فصلنامه کومش
سال بیستم شماره 1 (پیاپی 69، زمستان 1396)

Balance is one of the important principles of learning in children, and impaired balance can affect learning. This study was conducted to compare the balance status of children with specific learning disability with that of the normal children. The results are to be used to help rehabilitate such children properly.
In this cross-sectional study, all students with specific learning disorder who were qualified for our study in Semnan (58 students) and the same number of students without a specific learning disorder were examined as control group. In order to choose the children in control group, three schools of children without learning disorders were selected by convenience method and 58 students were selected by simple random sampling. The balance test was administered using Biodex balance system (D3) and observing the test requirements.
In open-eye state, dynamic balance index, a significant difference was observed between students with learning disorder and normal students in their total balance (p=0.015), posterior-anterior (p=0.025) and lateral (p=0.026). However, these parameters were not significantly different in both groups (p>0.05) in close-eye state and also the static balance index in open-eye and close-eye states.
The research results indicated that dynamic balance was impaired in students with specific learning disability with the eyes opened. It is necessary that therapists and parents take the matter into account. It is also necessary to perform interventions to improve the dynamic balance

Gestational weight gain (GWG) can be associated with some adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes. Relatively, in order to investigate the relationship between GWG with cesarean delivery, low birth weight and preterm birth in women with a body mass index (BMI) less than 18.5 kg per square meter, this study was accomplished.
This was a cross-sectional study. Data were collected by 103 trained midwifes from 103 hospitals, which were equipped to obstetrics and gynecology wards, in Tehran (2015). Meaningly, 234 underweight pregnant women who had singleton births were studied. GWG was categorized by institute of medicine (IOM) recommendation.
The prevalence of LBW, cesarean section and preterm birth was 5.94, 56.16 and 7.17%, respectively. The risk of cesarean delivery in women with high GWG was 2.59 times (p=0.018) than those with normal GWG. The risk of preterm birth in women with low GWG was 5.01 times (p=0.019) than those with normal GWG. Considerably, after controlling for confounder variables, no significant association was observed between GWG and low birth weight in underweight women.
In underweight women (BMI less than 18.5 kg per square meter), the risk of preterm birth, and the risk of cesarean delivery, respectively, was increased with GWG less and more than the recommended amounts by IOM

Regarding high antioxidant property of whey protein, the role of its supplementation on liver and muscle damages after intense muscle contraction is not well understood. Relatively, this study aimed to determine the effect of a whey protein supplementation after intense muscle contraction on some liver enzymes in non-trained men.
Thirty non-trained young men (78 ± 12 kg) were divided into 2 groups: glutamine supplementation (3 days/ 0.4 g per kg of body weight, n = 15) and placebo (n = 15) groups by randomly. Subjects performed an exercise test consist of intense eccentric contraction (up and down stairs). Blood samples were obtained before and 0, 24, 48 and 75 hours after exercise for measure aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT). Supplementation was performed at first day (after exercise test) and repeated at the second and third days.
A significant increase was observed in AST and ALT after exercise when compared with pretest in two groups (p 0.05) but ALT activity was significantly lower in each stages of whey protein than placebo group(p Despite no change in AST, but with emphasis on reducing the AST in response to whey protein supplementation after exercise test, it is concluded that whey protein supplementation after intense eccentric contractions lead to reduce liver damage in non-athletes young male

Human beings rely on numerous systems to sustain their balance as they perform their activities of daily living. In this way, the purpose of this study was to determine validity and reliability of the Persian version of the 9-item Berg balance scale in elderly people.
A final version of the Berg balance scale (BBS) was translated and developed based on the feedbacks provided by experts in elderly studies, and then distributed among 100 volunteering senior citizens from a residential care in Semnan (emam ali). The data were analyzed using descriptive (confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and Cronbach’s alpha) and inferential statistics.
Our findings indicated proper fitness of the CFA model over the Persian version of the short form of the BBS. In addition, Cronbach’s alphas demonstrated acceptable internal consistency of this measurer.
It is concluded that the proper translation and selecting a heterogeneous sample may have contributed to the fitness of the CFA model

