فصلنامه فضای جغرافیایی
پیاپی 58 (تابستان 1396)

Many rural settlements with the various problems in different aspect that some of these problems are return back to historical past, although some changes have emerged in recently years. Lack of necessary investments in economic and social infrastructure and also lack of efficient management of today's issues that caused an imbalance in these areas has a greater range and clutter in rural area. Due to the growth and development of country and importance of sustainable development in the infrastructure for the development of informed and prudent life, and the lives of rural communities appears to be necessary. In this regard, it is essential to rural housing as a key element of the rural context should be given necessary attention. In recently years, the development of housing policy in rural housing, which specifically applies from Islamic Revolution Housing Foundation are included various aspects such as establishment of efficient and robust in the face of natural disaster, repair and retrofit units housing in rural areas of the country. In this regards, financial allocation for renovation and retrofitting of rural housing in recent years has been changes in the physical and spatial characteristics of housing in many rural.

Although it is questionable whether there is climate change, but almost all climatologists agree global warming is a problem and that climate risk. Because of this, the research ahead is done for the detection of global warming on minimum temperatures, monthly and periodic (hot and cold) as well. For this study, two groups of data, temperature data of 17 synoptic stations and corresponding amounts of data in global temperature anomalies were figured out over 60 years period of time (1951 to 2010). Goals, the Pearson correlation method for detecting relationships between datas, linear and polynomial regression for trend analysis time series data, To illustrate the correlation between the spatial distribution of temperature data with global warming stations nationwide Geostatistical model Finally, non-parametric test for detecting significant temperature change Man - Kendall were used. According to the results, all studies stations apart from Urmia and Khorramabad experience increasing trend in the average of temperature. The most influence over global warming observed from April to October is the month of the summer than other months of the relationship that has a significant high than the average summer temperature is going up. This process in the analysis of time-series and temperature trends has been quite evident. Change in trend occurred been a significant in most months and changes in the average temperature trend has been confirmed. The results obtained from the analysis period (hot and cold) temperatures average, indicating a strong relation to the heat period than the cold periods. The change in temperature trend occurred in both studies period, According to the results obtained are quite significant.

Instability of Synoptic severe along with abundant moisture has a major role in flood event. At the present study, the synoptic situation of the Sarbaz flood basin has been investigated. For this purpose, two databases were needed. First one contains daily discharge data of Pirdan hydrometric station and daily rainfall census in neighbor stations of basin and second database include maps of ground surface and 500hp level in confine of latitude 10° till 60° N and longitude 10° till 90° E that are prepared from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Because of the flood type of this watershed in the summer and winter season, strongest floods for each season are selected. Thus, provided maps are belonging to two days before flood, start day of flood and maximum of flood. Results showed that in the ground surface of summer type, establishment of two low pressure centers on Persian Gulf and Pakistan, spread of Persian Gulf low pressure flow to south-east of Iran and entrance of its warm and wet air into the low pressure of Pakistan, deepening of west troughs of Caspian sea and presence of low pressure pitch of Pakistan in front of this troughs were causing instability. establishment of high system of Iran and spread of its prongs, as rich, to north Caspian Sea and forming of deep troughs between high systems of Iran and low pressure in the west of India at 500hp level has caused instability in south-east of Iran that is located in front of troughs. In the ground surface of winter type, continuum of low pressure from east Africa to north-east of Pakistan with southwest-northeast direction was formed. Troughs that are emanated from the Aral Lake high pressure and prongs of high pressure in west of Caspian Sea have main roles in instability and control of this continuum path. In 500hp level, establishment of deep trough in west and center of Iran and presence of low pressure systems of ground surface of southeast of Iran in front of this trough have intensified instability.

