فصلنامه فضای جغرافیایی
پیاپی 57 (بهار 1396)

Arguing about the development is one of the basic topics studied in geography. Since there is a rich literature in this science regarding theoretical principles. Generally urban development could not be aimed purposefully unless it purposes certain strategies to provide necessary services for resident properly. This statement needs an understanding of the social and spatial equality conditions by urban managers and city planners. This paper attempts to deliver a ranking of Mashhad’s areas according to parameters of urban services. Methodology is descriptive-analytical¡ the Vikor multi-criteria techniques, is used to achieve the purpose of the study. The data gathering and required information collecting are done using library surveys and Field studies. The result of the research shows the thirteen areas of Mashhad city are equipped with different levels of services. In a way area 9 takes the first rank. The results also shows inequality development of the area regarding residents services so that the developed areas and the deprived ones, separately, are located in different level of development.

The most countries Particularly in countries with climate arid and semi-arid, Soil erosion is a very important problem.Such research mentioned can be conducted empirical models for estimating soil erosion rates.compatible models for estimating water erosion in arid and semi-arid regions in the model is MPSIAC. The model demonstrates Is the potential for water erosionSediment In case of the Most Arid and semi-arid Are located also influenced by wind erosion.Study area is located, which coordinates 31 degrees 15 minutes to 32 degrees 7 minutes north latitude and 48 ° 17 'to 49 ° 20' east longitude. he average annual rainfall of 300 mm and the temperature is 24 degrees.In this study Methods Based on computational analytical method And field-based studies for this mean first The base were analyzed map data from hydrometery stations and sedimentation, meteorology and rain gauge, aerial and satellite images. In the next step the action of Geomorphological separate types then we need Preparing maps variables empirical models of water erosion and wind in GIS and the units in each of Factors has been analyzed influencing soil erosion. Finally, water and wind erosion rates were calculated for each type of geomorphology. After that, Amount of water and wind erosion potential Of each type Geomorphology were determined According empirical models The results showed that Catchment karoon in Types geomorphology Plain Apandaz, erosional plains and Clay plains Have Respectively 27.7, 35.4 and 36.7 Percent Potential sediment Portion. While determination Wind erosion in this basin Using the irifer model Is showed Plain Apandaz With an equal share of 72.7% The maximum amount of The playa with 15.4 percent and have least erosion basin erosional plains with 4.2% . in the dez basin was water Erosion Potential Portionin the cover plain and playa Over of 37% and Plain Apandazh %24.Geomorphological types The playa, Apandazh and covered respectively 47, 34.8 and 18.1% in regarding potential wind erosion are included.In bahmanshir basin water Erosion Potential Plain aPandazh With 48.2% and unit were cover plain and playa Respectively 34.2% , 17.5%. The maximum surface area of wind erosion in the Plain Apandazh equal to %19 and minimum deposit types include %3.3 belong to types covered Plain.

Erosion is inevitable and cannot be completely eliminated, but human activity can be cause of acceleration or reduction it. Babolrood watershed that located in Mazandaran province aren’t exception from it, this watershed according to Area, topography, geology, various land use need to be investigation and study from erosion, management of optimize of land use. In this research EPM model was used to erosion intensity zonation that have 4 factors such as watershed erosion coefficient (ψ), land use (Xa), soil and rock sensitivity coefficient related to erosion(Y) and average slope of watershed (I) for modeling erosion rate in a watershed. Since various effective factors have a different impact and importance degree in the erosion with take into account importance proportion each of the parameters categorize these parameters into different classes and exert according to above model in the GIS software standard operation for the mention layer. These layer were assimilated and were produced erosion intensity zonation map then by considering of model result and amount of sediment rate that estimated from model, we prioritize sub-basins to management threats. For evaluate the model results, 43 years of Ghorantalar station data were used. The correlation coefficient between observation and estimated equal to 0.91 was obtained. Also results of model with observation data was evaluated using binary t examination that not found significant difference in %95 confidence surface. In order to recognize and determine waterway sensitive reach related to erodibility and sediment yield results of model were used. By Field visited and GIS software recognized 150 sensitive reach in the case study, and exist from this 150 sensitive reach the most it in the Babolak sub-basin. Overall results showed that Babolak sub-basin in the Babolrood watershed have the most amount of sediment and erosion rate and most quantity of sensitive reach because have sensitive formation and low permeability of soil.