Air pollution has adverse effects on human health and causes various health endpoints including mortality, cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. Therefore, the aim of this sstudy was to investigate number of total mortality, cardiovascular and respiratory mortality, acute myocardial infarction and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease due to exposure to sulfur dioxide in Tehran during 2005-2014 was performed.
This is a descriptive-cross sectional study. At the beginning, hourly data during 2005-2014 were taken from Tehran environmental protection agency and Air Quality Control Company. Then, according to the WHO validated guidelines and statistical parameters, quantifying health effects were calculated in Excel. Finally, assessment of health effects with the software was performed.
Annual average concentrations for SO2 was 44, 86, 89, 112, 82, 81, 59, 51, 40 and 39 µg/m3 during 2005-2014, respectively. The number of total mortality caused by exposure to SO2 in the past decade was 8836, total number of cardiovascular and respiratory mortality in the past decade was 7335 and 1915, and total number of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and acute myocardial infarction in the past decade was 1806 and 3478 people in 2005-2014 years.
Air pollution, especially sulfur dioxide leads to mortality and morbidity in a lot of people. According to the results of this study actions, policies, planning and management to reduce air pollution preparedness of hospitals and health centers, educating the public should be accomplished

Vibration exercise appears to be matched with resistance exercise, and can strengthen muscles even at a faster pace. In this way, the present study aimed to assess neuromuscular function following hand vibration exercise by concurrent transfer of vibration from vibrating plate and its belt.
A total of 31 healthy non-athlete volunteers enrolled in the present study. Firstly, participants stood on the vibrating plate and pulled its belt in a non-vibrating mode using their dominant hand, and after a ten-minute rest, performed the same task in vibrating mode (at 35 Hz and low amplitude). Grip strength and electromyography root mean square in flexor digitrum profundus (FDP), flexor digitrum superficialis (FDS), extensor carpi radialis (ECR), and extensor carpi ulnaris (ECU) muscles were measured before and after exercise in both phases.
Mean changes in muscular electrical activity in ECU and FDS muscles was significantly higher in the intervention mode, but no significant change was observed in mean changes in muscular electrical activity in FDP and ECR muscles. Mean changes in dominant hand's grip strength was significantly higher in the intervention mode.
Transfer of vibration to hand from vibrating plate and its belt can affect neuromuscular function of the vibration-receiving hand one minute after termination of vibration

Breast cancer can cause of many problems in physical, mental and social performance, including pain and can cause reduced quality of life. The aim of this study is the effect of coping skills training program on immune system and pain in breast cancer patients residing in the city of Dezful (Iran).
This study id a quasi-experimental research design with pretest - posttest control group. During an informal invitation 34 patients enrolled in the study were eligible. The patients were randomly divided into experiment and control groups (each group include 17 subjects). Experiment group were received 8 sessions 1.5 h weekly of coping skills program. Participants completed brief pain questionnaire (BPI) and their NK activity was measured by MTT assay before and after starting the program.
The results suggested that experiment group showed higher NK activity. Also the pain severity and interference in daily functioning were reduced in experiment group compared to the control group.
These data indicates that coping training caused enhancement of immune system and diminish the pain in the experiment group.

A majority of the children's spelling disorders occur due to mistakes in homophones. Relatively, this study aimed to design a visual memory task for non-word homophones and determine its validity and reliability among primary school children.
In this cross-sectional and descriptive-analytic study, 341 primary school students were recruited. The initial 120 items were extracted from the Iranian children language by referring to the first-grade Persian literature book and Persian core vocabulary. After refining, 60 items remained from which the target non-words were made by changing or adding one or two homophone letters in each word based on the phonological rules of the Persian language. The non-words that received the highest content validity by referring to 18 speech therapists and linguists were selected as final non-words of the test (23 items). Content validity ratio (CVR) was used to determine the validity of the non-words. The reliability was determined by test-retest method. The comparison of the mean score of visual memory of the non-words was performed in terms of the number of their syllables.
CVR and reliability of the test were found 0.816 and 0.852, respectively. The mean scores of visual memory test of homophone non-words among the students were significantly different in terms of the number of syllables of the non-words (P According to the findings of this study, visual memory test of homophone non-words has a proper content validity and reliability. Conclusively, the length of the non-word (number of syllables) can be examined as an effective factor in the student's mean test scores in future studies

