental and socioeconomic surroundings, with the purpose of managing natural resources, preserving the ecosystems and solve or diminish possible environmental conflicts. The land suitability analysis problem involves classification of the units of observations according to their suitability for a particular activity. Suitability analysis has been referred to as one of the most useful tools provided by GIS. Since the urban development has enormous environmental impacts on peri-urban regions, it is necessary to evaluate urban land use. The water catchment of Shur in Qazvin province has difficulties in association with urban development trend. This research was done in the framework of Iran ecological model and fuzzy multicriteria decision making models (namely, OWA and AHP in GIS and Idrisi environments) with the aim choosing the suitable locations for urban development land use in the study region. Analysis process and data classifications for achieving environmental units at study area was obtained by overlaying prepared maps and the recognition was performed with GIS. The results indicate that evaluation by OWA scenarios have different results. OWA approach provided a mechanism for guiding the decision maker/analysis through the multicriteria combination procedures. Consequently, the approach facilitates a better understanding of the alternative land-use suitability patterns.

Rural and urban areas are annually encountering flood hazards due disregarding to river regime and topographic characteristics. The objective of present research is the recognition of human settlements, which are subjecting to flood hazards using Topsis-AHP model. Outcome of this model is mapping of the study area in terms of flood hazards and identifying of the best location for development of human settlements. The total of nine natural factors that are contributing in flood event was used in this model and flood hazard map of Rude-shoor river basin was developed using geographic information system and ArcGIS 10 software. Resultant data was checked by field observations and results of previous studies. Results showed that 30 villages at north and south of catchment are located in areas with very high and high risk of flood because of their topographic location. The Ci index for very high to high risk of flood were calculated to be 0.993 and 0.528, respectively. The total of 36 % of catchment area were classified in very high to moderate risk of flood, which point out that the study area is encountering severe flood hazards. Present research is revealed capability of Topsis model in sketching of river buffer zone in the study area. In addition, application of Topsis model and method of this resaerch is firmly recommended to be used for planning of flood hazards for human settlements at other parts of Iran.

Studying the temporal and spatial variations of vegetation is the certain component of environmental studies due to the various applications of vegetation. Land use changes are resulted from the complicated interaction of physical, biological, economic and ecological factors. Determining the changes by using satellite images has become one of the most important fields in forestry and also is an appropriate factor to supervise and control various changes in forest ecosystems. Three periods of 1976-1988, 1988-2001, 2001-2010 were applied using logistic regression model to model the spatial pattern of forest cover reduction in Malakshahi basin of Ilam Province. Landsat MSS images of 1976, Landsat TM data of 1988, Landsat ETM+ data of 2001 and IRS LISSIII images of 2010 were processed and classified for this purpose. The studied images were classified into two forest and non-forest classes, and the map of forest cover reduction of each period with physiographical and human variables of the related period was analyzed by the related model. Results showed physiographical factors in first period, the combination of human and physiographical factors in second period and human factors in third period had the maximum role in reducing the forest cover of these forests. Therefore, the results obtained by the present research can help natural resources managers and planners for making the appropriate management strategies according to the physiographical and human characteristics.

Social capital is one of thy innovative concepts that get a significance within the most fields of sociology and humanity in recent decades and became, one of the enhancing factors in collective relations, networks and cohesion between humans and organizations and organizations with each other. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of social factors on sustainable rural development and evaluation of the most important aspects affecting the sustainable development of rural villages in western Roumshgan - is Kouhdasht city. We used the applied research and descriptive-analytical methods for data collection and field library (questionnaires). The sample subject of 2331 households in West Roumshgan Village were used to select the sample size formula and modified Cochran method was used for 134 households sample. The findings show that among the social capital components, the confidence had the high average 3.18 based on the t- test. For the sustainable rural development, in social and environmental. Structural fields. The single-sample T-test indicates the desirability of rural development indicators for all dimensions less than (3) and negatively were evaluated. The Pearson correlation test between the dimensions of trust, cooperation and sustainable rural development in an alpha level of 0.05 percent, shows positive relationship between the institutions as well as local and sustainable rural development. In relation to the alpha level of 0.05 percent, there is a negative. Correlation But between the cohesion and sustainable rural development, there is no relationship.