In this study, using Fuzzy Analysis Hierarchical Process (FAHP), the potential locations to build wind power plants in Khuzestan province have been identified. The main criteria used in the study include (in order of priority): Technical, Environmental and Economical each of which has a set of sub criteria. The set of sub criteria includes (in order of priority): wind power density, slope, height from sea surface, distance from the fault (sub criteria of Technical criteria), type of land use, distance from protected areas, distance from the river and soil types (sub criteria of Environmental criteria), distance from the power transmission grid, distance from the communication ways (roads), distance from urban areas and distance from rural areas (the sub criteria of Economic criteria). The Fuzzy Analysis Hierarchical Process used in this study has been performed according to the prioritization of the criteria and sub criteria. In this study, using the diurnal wind speed data, the maximum frequent wind speed and then wind power density were calculated. The average number of years used to calculate maximum frequency wind speed is about 20 years. The results showed that in this province, maximum frequency wind speed is between 3-7 (m/s), and wind power density is between 15.204 to 209.95 (W/m2). After collecting the other maps of the sub-criteria used in the study, the maps were prepared in Geographical Information System (GIS), and then using the results of Fuzzy Analysis Hierarchical Process, and through the functions available in Geographical Information System, maps were processed, standardized, and then fuzzified. In the end, after overlaying the maps created in the previous steps, the map of suitable areas for the wind power plants was obtained. Results showed that some parts of Southwestern, Southern and central parts of the province are the best options for building a power plant.

In this paper production of greenhouse gases (CO2-CH4) in different waste management options in Mahdasht city by using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) application had been studid using IWM3 software. Waste production is inevitable in any society and waste management is one of the main needs of society. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate different waste management scenarios. In solid waste management system, according to the amount and composition of waste, there are several options in addition to economic costs, the burden on the environment are different. Decision supports are needed in order to selecting the most appropriate tools for waste management. Life Cycle Assessment as a decision support tools is one of the recently introduced and has been used in several cases. the present study estimates production and greenhouse gas emissions (CO2-CH4) in the waste management system in Mahdasht city. To this end, two scenarios include scenario 1 direct and complete transfer of waste to the landfill, scenario 2 transfer of waste to landfill by 76% (20% recycled, compostable and 4%) were considered. The life cycle assessment Construction over the preparation and completion of the questionnaires were collected by the staff, and convention of field work. The life cycle inventory cataloging was done using the IWM-1 model environmental point of view, the results of this study showed that composting and recycling operations, have an important role in reducing the burden of pollutants and energy consumption of a waste management system.In this study, the data entered into the software, and the results provided by the software IWM approach to Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) had been studied and were compared with each other. Given the amount of greenhouse gases in the second scenario (combination of recycling, composting and landfill) produce about 6,801 tons compared to the first scenario (only landfill) to produce about 9218 tons, which shows significant reduction. It is concluded that if the combined method (scenario 2) is used, it can lead to reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by as much as 26 percent.

Methods for evaluating the quality of groundwater resources and recognition of appropriate locations for urban and agricultural water demand has been known as an important item in water resources planning. In this study, by using geostatistical methods, the chemical properties of groundwater were analyzed for agricultural land use in Qazvin plain. Therefore, 364 samples of groundwater was ingathered, the samples were chemically analyzed in terms of electrical conductivity, and sodium absorption ratio were analyzed. Experiment semi-variogram each parameter was calculated using the GS 늇꫞ and different models were fitted. Then, interpolation was made by kriging and inverse distance (IDW) methods using the GIS software. The results of the methods by RMSE criterion showed that kriging method is superior to the IDW method and interpolation was made by this method. Finally, zonation map of the plain for agriculture was prepared using fuzzy logic and WILCOX graph. According to the final map, 34 percent of the area for agriculture is suitable, 51 percent relatively suitable and 15 percent is unsuitable for this land use. So, we can say that the water quality in the study area is favorable for agriculture.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the continuity of windy days based on Markov chain in Zahedan. In order to identify the windy days, horizontal visibility and daily wind speed data during 1983 - 2011 were obtained from meteorological station in Zahedan. It is called a windy day if the maximum wind speed exceeds 15 meters per second and horizontal visibility is less than 1000 m. Based on Markov model, the matrices of the frequency of windy days observed were constructed and the matrices of the probabilities of transition for months and seasons were calculated.In the next step, the correlation of windy days on each to other, with the durability and homogeneity, was tested. Moreover, the expected frequency of windy days, th e period of windy and non-windy days, and the sequence of the windy n-days for each month were calculated. The observed data showed that 2007 had the highest frequency windy days (78 windy days) and, in contrast, the years 2000 and 1993 had the lowest windy days (4 days). In the seasonal study of the frequency of windy days, it was found out that the maximum windy days occurred in winter (306 days) and the minimum in autumn (57 days). Moreover, March with 123 and November with 8 windy days had the highest and the lowest windy days. An alysis of windy periods of one to seven windy days showed that the maximum Persistence of windy days, occurrd in the late winter and early spring and the minimum was in mid-fall. The maximum wind speed occurred in the spring of 2002 (40 meters per second). The average of the windy days was 24.4 days, with a standard deviation of 19.3 days.