The present study aimed to evaluate the performance of three statistical models in predicting diabetes type 2 as well as to identify its risk factors.
The data related to the potential risk factors of body mass index (BMI), fasting blood sugar (FBS), hypertension (HT), lipids (TC, TG, HDL and LDL), HbA1C and smoking history of 300 patients were extracted from medical records. Artificial neural network multi-layer perceptron (MLP), discriminant analysis (DA) and logistic regression (LR) were applied to identify risk factors. ROC curve was used to compare the performance of the models. To fix the problem "over fitting", the MLP model algorithm was used Wrapper.
The prediction power of the MLP, DA and LR based on the ROC curve were 0.984, 0.981and 0.983, respectively. In the LR model, variables FBS (P According to the findings of the present study, the performance of the three used methods of MLP, LR and DA were similar. It is suggested to use the LR where there is a need to simple interpretation as it provides OR for a group relative to the other one while MLP acts like a black box that does not show the relationship between variables. It is also suggested to conduct studies for further investigation of the performance of these methods.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common central nervous system (CNS) demyelinating disease. New methods are substantive in order to have a better understanding its pathogenesis and also identifying new therapeutic targets for the disease. The aim of this study was to use network biology approach to identify potential key markers involved in MS pathogenesis.
In this study, gene expression profile of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from 26 newly diagnosed MS patients and 18 controls, which obtained from Array Express Database, were analyzed. Differentially expressed genes (DEG) were integrated with protein-protein interaction (PPI) data to construct PPI sub network. The sub network underwent further topological analysis by Cytoscape software.
Gene expression profile analysis unraveled 3062 differential expressed genes (FDR Therefore, network-based analysis could identify new markers which can be further explored as potential therapeutic targets for MS

The patient's right is one of the fundamental issues in health care. Correspondingly, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the awareness of patients referred to dental clinic of Semnan University of medical sciences (SUMS) about the patient's bill of right in 2016.
This cross sectional study was conducted on 130 patients (with at least junior school education) who admitted to dental clinic of SUMS in 2016. In this account, in order to collect data, a 2-part questionnaire including 15 questions (5 personal questions and 10 questions related to awareness about patient's right) was used. Answers were categorized as "havent heard", " have heard but not completely aware of", "relatively aware of" and "completely aware of' in Lickert scale which received 0 to 3 score, respectively. Total patient's awareness was evaluated of the scores of 10 questions.
According to the results, patient's awareness of their rights was at a moderate level and the mean score was 19.05± 5.29 (out of 30). Patient's awareness of their rights was acceptable only about 2 out of 10 sections of patient's bill of right in Iran (patient's rights to receive necessary information about diagnosis and treatment options and knowing health care professionals) while the lowest score belonged to item 1 (timely treatment regardless of ethnic, cultural and religious factors). A significant relationship was found between awareness and patient's educational level (P=0.001) but the relationship between awareness and gender, age, matrimonial and residency status was not significant. (P=0.186, P=0.523, P=0.423 and P=0.717, respectively).
According to inadequate awareness of patients about patient's rights, it is recommended that health care providers or educational programs including posters, pamphlets and mass media inform patients about their rights in time of admission to clinic in order to promote the patient's awareness of the patient's bill of rights.

Living in a dormitory can affect the quality and quantity of student’s sleep, which reduces student’s academic failure and performance. Therefore, this study was conducted to assess the quality of sleep and its causes and also consequences from the viewpoint of students residing in dormitories of the Faculty of Health of Semnan University of Medical Sciences (SUMS).
This study was descriptive-cross sectional. Relatively, the sample consisted of 249 dormitory students of the Faculty of Health of SUMS (Semnan, Iran, 2016) who were studied by census method. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire using Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Measurement completed by the participants themselves
The mean age of students in this study was 21.78 ± 2.91 years. In total, 80.7% of female students and 72.1% of male students had poor sleep quality. The most common cause of sleep disorder was the presence of mental and intellectual involvement (53.8%). Also, about half of the students expressed excessive sleepiness in class as a consequence of sleep disorder.
According to this study, the sleep quality of student’s living in a dormitory is in an unfavorable situation. Conclusively, sleep disturbances should be considered as a major health problem among dormitory students. Appropriate and compatible measurements in order to investigate the causes of sleep disorders in students and also reducing their adverse consequences can improve the quality of students sleep and their academic performance

Visual evoked potential (VEP) is an effective tool in order to study the visual pathways. This study was performed to evaluate VEP frequency content and the effect of demyelination induction in optic chiasm in rats.
VEPs for 61 normal adult female Wistar rats (8-10 weeks) were recorded in the equal conditions and the component latencies of the mean VEPs were studied. Then, the VEP frequency content was evaluated in frequency space through Fast Fourier transforming. Meaningly, to evaluate the effect of the demyelination induction on VEP frequency content, two groups (n = 6 for each group) of rats were selected randomly and divided into the experimental and sham groups. The experimental group was injected lysolecithin into optic chiasm to induce demyelination. The sham group received saline injection into the optic chiasm. Correspondingly, VEP content compared between two groups before injection (day 0) and on days 3, 7, 14 and 21 post-lesion.
The study of the VEP frequency content indicated delta and beta band power have the maximum (67.65±2.42) and minimum (4.36±0.5) percent in VEP frequency band powers, respectively. Moreover, the comparison between experimental and sham groups showed the decrease of beta band relative power on days 3 and 14 post-lesion in experimental group (p It seems that the VEP evaluation in frequency space can reveal the lysolecithin-induced demyelination effects before these effects are revealed in time space

