فصلنامه فضای جغرافیایی
پیاپی 56 (زمستان 1395)

Active tectonics is one of the most important topics that has been discussed in earth scinces field in recent decades. Due to the shortage of historical and instrumental sesimology information in different parts of the world especially in Iran, the necessity of country’s researchers and managers familiarity with active tectonics and reconnaissance of tectonically active regions seems to be obvious. The aim of this study is to evaluate morphometry of Khesht and Hava anticlines and its relation to tectonics active of region. To achieve the above objectives, the necessary data were extracted from1/50000 topographic and 1/100000 geological maps as well as from Landsat satellite images. Also The field studies of geomorphic forms and processes were conducted. The required data for estimaiting geomorphological indices such as Fold Symmetry index, mountain front sinuosity, crest length, aspect ratio, bifurcation ratio, drainage density, stream frequency, drainage texture, texture ratio, Drainage patterns, after importing to GIS software, were evaluated. In general, estimated quantitative indices and qualitative evaluation show that studied anticlines are tectonics activity and laterally growing.

Urban Segregation is one the most important factors which has caused social and physical inequalities in cities. This phenomenon caused the high amounts of concentration of special groups in a certain place. The concentration of the poor or the rich can make them segregated from other parts of the city. Mashhad due to its high amount of migration is formed by different groups from different socioeconomic base. These groups due to their characteristics choose some especial places for living. Housing units can significantly help to identify the spatial pattern of city with regarding the fact that these places are a physical view of household's socioeconomic characteristics. Therefore this paper is going to study the occurrence of urban segregation phenomenon and its spatial patterns with the use of residential features and also identifying the most effective factor in occurrence of this phenomenon in Mashhad. For this purpose six residential variables like the size of family, the area of houses, the number of rooms in a house, the quality of houses and the ownership states of the house which are extracted from census of population and housing 1385, are studied in order to evaluate the segregation of various social groups in Mashhad. The research method is descriptive-analytical approach and for analyzing the data tow-group, multi-group, standard deviational ellipse and Arc Gis software are used. The results suggest that segregation has occurred between the eastern and western parts of Mashhad and the quality of Mashhad's houses in comparison with the other variables, has the higher multi-group segregation index and heterogeneous. Moreover, it is suggested that with increasing the area of houses and their rooms, the family size has decreased because disadvantage groups are not able to live in affluent parts of the city so since they want to have bigger areas with less price so they choose to live in eastern areas because these areas in comparison with western areas have smaller divided and cheaper lands. These things together cause this significant distinction between western and eastern parts of Mashhad that is a sign of segregation.

Environmental planning authorities are faced with complex decisions, including the decision to choose a suitable location for service centers, according to several conflicting criteria noted. In this study¡ GIS is suitable for mapping of the initial criteria and according to 7 specified criteria, 6 new locations to better manage and complete coverage of Ahvaz were found. Then FAHP methods to assess of decision factors and prioritization of candidate locations and ultimately determine the most appropriate location to build new hospitals in the city of Ahvaz, were used, that analysis methods are fuzzy extent and Buckley. The results of 6 new locations Prioritize, indicate that fuzzy extent and Buckley methods are almost the same results in Prioritize of proposed locations. Results show that candidate number 5 and 3 that are placed in district 7 and 3 in the municipality of Ahvaz, in both FAHP method for the construction of hospital, have higher priorities, respectively.

Gavkhoni wetlands in terms of geography conditions, environmental and three factors hydrological , biological and ecological gives rise to the rarest wetland of iran in recent due to climatic conditions change, pollution and moving smooth has been subjectedchange and evolution .In this study has tried that by identification the process of change land use in this range in 17 years period as well as the changes the primary element of climate (temperature and precipitation) in synoptic stations of the Isfahan and Varzaneh, can be identified the desertification in the study area and in some way to help the environmental management this hole. Therefore at first the ETM satellite images area of study during the 1990, 1999 and 2006 prepared and by use of ENVI and GIS were analyzed.Untill obtained the information needed to evaluate quantitatively the changes. The results showed that due to the destruction of wetlands, related phenomena like variety and vegetation density and catchment area has declined .continuing to analyze desertification, view of climate first by using Thornthwaite method experimental procedure was evaluated evaporation and transpiration changes in Stations of Varzaneh and isfahan, finally were calculated the process of this change and temperature and precipitation by using Mann-Kendal and Sen's Estimator. The results showed components, temperature and evaporation and transpiration have significant rising trend in most months of the year, especially summer and autumn. On the other rainfull parameters in the two season, However, no clear trend , but it has fallen In fact, all these factors intensified the desertification of the area studied.