The present paper attempts to study the adaptation rate of Jolfa housing with the angel of radiation. The importance of this topic is due to the recognition and application of environmental and climatic factors that can contribute to development consistency of city. This study, using field observations and applying the information of Iran meteorological organization, indices of method Givoni is performed. However, other information resources are observation and urban designing plans. By analyzing the existing information of Jolfa, it was revealed that in the warm months (July, June) by applying that stuff with high thermal capacity in construction welfare conditions would be provided. But in cold seasons (January, February, March, November, December) needing to mechanical heating is felt and in the rest times of year the welfare conditions are provided. So, in the cold seasons building design approach that emphasizes energy intake. The results of climatic factors and computation techniques applicable law Cosine, monthly thermal needs was evaluated In order to determine the optimal structure in Julfa. In the warm months of year, east and west's direction and in the cold months of year south's direction intake maximum amount of solar energy. However, in according to determined criteria to choose direction of building location, East- west direction is suggested for existing buildings in Jolfa due to in taking low of solar energy in summer and maximum in taking energy in the cold seasons of year.

In this study, linking between the North Sea–Caspian Pattern (NCP) and minimum temperatures fluctuation in Iran for 60 years period (1950-2010) has been investigated. The data used in this study included monthly temperature data from 17 synoptic stations in different regions of Iran, the NCP index data and upper atmospheric reanalysis data (geopotential height, zonal wind, meridional wind, temperature and thickness (1000-500 Hpa)). Pearson correlation analysis as the main method was used in this study and showed an inverse significant relationship between minimum temperatures in most selected stations and NCP index. This proves a decrease of temperature in positive phase of the NCP and increase of minimum temperature in negative phase. In terms of temporal analysis, there was a significant negative correlation between the minimum temperatures of stations and the NCP in months of January, March and February. In between stations, the monthly highest calculated correlation with -0.349 (=0.01) was computed in January. Calculated seasonal correlations show that the highest significant correlation between NCP and minimum temperatures is for winter with -0.237 (=0.01). From periodical perspective, the results indicate a strong correlation between cold period and NCP in most stations. Zahedan station had the weakest correlation with the NCP. This is probably due to its remoteness from active centers of NCP. Atmospheric patterns in 500 Hpa level in positive and negative phases of positive phase, prove the settlement of a deep trough on the Caspian Sea, Iraq, Turkey and Iran, and also the location of Iran in the eastern part of the trough axis and on the other hand, the settlement of a deep ridge on the North Sea and Europe led to the advections of cold temperature from Northern Europe near polar regions in Arctic to Iran. In negative phase placement of the study area beneath the ridge axis, led to the creation of a barotropic atmosphere with weak zonal wind and advections of warm temperatures to Iran. Therefore, with advections of warm temperatures from Africa, Arabian Pennsylvania and low latitudes, temperatures rise in Iran.

Urban marginal settlement (slum) is not merely physical problem but it is resulting from structural factors at the national and regional levels. Rapid increasing of urban population reduces the government and non-governmental organizations ability to develop and provide services and municipal facilities for that some urban low-income settlement cannot meet the housing needs in the formal way, then urban marginal settlement (slum) increases dramatically. This research tries to identify and examine the influencing factors on formation of these phenomena by using strategic planning to collect effective strategies to improve the conditions. On this basis, the internal and external influencing factors in Digale (a neighborhood of Urmia city in western Azerbaijan of Iran) are identified and analyzed. Methodology of the research was based on descriptive-analytical method by the use of survey and questionnaires and the SWOT, and AHP techniques and statistical techniques to provide the optimum strategies. The results show that this neighborhood has a long history and its identity explains some weaknesses and high vulnerability besides a potential capacity to achieve the desired perfection.