The Esfahan metropolitan area due to increased population, immigration, tourism potentials, air stagnation at half the days of the year, drought in recent years, locating in the north-south corridor, despite the heavy industry and mining town of privacy, is faced with the problem of air pollution recently. Hence, the present study, in addition to evaluate the air component of the Esfahan metropolitan area, based on the green city criteria, provide green strategies for the realization of the Esfahan metropolitan area's air component. This study is applied project in terms of goal and in terms of the nature and method is analytical. The study sample consisted of two levels, the elites of the urban environment and the citizens of Esfahan Metropolis. Data collection with library, athletics and questionnaires were used. In this study, a set of indicators of green air component with Delphi and combining two models of PSR, TOPSIS to check the status of the air component of the Esfahan metropolis, in the context of a green approach and develop strategies to achieve green city of the air component in a comprehensive framework, including the use of matrix IFE, EFE, SWOT, IE and QSPM, are taken. The results showed that the air component of the metropolitan green city under the approach is not desirable So that, during the years 1387 to 1391 and 1391 to 1388 respectively, ranking first and last were allocated. In this context, the internal and external factors leading metropolis of the air component imply and the superiority of weaknesses to strengths and as well as threats to opportunities. Therefore, to achieve green metropolis of the air component, it is essential to adopt defensive strategies and priorities as defensive strategies, priorities, strategies to maintain continuity and green belt development and conservation priorities in the East and North East, Balanced and proportionate development of integrated public transport infrastructure and also Supply of gas power plants and industries in the metropolitan boundaries of ESFAHAN.

One of the main issues that are of interest to planners and managers responsible for crisis management, select a suitable location for the temporary housing of the communities are damaged due to accidents. Failure to observe proper location may predispose crisis far beyond the primary incident. So, necessity of planning, and management and suggesting the appropriate methods in housing temporary or emergency affected population before the crisis is inevitable. Within the framework of descriptive analytical method, after identifying the factors affecting the locating temporary housing sites, with previous experience relevant to the investigation and the characteristics of the extracted. Information and data available to selected and weighting criteria and indicators according to experts in crisis management and was used in the Paired comparison technique and software (Expert choice). Using the model (AHP) and software (Arc GIS) layers each criterion according to the specified weight of each one was combined . The purpose of this study is to provide a convenient and applied to locate temporary housing sites using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). This research the region two municipality of Zahedan selected as a case study to identify the desired location in the region. Output, Proper land use zoning map in the region two municipality of Zahedan is a priority. The results of this study showed that green spaces, wasteland and open spaces for the operation of temporary housing top rated to account for victims.

LFH Index shows flooding probability at meanders using morphometry of river, whereas HEC-RAS model predict flooding extent for each buffers of rivers by hydrolic and topographic data . In this study we have tried to find a simple method to replace HEC -RAS model by making a relationship between these two methods of prediction. Hence, we defined range of natural levees during field observation by a GPS set and draw a plan of river on a topographic map of scale 1:2000 . Then, LFH index was calculated for 31 River bend. Finally, the flood zones having deferent returns times was identified by the HEC --RAS and HEC-GeoRAS extension and its association with various amounts LFH indices were evaluated using SPSS software . The results showed that there isn’t significant correlation between flood zones and LFH index values . Replacing flood zones by the natural levees distances used in LFH and consideration of other parameters fixed, LFH values separately for each period was calculated and its relationship with real LFH indices was tasted . Results showed that there is a highest correlation with the 2 year computational LFH and we can predict 2-year flood zone indirectly second degree polynomial regression model.