Pilot project is one of the rural development schemes that have been implemented in rural settlements of Ardabil Province as well as in other provinces. The purpose of this study is clarify the socio - cultural effects of rural pilot projects implementation in north of Ardebil province. Research method is analytical – descriptive and main part data were collected using field method as observation, interviews and completing questionnaire. From 58 villages that pilot project was implemented, 17 villages were selected and studied through stratified random sampling. Number of households in the studied villages is equal to N = 2294. Sample size were estimated equals to (s=303) households using Greasy – Morgan table. Through random sampling method, questionnaire distributed among villages residents and then was collected. The data after extraction using SPSS software were checked and analyzed and then interpreted. And univariate regression analysis was used to test the hypotheses. The results showed that significance level of regression error for 0/95 is lower than 0/05 for all three hypotheses. Thus it can be said that all three assumptions have been approved. May we suggest the implementation of Rural Socio-cultural factors influenced the introduction of Rural Social and cultural factors all predict a significant relationship between them.

In this study, to investigate the tourism climatology in Tabriz used two methods to identify weather types and TCI Index. Data base have been created with using daily data for 22 climatic variables including: dry and wet temperature, relative humidity, daily mean maximum and minimum temperature, daily rain, speed and direction wind in during 1981-2011 in Tabriz(For 30 years). Considering the goal of the research, which was weather typing recognition, matrix was prepared whit "P" decoration. "P" is decoration of data base matrix in which the rows are time and columns are the indicators of climatic variable. A cluster analysis which "Ward linkage" and "Euclidean distance" carried on standardized data and six synoptic types were identified: frost, fog and calm moderate windy rainfall-cold warm and dry and hyper hot and dry types. The results in research showed that the transition from one season to the other weather types will rise and mortality. On the other hand, during the last decades, significant changes in the weather types have been observed annually. The results show that the Tabriz tourism climate index, the best time for tourists to thermal relaxation time of maximum activity is the late spring and throughout the summer and the worst time is in the January and February.

The main objective of this study is to identify the potential ecotourism site using Fuzzy multi-criteria decision method based on GIS in Mashhad County. This method using GIS technology for the management and visualization of geographic data, fuzzy logic used for data analysis and evaluate the final results. The evaluating process for ecotourism site was conducted based on eight chosen criteria including visibility, land use/cover, reservation/protection, elevation, slope, proximity to cultural sites, distance from roads and settlement size. Those factors were selected according to the professional expert’s opinions. Then was obtained fuzzy maps for each criteria in IDRISI software utilizing linear, Trapezoidal, S-Shape and J-Shape functions. Finally, different raster standard layers were combined by integration analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and Linear Combination Weighted (WLC) methods. According to the results, Mashhad Country, with three regions, northern part (A)(KardehVillage area) Western part (B)(Torghabeh, Shandiz and Chalydarreh area) and southern part (C)(Malekabad area)are located in group(1-0/69 very suitable ) means they are potential and are candidate for ecotourism and related activities.

Soil temperature and its changing with regards to place and time is not only one of important factors that effects on energy and material exchange but it may be said the rate and direction of all physical processes of soil are temperature dependent directly or indirectly. The Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL) is a rather new algorithm used to estimate the temperature and other fluxes on surface in most parts of the world that has satisfactory results. For accessing to the aims of research, at first, the heat map was prepared using SEBAL algorithm and decision tree classification by ArcGIS 9.3 and Envi 4.4 software. On the other hand, we extracted digital model of height, slope, lithology, direction and the dominant landform of the study area. Then, with the aim of studying the statistics of surface temperature at heights, slope, lithology, directions and landforms, the zonal statistical analysis was used. By choosing the ETM image at May of 2011, and because of single heat band, we used from SEBAL method for estimating the surface temperature of the land. In this method, we get the surface temperature was obtained based on corrected heat radian. For computing the emission rate at heat band we need to compute spectrum radian (Lλ), the reflection rate at each band (Pλ) and surface. The results showed a significant correlation between elevation, slope and aspect surface temperature is (respectively: ) Moreover, minimum temperature is in Qa3 formation (new andesite of Taftan) and maximum temperature is in qlu formation (siltstone with lichen with middle layers of tuff andesite). Also the most temperature average is in Ef (sandstone and shill) and the least temperature average in Qla (old andesite flows). It seems that because of andesite formation placement of high and low heights, direction has more important role at the temperature decrease of this formation, by the way, height factor has effect on temperature decrease in this formation. Regarding temperature conditions in geographic directions and different foramtions, could plan for implanting compatible agricultural corps and products and appropriate environmental conditions.

Security means being safe from harm, anxiety, worry and fears. Security can be defined as be away from things that threaten financial interests (life, property, land) and moral values (religion, culture, beliefs). Because many factors can destroy peoples’ safety, it is important to know how people feel about security in different environments. This question is also imply in recreational and resorts areas, because security is an important factor which influence the use and prospers of these areas. The present article delivers the findings of a study which aimed to investigate the sense of security among tourists of forest parks in Golestan province. In this regard, the relationship between tourists’ behavior and their demographic characteristics are analyzed. The survey research was used and a stratified random sample of 300 tourists was studied. Results showed that the sense of security in the parks can be assessed as high. Also, sense of security are related to gender, level of cleanness of forest parks, noise level at forest parks as well as satisfaction of forest parks. Based on results, some practical recommendations have been provided to improve security in forest parks.