Streptovidine is a homo troterameric protein that has a high biotin tendency to use in biotechnology and cellular studies. But its tetramer form interferes in some Measurements. Therefore, in this study, with a deletion mutation, a form of Streptovidine monomer was produced.
Firstly, the streptavidin nucleotide sequence was taken from NCBI site and after mutation in the sequence of the gene was optimized for expression in E.coli bacteria. Correspondingly, in order to clone the gene, E. coli DH5α strain and to express the streptavidin gene E. coli BL21 (DE3) pLysS were used. Purification of protein was performed with Ni-NTA kit and by HABA dye, the tendency of binding of streptavidin to biotin was measured.
Streptovidine monomer form was produced and purified in E.coli BL21 (DE3) pLysS expression host. The recombinant Streptovidine monomer has a tendency for binding to biotin.
By creating a mutation in the streptavidin peptide sequence, it can be obtained in the form of a monomer that has a tendency for binding to the biotin

Current evidence suggests that coenzyme Q10 supplementation can play a role in enhancing immune function. Relatively, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 14-day supplementation of coenzyme Q10 on humoral immune response to intense exercise similar to soccer.
In this quasi-experimental study, 24 soccer players selected with a convenience sampling method and randomly divided into three equal groups (n=8): control, exercise and exercise with supplements Q10. Exercise includes three sessions of 90 minutes soccer specific training and supplementation includes intake of 5 mg/kg Coenzyme Q10 per day for two weeks. Blood samples within 24 hours before and after the intervention were collected from subjects.
The results showed that serum levels of cortisol and the percentage of Neutrophil in exercise group were significantly increased (P=0.001) while levels of IgA (P=0.008) and IgG (P=0.019) significantly decreased. However these changes in exercise and Q10 supplement group was not significant.
short-term supplementation of Coenzyme Q10 with the adjustment of immunoglobulin A and cortisol during strenuous exercise can improve the humoral immune function in soccer players

Chlamydia trachomatis is an obligate intracellular parasites, gram-negative bacteria and also is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections. Correspondingly, the MOMP protein contains more than 60% of the extra-membrane proteins, which indicates the importance of this protein for the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis. The purpose of the study is to produce recombinant protein composed of antigenic regions of the MOMP protein and its antigenicity.
In this study, the regions with the highest antigenic property of the omp1 gene, with a length of 674 bp, were obtained based on bioinformatics software's and linked with flexible linker. Then, it was cloned and expressed in plasmid vector pET32a. After purification of the recombinant protein, its antigenicity was evaluated using Western blot technique with serum of infected people with Chlamydia.
Based on the results, in all serum samples of patients with chlamydial infections, antibody response bands were observed in nitrocellulose paper. Anyway, no antibody response band was detected in the serum samples of healthy people.
Data showed that antigenic region of MOMP protein can be expressed by in E. coli.
This protein was recognized by sera patients suffering from Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Conclusively, the recombinant protein has similar epitopes and close antigenic properties to the natural form of this antigen.

Chemotherapy is one of the procedures in colon cancer treatment. 5–Fluorouracil (5-FU), a conventional drug for colon cancer treatment is used for several decades. Chrysin is a natural flavonoid that inhibits the growth of cancer cells. In vivo and also in vitro studies have showed that Chrysin does not have any toxic side effects on normal cells. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of Chrysin in combination with 5-FU on azoxymethane (AOM) - induced colon cancer in mice.
In this study 42 male balb/c mice weighing 15-18 g, were used. Mice were divided into seven groups: 1) Health control, 2) Cancer Control, 3) 5-FU, 4) Chrysin with dose of 50 mg/kg, 5) Chrysin with dose of 100 mg/kg, 6) Chrysin with dose of 50 mg/kg plus 5-FU, 7) Chrysin with dose of 100 mg/kg plus 5-FU. Colon cancer was induced by i.p. infusion of AOM (10mg/kg) and (Dextran sodium sulfate) DSS (1.5%) in the drinking water for one week. All rats were sacrificed for evaluation of histopathology (hyperplasia, dysplasia, carcinoma and the number of aberrant crypt foci ,ACF) in distal region of large intestine.
Pathological lesions (hyperplasia, dysplasia and carcinoma) and the number of aberrant crypt foci (ACF) was lower in all treatment groups compared to the cancer control group (p Chrysin has a synergistic effect with 5-FU in reducing the number of ACFs. Chrysin can be considered as an anti-cancer agent in combination with other anti-cancer drugs available, such as 5-FU