Urban challenges facing the world today The change resulted from the progress of science and technology and the new organizational and social needs. It is essential that urban planning is a revision and rethinking of their actions in accordance with the development of new information and communication technologies bring, In this connection "model of smart city" as a new approach. Taking into consideration the increasing proliferation of information technology in order to meet the new demands of citizens in civic life and they leave the scene Therefore the aim of this study was to assess indicators in four areas of Kerman smart city Analytic study of objective research and applied research in one go. According to the study, research and data collection survey area (survey) selected, systematic random sampling and data collection was conducted by questionnaire The population of citizens of the city of Kerman. The sample size of 384 questionnaire is an adaptation of the formula Cochran. Data Analysis using the techniques vikur (VIKOR) and SPSS software was used. According to the technique vikor research result suggests that areas of the city of Kerman in terms of different situations are smart. So that the three cities with the Q (zero) in all parameters evaluated the situation more favorable than in other parts of the Contract. And then the two cities with the amount Q (0.136) in the second and then a city area with the Q (0.701) were in third place, And at the end of the four cities, according to the indicators of Hvshmndba amount Q (0.788) and fourth Drrtbh words at a disadvantage compared to other areas of the city Then Ntyaj from test (t) showed that a total of four regions in Kerman smart cities selected below average (3) in the Likert and mother is meaningful and can be generalized to the community Therefore, taking into account these results we can say that the realization of the smart city of Kerman, the situation is not good.

In recent years, different climatic events such as floods and drought in the Babul-rod watershed and province of Mazandaran emphasis have been the need to investigate further the impact of climate change on hydrologic and meteorological watershed factors such as precipitation and temperature. Implement this action the using general circulation models of the atmosphere. Due to of large scale computational grid for general circulation models of the atmosphere, they are able to forecast weather and meteorological parameters do not point scale, based on the interface tool called WG developed by and help out Numerical models can scale climate change point and the desired station evaluated. In this study, using this method, the data model HadCM3 general circulation of the atmosphere with the use of LARS-WG A2 and B1 for the time periods 2046-2065 and 2080-2099 were downscaled of LARS-WG also introduced four climatic variables temperature, minimum temperature, maximum temperature and sunshine hours related to the statistical base period 1982-2011 was about calibration and verification and assurance of the ability of the model was used to simulate future periods. The results of the assessment of climate change indicate changes in precipitation in the watershed basin Babul-rod from -43 to percent, and changes of range mid was increase of precipitation in the months of high rainfall and decrease of rainfall in the low rainfall month during the summer. Also, the average annual temperature is about 1.4 °C to 3.6 °C, especially in the warmer months of the year that causes on decreases of snowfall (solid precipitation) and change of precipitation regime is more. Increased rainfall in the months of cold and warm temperatures rise during in warm month that subsequent the causes early in the snow mass and increase runoff will bring, impact on regional climate in the near future, likely the number and intensity of extreme events will increase greatly.

Today, many urban problems, more show the need for sustainable urban development. But in order to overcome these problems, it is necessary to measure differences in the level of development of the sustainable development and improvement of the proposed solutions. This study aimed to measure sustainable development in urban neighborhoods with Fuzzy Logic and GIS have been done thus, the analytical method of the study is descriptive and analytical. Because fuzzy logic in GIS has potential for sustainability assessment of complex systems such as cities, So twenty-four indicators were selected for assessing the sustainability of the urban neighborhoods(district) in the city of Yazd, with using fuzzy logic in GIS have been studied. The results indicate that the stability of the central neighborhoods of the city and region 2 is better urban fringes neighborhoods in terms of indicators that studied, the situation is less stable and urban fringes neighborhoods, particularly the south, east and north of city are in the situation unstable.

The purpose of this study is to analyze and predict the realization of the approach of urban governance in urban management of Ahvaz with The exact form of the two sub purpose assess priorities consistent application of the urban governance indicator and prediction of urban governance approach realization by indicators in urban management of Ahvaz. In this regard research methodologies is " descriptive- analysis" that based on data collected in the survey and questionnaire method was conducted. For data collecting used are the opinions of 384 residents in Ahvaz with multi-stage cluster sampling and randomly method selected. For data analysis fit with the objectives of the T-test analysis and discriminant model was used to the format of SPSS software. The results show that the eigenvalues of transparency with 1/09 and the basis of mean difference for low -1/41 have bad conditions and interact with the highest priority for improving the urban management process from the perspective of the citizens of Ahvaz. Furthermore, the results of discriminant analysis model for the prediction rule implementation approach shows that the city Ahvaz city management, efficiency indicators with the Lambda .416 of the expected size of .391, rather than other indicators can better predict urban governance to urban management in Ahvaz city.