In the near future climatic change can lead to different negative results on various systems including water, agriculture, environment, healthcare, industry and economy. The study purpose is to evaluate the future climate conditions in the northern shore of Iran. We used collection of long- term daily data of precipitation, minimum and maximum temperature and sunshine for 10 synoptic stations and monthly rainfall and temperature of coupled ocean- atmosphere models data In this study. First, the uncertainty and operation of the global climate models are evaluated for baseline period (1971-2000) and then stochastic weather generator model is validated and analyzed using statistical tests like K-S, T and F. The future data for 2011-2030 and 2046-2065 are generated for each station base on the Mpeh and Ncccsm models under three scenarios of SRA1B, SRA2 and SRB1. The prediction results showed that trend of temperature will be ascending and the minimum temperature will increase more than maximum temperature. In the first study course, maximum of increasing of temperature will be in September, October and November (autumn season) and in the second study course will be in July, august and September (summer season). Also, seasonal and monthly study of rainfall in both the models showed that the autumn and winter rainfall will increase and the maximum rainfall will occur in november in the Caspian Sea area. Summer rainfall about 13% and Spring rainfall about 5 % will decrease in comparison to the normal level.

Songurchay river basin is one of the Qaranghu river branches with high volume of sediments load. Due to this fact, feed forward back propagation model (FFBP) and radial basis function (RBF) was used in this study to estimate the suspended sediment load. Due to the non-linear nature of the suspended sediment load these using models as nonlinear models is inevitable to simulate these parameters. However, the input parameters for each model vary and in a single phase only discharge data were used and then beside the discharge data rainfall data were also used in each model. Then, to determine the efficiency of models, root mean square error (RMSE) and the error of determination (R2) was used and it was observed that the RBF model in the case of using two parameters, discharge and rainfall as an input parameters, has achieved better results with 0.9251 R2 and the root mean square error equivalent to 265 mg in liter. Finally, to assess the RMSE parameter the Akaike Information System (AIC) was used and it was observed that RBF models by having Akaike values equivalent to 1042 was more capabile.

This study was done for evaluating and providing an suitable model to estimate sediment load in the Almas Bridge water gage established on Balikhly river regarding harmful economic and environmental effects caused by river sediment load. In this context, we evaluate and compare synthetic methods into regression analyses based on classification of discharge and corresponding sediment load data over 31 years in order to increase accuracy and efficiency of sediment rating curve. Various models were tested based on significance level of 0/05 and standard error of estimate (SEE) in SPSS software to select the suitable sediment load estimation model. Results indicated good performance of the exponential model among regression models and the monthly model among temporal models. Thus, the monthly power regression model with the lowest SEE (0/81) was selected as the proper model for estimating suspended sediment load. In contrary, the temporal model used for fitting regression functions to discharge and sediment load data based on all data without classification, was recognized as the most non-efficient model. Finally, it is concluded that the monthly model can be useful to know of sediment yield regime and complexity of sediment load transport in the watershed.

Climate change is a natural phenomenon that occurs in sequences of long-term return periods. Human activities impacts cause to aggravate the effects of sequences of climate changes, the intensity of changes trend and intervals. Climate change can be studied by the meteorological parameters as its indicators. The purpose of this study is to simulate the consequences of global climate change on temperature and precipitation in Barandoezchay watershed. First, the watershed climatic data from 1990-2009 were collected on daily basis, and LARS-WG model was applied to downscale data obtained from GCM models That were selected and daily climatic data was generated until 2040.Then, the trends of temperature and precipitation for the study watershed were analyzed. The results showed that in future period’s temperature component will increase compared to the base period. So that under two GCM models that used in this study and 5 scenarios of greenhouse gas emissions, this increase is seen. Also the results showed that rainfall rate will increase significantly in the future. But however, there are changes in temporal patterns of precipitation. Annual average of rainfall in the base period is 287.37 mm, and this rate for A1B and A2 scenarios in the CNRMCM3 model are 324.55 and 356.28 mm respectively. This rate for A1B, B1 and A2 scenarios in the IPSLCM4 model are 320.44, 333.6 and 324.63 mm respectively, that highest increase is in the A2 scenario in CNRMCM3 model. Although there is the decrease in rainfall in some scenarios of this models. However there are rainfall increases in the most of studied scenarios of all models, but temperature increase can counteract rainfall increasing with the increasing in the evapotranspiration and increasing in plants water demand. On the other hand, Due to the rainfall will decrease in the winter, the snow that fallen in region and is the main source of ground water storage, will be reduced.