In this study, appropriate interpolation methods for precipitation changes are introduced, The performance of the methods was examined by Geostatistical techniques. Geostatistical method are of the most important methods to estimate the spatial distribution of precipitation. For this purpose, the monthly precipitation data from 16 meteorological stations and 31 synoptic stations from the East Azerbaijan Regional Water Authority in a joint 20-year period (2005-1986) was prepared. The method of simple Kriging (SK), ordinary Kriging (OK), and universal Kriging (UK) were used to estimate the annual average rainfall in the North West. calculated and plotted for each model, the rooted mean squared error and determination coefficient (r) between the observed and estimated errors of the maps, and a map was selected. The results based on the criteria of RMS and RMSE showed that the geostatistics method Kriging simple exponential model was selected due to its standard measurement error, and also a correlation coefficient (r) greater than other methods. As the most suitable method for the preparation of the map element it was determined by rainfall in the North West.

Urban development often leads to loss of more fertilized agricultural land, and besides the horizontal sprawl of city into agricultural land, causes the changes in the agricultural landscape and land fragmentation of city surrounding. This paper discusses physical changes in the urban fringe agricultural landscape of Minoodasht, during 1336- 1389. The Research method used at this paper is a combination of the historical, analytical and descriptive methods. Dates were collected by field work and library study (aerial photos and satellite images). Data were analyzed by GIS and Excel software. The results show that when the Minoodasht was selected as an urban place, the structures and functions the urban fringe agricultural land changed through the population growth and continuous social and economic processes. The1- Associate professor in Geography and Rural Planning, Kharazmi University.2- Ph.D. Student in Geography and Rural Planning at Shahid Beheshti University.3- M.A. in Geography and Urban Planning.4- M.A. in Geography and Rural Planning.Islamic Azad University-Ahar BranchGeographic Space An Approved Scientific, Research-based Quarterly22 English Abstractsoutcomes of this process, was the changing of agricultural land to urban land use. Increased demand for land as a result of population growth, as well as land speculation, caused the urban fringe agricultural land not being used by the farmers and left as fallow, and then fragmented to land use changes and being sold.

Tectonics are dynamic factors that have longitudinal profiles of rivers, especially watersheds are affected.. These factors led to a change in the longitudinal profile of rivers and the erosion and deposition process, thereby changing the pattern of investment flows into rivers. The purpose of this study is to investigate active tectonic basin Gechi Darasi data by geological, geomorphological and observation field, hypsometric curve by using indicators, hypsometric integral, drainage basin asymmetry, the longitudinal gradient of the river, the sine of the mountain front, the width Reverse topographic drainage basin above the valley floor and valley symmetry in this field. According to the results of this study indicate Hypsvmtry integral curves Hypsvmtry young field of erosion cycle and 15 sections and transects to assess VF index specified. Index changes VF (which is equal to 1.2) reflect tectonic activity is active. In addition, SL index is calculated for the basin. Establish fault tolerance on the rock of considerable height difference Gechi Darasi River longitudinal profiles and SL index is a significant change. The basin has a lot of sinus (Smf) in the region of 1.3 is equal to the ratio of the width to the height of the bed of the valley floor is a very large difference. Drainage basin asymmetry index (AF) is equal to 57.45. The topographic indexes with the reversed polarity index (value 0.21) indicate tectonic activities in the region are high.

Earthquake is one of the accidents that always threaten our country because of geographical conditions. Meanwhile, communicative highways are key elements in decreasing or increasing the extent of vulnerability and undoubtedly optimized transportation network will be able to decrease direct and indirect effects of vulnerability. Therefore, in order to identify vulnerabilities and efficiency of communication network of Tabriz city, tensile strength of this network was investigated in an analytical-descriptive way using GIS software. The result of analytical findings from GIS shows that communication networks of various regions in the city (western, northern, southern parts) have high vulnerabilities on 1- Assistant Professor of Applied Science and Technology of Tabriz Municipility.earthquake time except communication networks of the eastern section of Tabriz city. It can be concluded that due to high vulnerability of transportation pathways of Tabriz city there are few options for exiting critical conditions and returning to normal situations, and that the conditions for coming out of critical state becomes more complicated with the available transportation networks.