The study of archaeological sites location in the widespread investigated zone requires a large set of data and processing them with diverse methods. Using of aerial photographs, satellite images, historical and modern maps, books and other writings related to field of study, as well as proper management of all data and understanding the relationship between the natural environment and distribution of the archaeological sites remote sensing and geographical information systems (GIS) and can be one of the most important archaeological studies. This method allows archaeologists to conduct fieldwork and have systematic management on archaeological sites without heavily field works. This paper studies continuity between geography and its influence on the ecological distribution of archeological sites in Ardabil province. In the archaeological survey conducted in Ardabil province recognize more than 856 archaeological sites from different periods, including the pre-historic period proto historic (Iron age), historic and Islamic periods that are this paper’s statics populations and data.The method of this paper is descriptive and analytical with using of software’s such as geographical information systems: ArcGIS, SPSS, Microsoft Excel and atc. For data analysis, after establishing a database, distribution of archaeological sites have been identified with respect to variables such as slope, elevation, slope, type of weather, distance from the water source, vegetation and soil type. With accomplished analysis conducted, continuity and consistency between distribution of settlement with ecological factor were recognized the most important component in Ardabil province. The Most influence on distribution of settlement has land use and vegetation.

Lineament mapping and analysis from Satellites images is an important approach for regional ýgeological and tectonic studies. In this research, the structural importance of lineaments was ýinvestigated using spatial distribution of springs in the Lar karstic catchment. Lineament maps ýwere prepared using satellite image processing and enhancement algorithms. Thematic layers, ýincluding spatial distribution of springs, drainage network and tectonic elements map were ýprepared and analyzed using Arc View10 software. The results showed that there was a close ýrelationship between spatial location of springs and distance away from faults, lineaments and ýdrainage with coefficient of determination 0.89, 0.97 and 0.85, respectively. Correlation of ýlineaments general trend with tectonic elements and also close relationships between tectonic ýelements length and lineaments with springs location, showed the structural origin of the ýlineaments. ý

In order to understand the course of a river in human life as water supplier which causes destruction and damage, it is necessary to determine the flood zone with great accuracy. The aim of the present study is determining the flood zone of Khesht river in Khesht and Komarej division in Kazeroon city, situated in south western of Fars with the length of 10 Km. In this research on of the newest type of aerial photos was used to determine the studied terrains and scope.ð the regional Orthophotos (aerial photos which reduce the diversions related to camera and change in altitude after photography and then they are made after combination with digital elevation model by means of special software) with an accuracy of 1:2000 have been modelled incorporation with HEC-GeoRas extension and HEC-RAS software with return period of 25, 50 ,100 years. In order to achieve this we used Orthophotos in HEC-GeoRas extension to extract (access) the geometric features for 202 cross sections and calibration of hydraulic HEC-RAS model. We estimated water profile in return period of 25, 50, 100 years. Also we used HEC-GeoRas extension to show the flood zone of river. The results showed that there were no significant differences in flood zones In addition river condition in the mentioned return periods was subcritical.

Tourism has significant potentials as a motivator of economic growth and development. In recent years, geotourism has gained attention of the tourists and researchers as one of the traveling branches. Iran has unique natural attractions. In the meantime, the Kurdistan province has a special place in tourism country of natural and cultural. The aim of this study was to evaluate of Sarvabad township geomorphosites capabilities. Sarvabad township located in northwest of Iran in Kurdistan province. Due to geographical situation and locating in Zagros Mountains zone, Sarvabad township possesses natural and cultural tourism attraction. The research method is descriptive and analytical and the data were collected by documentary and filed study and the region geomorphosite geotourism capabilities have been evaluated by Pereira and Reynard methods. The results of Pereira and Reynard methods showed that among nine selected geomorphosites in the studied area, Servan river had highest score 13.64 and Kosalan highland gained lowest score 9.24. In management scope, Sirvan river obtained highest score and springs had the highest scores in geompgrplogic level. The reason for lowest scores of some landforms according to Pereira method was lack of infrastructures, equipments and supporting services and proper access way. The results of Reynard method showed that Selver water fall by score of 0.58 of total mean has better condition relative to other landforms. Of course, geomorphosites scores interval was close in Reynard method. Generally, according to Pereira and Reynard methods, there are similarities from indictors’ perspective in spite of having differences in both methods. Geomorphosite with highest scores are good for tourism investment and planning and geomorphosites with lowest scores should be considered and their problems should be solved in order to reach to medium and good level.