Khoor and Biabanak area is located in centeral Iran, amongst areas that is in soil erosion and in spite of lack of runoff in area, observe several gully erosion in area. This structure is the most complex erosion structures that have evolution and growth during some steps and during the time. Natural processes and human factors have efective role in this case, but active tectonic as a most important factor in generating the part of gullies have basic role, but in neither inner nor foreign surces don’t attend to this factor in developing this phenomena.By investigating in this research can offer need full documentation on effect of active tectonic in generating gullies and introduce this factor as one of the factors in generating the turbulent and unbalance forms in this area. The main goal in this research is introduce the active tectonic factor as main factor in generating the Ordib gullies and affirmation on gullies genesis Variety in area of study. Analyse the climate data and geo field measuring of gullies dimensions in analytical wayes format, hydrothermal coefficient and WS coefficient shows that gullies generator processes in Khoor, Bayazeh and Ordib area have not climatic origin and more result of local base level changes and water base level for rupture the lake in Bayazeh and over flow and finaly for active tectonic changes in Ordib area.

Geohydrology issues ranging from the water table is very important . Therefore, research is necessary to estimate the missing data .In this study nourabad plain the 11 wells was observed that all the annual statistics of the statistical interpolation method ( Krigng and co ) places no statistics are calculated. This study aims to predict the groundwater level fluctuations , using intelligent Bayesian networks and artificial neural networks has been modeled .For this purpose, the latitude and longitude on a monthly time scale as the input and output parameters were selected as the groundwater level fluctuations .Criteria of correlation coefficient , root mean square error and coefficient of Nash suttclif and performance models were used to assess. The results showed that the neural network model has a correlation coefficient ( 0.880 ) , root mean square error ( 0.024m) and the standard Nash suttclif ( 0.900 ) in step verification succeeded with considerable accuracy to estimate water level fluctuations would .

In recent years, the zone one of Shiraz city has experienced extreme changes because the quantity and quality of vegetation suffered greatly from the inattention it is to be noted that the abundance of vegetation is one of the most important factors affecting the land surface temperature in this study, the thermal characteristics of NDVI and its relationship to the urban environment were examined using multi-temporal Landsat Satellite images. To do so, four TM sensor images on 22 March 2009, 15 July 2010, 19 October 2010, and 22 November 2010 were received, and then land surface temperature (LST) and normalized vegetation difference index were calculated. Results of the study showed that the highest percentage of vegetation, regardless of that in winter and spring, is associated with the lowest land surface temperature. The highest temperature in all seasons were reported in the heights towards the south, southeast and barren areas. Also, in spring the highest level of vegetation index had no local conformity with the lowest temperature in other words, the vegetation index and land surface temperature had no inverse relationship. In summer, the highest percent of vegetation of land surface temperature of the spatial was related to the lowest spatial adaptation. In winter, the distributions of temporal patterns were quite different from those in other seasons because of moderating role of temperature in vegetation. The highest range of temperature was observed at the highest elevations as well as in areas with use of vegetation. In general, it can be concluded that the frequency and quality of vegetation are important factors which affect the land surface temperature.