Satisfaction of the services provided by the hotel as one of the major residential centers of athletes has an important role in the development of sports tourism in each region. The present study aimed to assess the satisfaction of residential tourism infrastructure (hotels) in the city of Tabriz. This study is an applied one and a questionnaire was designed to collect data. The validity was approved by a number of experts and its reliability was approved by using Cronbach alpha coefficient (average 0.83 for research structures). The study population consisted tourists of 18 hotels in Tabriz, which among them 3 international 3-star hotels or greater were selected. The sample size of the study in the period of 6 months (3 months in 1- Assistant Professor, Faculty of Agricultural Management, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran. summer 3 months in autumn, 2013) was determined to be 200. The findings showed that tourism had relative satisfaction with residential infrastructure in Tabriz. Satisfaction was towards health care infrastructure, bath, good food, internet and the relaxing atmosphere as. Results of Spearman correlation coefficient showed a significant positive correlation between residential infrastructure and tourists’ satisfaction. Test results showed that public health facilities and sports had greater impact on satisfaction. There was a significant inverse relationship between satisfaction and days of residence at the hotel.

Remote sensing technology has become one of the most efficient tools in geological explorations due to exploiting a broad spatial coverage along with a wide range of spectral resolution. Hence, it has been used widely for geological objects, such as identification and extraction of alteration zones during the recent decades. This research aimed to recognize alteration zones using shortwave infrared radiations of ASTER data and methods of spectral analysis including Crosta, spectral angle mapper (SAM) and mixture tuned matched filtering (MTMF) techniques. To implement the research goal, Siah Kooh area in Kerman Province of Iran was defined as a case study. Then, argillic, sericite (phyllic) and propylitic alteration zones were recognized via the proposed approach. To compare the obtained results with ground control samples for error estimation, Kappa index was used. Error evaluating of methods show that combined approach of MTMF with Kappa index of 64.62 and the total accuracy of 97.12 is the most efficient method to recognize and explore the alteration zones. MTMF method as an integrated approach shows the compliance with field samples and can be used as a suitable method to recognize and map the altered sedimentary zones.

Groundwater is the main water resource for agricultural demands in arid and semiarid regions. An Sustainable agriculture requires a precise management and scheduling on utilizing these resources which in turn needs adequate knowledge about spatial variability of groundwater level for a given time period. As traditional interpolation methods do not consider spatial correlation between groundwater level observations, geostatistical methods are used for spatial variability analysis and mapping of groundwater level. In this study first a semivariogram is used to investigate the spatial correlation of groundwater level data from 59 observation wells in Kuhpayeh-Sagzi aquifer (Esfahan Province). Semivariogram analysis was performed for groundwater level data from 2002 to 2009 and for wet (Ordibehesht) and dry (Mehr) seasons. Also Kriging is used to interpolate groundwater level data over the study area and the results are compared with those achieved by inverse distance weighing method. Geostatistical analysis is performed using GS+. Based on results obtained in this study, the best semivariogram model for groundwater level for all time periods was spherical. Moreover the ratio of nugget effect (C0) to Sill showed that groundwater level data are strongly correlated over space for all years and for both wet and dry seasons. The smallest range of influence (36850 m) was found for wet season in 2002-2003 and the largest range of influence (40220 m) was found for dry season in 2007-2008. The cross-validation results showed the better performance of ordinary Kriging in comparison to inverse distance weighting. Based on the generated maps, the lowest groundwater level was seen in southeast and highest groundwater level was seen in center, south and southwest of the study area.

In recent decades, cities have greatly expanded and countries have begun urbanization and increased population with higher speeds. The population growth has been noticed in large cities and the resulting has caused the concentration of population in these cities and following that regional and national equilibrium disruption. This research focuses on the study and analysis of urban systems in East Azerbaijan province. Methods include a combination of documentary, descriptive and analytic procedures. We have used Zipf rank-size rule, the rank-size adjustment, the entropy index, urban concentration index, Lorenz curve, Gini coefficient and Bvzhvgarnyh triangle models in this study. Results of the research show that Tabriz city is the primate city in the urban network due to its centrality in political, administrative, financial sections. The role of small and middle cities is very low in the provincial urban system. Ultimately, yet urban hierarchy in the urban network of East Azerbaijan has great departure from Zipf's Rank-Size and Behforooz adjustment models. Therefore, providing services and strengthening small and medium cities and reducing the growth of large cities in the province can lead to optimal distribution of the urban hierarchy in the area of study.