Phytases are the class of phosphatases, which are capable of hydrolyzing phytic acid. Phytases with the phytate degradation are able to reduce or eliminate the harmful effects of phytate. Acidic and thermal stable phytase with high yield and purity by a relatively inexpensive system had extensive application. So, in this study, by modification in enzyme sequence, recombinant phytase production with the shorter length and high expression level was assessed.
The phytase gene sequence was obtained from the NCBI database. After bioinformatics studies and doing the noted modification for increasing protein expression, gene proliferation was done by using PCR. E. coli BL21 (DE3) was used to express the protein. Protein purification was performed by Ni-NTA kit and finally, enzyme activity was assessed.
Phytase was successfully expressed and purified. Enzyme activity assay showed a significant activity.
Produced recombinant phytase had high activity in spite of eliminating parts of the enzyme.

The lung cancer is the third cause of death and also one of the five common cancers in Iran. In this study, the efficiency of semi-parametric Cox models and Weibull parametric models in order to evaluate the effective factors of survival time of patients with lung cancer were investigated.
This study was a prospective-cohort study in which the total number of 228 patients with lung cancer followed up from 1991-2007 and necessary information such as age at the time of diagnosis, gender, place of residence, education, residence status smoking, family history of cancer, province were collected from Babol cancer registry center. Then, these added to Cox and Weibull models as demographic factors. Akaike information criterion (AIC) was used to compare the efficiency of competing models.
In this study, 75% of cases were men and only 8% of patients survived until the end of the study. The 1, 3, and 5- year survival rates were 13, 8 and 8% respectively. Among the factors studied in the Weibull model, the effect of smoking on survival time was significant (p0.05). However, AIC suggested higher efficiency for parametric Weibull model.
In spite of the importance of the Cox model is as a more common method by researchers, this study showed that the Weibull model is more efficient in survival data analysis. According to the results of this study smoking prevention is necessary to increase the longevity of patients with lung cancer.

The most important effects of Frankincense on memory are included prevention and relative treatment of Alzheimer disease, as well as memory enhancement of off springs of the rats that had received Frankincense during their pregnancy and lactation period. Considerably, Camk4, one of the important memory genes, induces downstream memory genes expression through phosphorylation and activation of transcription factors. Here, we aimed to study the effects of aqueous extract of Frankincense on the Camk4 gene expression in PC12 and B65 cell lines.
The effect of extract on the cell viability was evaluated by cell treatment in two time intervals with six concentrations of extract and 50% inhibition concentration was obtained. In this way, for gene expression studies, cells were treated by two concentrations of extract in two time points. RNA was extracted and converted to cDNA and qPCR was performed to investigate the expression of Camk4 gene.
The aqueous extract of Frankincense decreased the cell viability in a time and concentration dependent pattern. However, the extract was more toxic for B65 cell line than PC12. Also, it significantly increased the expression of Camk4 gene in the cells. Nevertheless, the increase was dependent to the extract concentration and the cell type. The low concentration of the extract was more effective to the expression of Camk4 gene than the high concentration as well as to its expression in the PC12 cell line than B65.
This study showed that Frankincense could regulate the expression of Camk4 gene in a concentration dependent pattern. However, further studies are needed to identify the mechanisms of Frankincense action in different cells.

Ataxia with vitamin E deficiency is a relatively rare disease that speech disorder is known as dysarthria which is one of the last symptoms of it. Ataxic dysarthria is also a kind of dysarthria and speech disorder which is caused by damage to the cerebellum or its input and output pathways and usually is diagnosed by scanning speech, misarticulation of consonants and vowels, the problem in voice quality and change in acoustic parameters and all of these symptoms can reduce speech intelligibility. Correspondingly, this study is a case report of this rare disease that shows the deficit of the participant in the areas related to cognition, language and speech skills such as problems in the respiratory system, phonation, and prosody.
To our knowledge so far, the incidence of this disease in Iran and speech disorder resulting from it (Ataxic dysarthria) in Iran and other countries has not been reported, so this study has been carried out to investigate the speech and language characteristics of a patient with this disorder.

Acute scrotum is one of the rare presentations of Henoch - Schonlein Purpura (HSP) and its symptoms may be similar to testicular torsion. In this article, we report a 25 months-old boy with the presentation of purpuric skin rashes, erythema and swelling of scrotum that after necessary evaluations of HSP was diagnosed. He was treated with systemic steroid and all the symptoms rapidly improved. The purpose of this case report is to remind the urologists and pediatricians that acute scrotum is one of the rare presentations of HSP and should be differentiated from testicular torsion for avoiding unnecessary surgery.