The Central Zagros cold season with abundant snowfall that other event such as climate, influenced by the atmosphere circulation patterns and distribution of surface pressure of Earth. In this study, to determine weather patterns and dynamical conditions of heavy snowfall in the mountain roads, daily data of synoptic station: Borougen Branch, Koohrang and Lordegan for the year 1987- 2010 of Iran Meteorological Organization received. In the following, days of heavy snow to use of index measure rainfall more than 15 mm and below-freezing temperatures and check the monitor code 70-75 (Code scout snow), 136 days of heavy snow was determined. In order to determine weather patterns, principal component analysis matrix array S on 500 hPa geopotential height data was used. The results showed that heavy snowfall in the mountainous roads of Zagros cause to seven synoptic patterns. As trough of the east Mediterranean is west of Iran and study area is close to the region's extreme volatility. At the same time low pressure gradient in north and south of the study area Caucasus is severe, respectively, associated with strong positive vorticity in the study area, and strong negative vorticity on the East of Oman in the south and Caucasus area in north. However, low pressure center and the North East with strong positive vorticity and high pressure of Siberia to the eastern border of Iran is the continuation and sustainability under the dynamic conditions in the study area. During heavy snowfall strong high pressure of Siberia combined from the north of Iran and the Caspian Sea with high-pressure of Caucasus in relation to Polar vortex in the middle levels of the atmosphere Caucasus cold air streams in the study area. The humid currents from the Black Sea and the Mediterranean by the cyclone flow in the West of Iran through the Persian Gulf region flows to the Zagros Mountains. In all atmospheric patterns, the temperature of zero degrees in the south on the Persian Gulf region and the arrival of masses of cold and wet down to widths And heavy snowfall in the roof of Iran.

Desertification assessment tries to set the most important components of desertification in each region, and finally provides the desertification potential map by evaluating indexes in each working unit. Given the importance of these maps, despite the development of techniques and quantitative methods in recent years, having the methods with less error, more reliability and with higher quick and ease are still important. Since the desertification process results by interaction of multiple variables over time, a method for zoning should be used that can maintain accuracy, speed and ease of access to the result. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the accuracy of ''principle component analysis model''. In order to reduce the aspects of the studied problem and the ease in achieving results, this method can consider the principle components of the problem and then removing the other components. Also by using the software it can increase the accuracy, speed and ease of zoning process. Analytics in the study area showed in terms of the desertification potential, 9.35 % of study area in Class VI or very high, 25.6 % in class IV or high and 41.85 % in class II or relatively moderate which are allocated the largest in the study area. Also the quantitative value of desertification potential in whole study area from all of the components was obtained as 3.29 (relatively High).

Babol city has tourism function which during the peak seasons of the year the transportation network cannot cope with the high volume of vehicles. The present study aims to investigate the efficiency of the Babol city traffic network through the linear element analysis. In this paper by using network analysis in GIS and also by calculating connectivity and accessibility, the efficiency of the Babol city was investigated. Alfa and gamma indicators show the level of connectivity and accessibility of the urban networks. The figures of 21% and 18% were obtained for 92 join points and 50 main network lines for exist condition and 19% and 21% were obtained for 488 join points and 283 main network lines for suggesting plan. Finally the most important roads of the city were studied by the number of direct and indirect joins to approach to most remote point of the network. The results revealed that the urban network of the Babol has severe problems to connect and create accessibility and therefore there is a high level of time and capital waste.

Determine the relative susceptibility of land to wind erosion and its effective factors in order to prioritize and soil conservation management and controlling their effective agents is necessary. In this research IRIFER 1 model had used for determine the potential for wind- generated sediments in the study area, in Ablolkhan region lands. In this study, the model was used IRIFR 1 . 9 defined effective agents investigated and the grades of each part in the area calculated and year-sediment production estimated. The results of current study in investigated region had shown 290.35 ha of 10.21 percent of the total area in the class, 424.7 ha of 14.93 percent in the middle class, 1516.16 ha of 53.34 percent in the class and 611.57 ha of 21.51 percent of the entire region too much in terms of production and the erosion of the wind. Generally, average wind erosion intensity in study area with 79 .55 points, and the average annual sediment production potential in this region with 3302.64 tons per square kilometer per year, had the high (intense) grade of quality. In the effective factors in the erosion of wind speed and operating IRIFR approach, as well as the situation in the context of the soil and the level of the most important factors in the wind erosion and has the potential to produce the sediment studied in the region. Wind factor, wind situation, soil texture and its surface cover were the important effective factor in wind erosion and sediment production potential in the study area between effective factors in wind erosion by IRIFR model