Nomads’ settlement programs as a nomads community development strategies with the aim of deprivation and providing better service has been on the agenda of different governments. On the other hand, tend to settle among nomadic households affected by various factors. Hence present research investigate factor affecting on settlement among nomads households in Samirom County. The target population includes all the 4845 nomads households in Samirom County in which 130 households selected as samples of this research. Stratified sampling method with appropriate allocation among nomadic tribes was used to select samples. A questionnaire was used in order to collect data and its face and content validity was verified using comments of faculty members and experts from Samirom Nomads Organization and reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed according to calculate Cronbach's alpha for settlement tendency (0.681), perception of settlement attraction (0.903) and perception o nomad repulsion (0.718). Results showed that 32.3 percent of households were more tend to settlement and 40.8 percent were mediate tend to settlements. In order to determine direct and indirect effects of independent variables such on settlement tendency (as dependent variable) the path analysis techniques by calculate multiple regression was employed. The results of path analysis showed that variables “perception settlement attraction” have most positive impact (with path coefficient 0.656), “perception o nomad repulsion” (0.257), “education” (0.222), “settlement of relative people” (0.158), “households size" (0.111) and variables such "number of livestock" (-0.229) and “nomads income” (-0148) have most negative impact on final dependent variable settlement tendency. The overall results showed that the decision to settle among the nomadic families was carried out in the framework of rational choice theory in order to maximize profit or personal gain.

The change in the land use due to urbanization 1.11 times in 10-yr. this result, indicated, urbanization leading to a decrease of infiltration potential and increase of peak flow discharges and flood volumes and small floods were more sensitive than large floods to urbanization. Also, total of flood damages by 6 flood events in the past 50 years, estimated 715,500,000 tomans. According to this results and The require to create new green space and water shortage problems should be provide an approach of flood mamangment such as methods of runoff harvesting in other to irrigation of urban green spaces.leads to growing problems in urban hydrology and these increases peak flow discharges and flood volumes. Region 22 is one of the largest urban areas of Tehran, This area is located adjacent two catchment, Kan and Vardij. Rapid urbanization leading to higher flood risks in this area. In this paper, Firstly, The required information were prepared using GIS and Landsat satellite image and then peak flow discharges was estimated by three methods, including statistical distribution, SCS and Rational method. Also in order to estimate of flood damages, were taken data of Flood event, in the past 50 years and then damages of this phenomenon were estimated using questionnaire in today's prices.comparison of results from peak flow discharges,in Kan catchment and urban basin (region 22) in 2-yr period showed, increasing 6.2 times of peak flow discharges in urban basin than Kan catchment. this proportion was reduced 1.55 times in 5-yr and ... .

Population growth and urban development increased consumption of undegradable waste, and many other relations of life and improved mechanical approach and attention management is to optimize the location of landfill. In Boukan produce 179 tons of waste daily, which is the main method of disposal, it is a pile of Anbar. This is inevitable, the need to locate the landfill. In this research locate urban landfills was performed using EPA standards, including faults, geological, away from the river, groundwater depth, from shallow wells and aqueducts and fountains the distance from the facility, away from urban centers and rural, agricultural lands. For this purpose, the layers of each criterion, was prepared in (GIS) and the weighting method (AHP) criteria weighting, was carried out in a pair comparison of completing by specialists and experts. After a score for each layer overlap model was used to locate landfill site. The results showed that the designated areas, is selected the three priority areas as suitable for landfill, considering the economic, social and cultural area, with an area of 149 hectares in10 km north of the town of Boukan was selected for the 25-year period.

Considering to ability of time series methods to modeling and predicting the phenomena related to water, this study is done with the aim of analysis the groundwater level changes of Tasuj basin with time series models. For this purpose, groundwater level data was received in monthly scale from regional water organization in East Azerbaijan province between 1373-1391. Among different models ARIMA (2,0,3) model by having lowest Akaike information were suitable than other models. Therefore decline of groundwater level from the year 1392 to the year 1401 compared to the base year 1373 fitted to (2,0,3) model and groundwater level changes was predicted until year 1401 in software R with obtained model. The results showed assuming continuing of present condition of application in tasuj basin mean of cumulative decline groundwater level in tenth year of forecast than the first year of forecast (1392) would be 7/25 meter. Results of modeling and forecasting could be applied to optimal and sustainable management of groundwater resource in the Tasuj basin. Optimal management and modification the pattern of water consumption is necessary according to the spread of Tasuj watershed and significant trend in reduction of groundwater volume during the prediction year.