مجله منظر
پیاپی 25 (زمستان 1392)

Historically، Persian garden benefited from the earliest landscape and environment arrangements designed for humans as a cultural، historic and geographic interaction of human and nature. Persia is considered as the geographic origin of this remarkable type of art. Persian garden has developed different types of function and form throughout history; and maintained a basis in Persian culture. Persian garden has been the sample of gardening in many other lands throughout history; the specific types of the Persian gardens were developed in these lands which took place as subgroup of Persian garden. Owing to multiple differences in cultural and architectural history of other countries; specific features of the Persian garden was more prominent and more developed in those areas. India is one of the territories that Persian garden is considered as a sample for many of Hindi gardens. In this paper، historical method and case studies are studied as a transfer process of original pattern of Persian garden to India. This paper shows that gardens built up by Babur link Persian and Hindi gardens; BABUR garden in Kabul is the case study of this paper whose characteristics is compared with Persian garden.

The various cities in the table-land of Iran، considering their context and the natural and geographical conditions، benefited from the water resources in various ways. Among all these cities، Bukhara has owned one of the most advanced water systems which the physical remnant of its elements still role as one of the most important basis of urban landscape in the Bukhara old city. The underlying objective of this essay is to independently recognize the various facets of the physical connection between the water system and the Bukhara city structure by deconstructing the structure of the city and its water system. Although، in the earlier times، the Bukhara water network adopted as the water system for irrigating the rabaz، but by expanding the city out of the sharestan it showed the complete interaction with the structure of the city. The main point that made the Bukhara water network different from the other cities in the table-land of Iran and maintained it as one of the most considerable elements of Bukhara urban landscape، is referred to the frame work that governed the existence of the water system in the city of Bukhara for over ten centuries. This framework considered in two domains; in visual and physical- spatial aesthetics rules in the components of the system and in their locating among the city، which caused the multilayered connection between the water system and the spatial، functional and activity structure of the Bukhara. This multilayered alliance between the water network and the spatial and functional structure of the city caused the implicit and unconscious rehabilitation of the water system during the restoration program of Bukhara old city، notably in the decades of 1990، considering its aesthetical common language in obtain the main role in the urban landscape of the city and common memories and perceptions of the citizens and the tourists، even though in the time only 8 hauze (among more than 100) remained and the restoration program only focused on the restoration of the monuments and important buildings.

The perception of relationships between components and the totality of a phenomenon has been considered by human beings for a long time; the thirst to perceive the reality of a phenomenon from outside in order to gain full understanding of it has been deposited in human existence from the very beginning. Satisfying this natural instinct in both spiritual and physical affairs has always brought infinite joy to mankind. In this sense، man has always sought to achieve a position or viewpoint to dominate his surrounding issues objectively and subjectively. Aerial landscape is in fact this viewpoint; a view through the gates of the sky and an opportunity for a complete and comprehensive understanding of a phenomenon. This view serves as a means to understanding supreme properties and is a powerful tool in the hands of the media for directing public opinions. Using aerial landscape could be the best option to achieve a comprehensive understanding of social phenomena and great events such as popular revolutions. Due to high geopolitical weight and thanks to the national media، Enqelab-e Eslami Street in Tehran has been on display with the aid of aerial views on different occasions for all Iranians and even the world for nearly thirty-five years. So far in the international community، this axis and the presence of millions of people in this street are considered to be a representation of the Iranian nation. However، the abandoned fifth facade، deserted roofs of the axis، etc. has drastically lowered the quality of aerial landscape of the street and thereby it is necessary to introduce a more deserving Enqelab Street to the international community by incorporating proper management of these quantitative indicators and by utilizing the strong history and high quality aerial landscapes of traditional Iranian cities. Displaying the presence of millions of people and communicating the correct understanding of the fifth facade of Enqelab-e Eslami axis in Tehran on different occasions - which serves as the main formative component of the aerial landscape of this street - has such weight that it could overshadow other undesirable factors which lower the quality of this landscape. Therefore، by taking correct actions and creating suitable opportunities in order to understand this forgotten facade، an exceptional and remarkable aerial landscape can be obtained of this axis. In fact، what has shaped the aerial landscape of Enqelab-e Eslami Street in Tehran is the perception created by the way the media demonstrates its fifth facade; This landscape is furthermore identified by historical and current events that continue to take place on this axis. It is crucial to realize that aerial landscape has a weak correlation with simply displaying the street’s physical view. In fact، although the body of a street is the main symbol of its presence، what is ranked next in importance is exhibiting the aerial landscape of the street. This is because it is the aerial landscape of Enqelab-e Eslami Street that has kept memories alive for the people of Iran and has given an independent identity to the axis and furthermore underlies the public''s presence on this street. In other words، what is necessary in order to establish an appropriate understanding of the aerial landscape of Enqelab-e Eslami Street is to create opportunities such as efficient perspectives and management of the fifth façade in order to improve the quality of this landscape.

Childhood is the first and most important part of one’s life and is the forepart for the transformation into adult life. The cognitive requirements of childhood are more complicated than its physiological requirements. The sociological approach views child as a social actor whose personality is formed through interaction with different places. Home، kindergarten، school، park، and other public places such as avenues، alleys، and streets should be empowered to provide children with their biological، educational، and leisure needs. At the same time، with the growing rate of urban life across the world from one side and the growing population from the other side، children are disregarded in modern urban evolutions. This emphasizes the increasing need for considering children in urban design. Cities are living-dynamic entities and should not be allowed to impose themselves to children but should form based on children’s personality. One important point here is to find the urban characteristics that facilitate child growth. In the area of child-city relationship، there are a number of viewpoints. The most credible viewpoint، child friendly city (CFC)، was first time introduced by UNICEF in the 90’s. The CFC plan is based on active child participation and is basically seeking to guarantee the rights of these young citizens. The plan، however، puts more weight on structural and performance viewpoints of the city and marginalizes the local identity of the city and children. Since landscape is an objective-subjective phenomenon resulted from the interaction between humans and the environment، Child Friendly Urban Landscape (CFUL) approach can be used to address the shortcomings of CFC. Human-environment interaction is displayed in participation and presence of child in the city and the subjective dimension of landscape will cover the shortcoming regarding the identity of CFC. Thus، this study aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of CFUL and to reinforce its cultural and subjective dimension with a landscape approach. Child participation is the most important principle in planning and designing CFUL which appears in three different approaches: promotion of the pedestrian life، child activity in the social urban areas، and naturalism. Each of these approaches include policies and initiatives that lead to sense of identity، security، location-attachment، and pleasure and lead the city to become a platform for attaining different needs of children and their comprehensive growth and nourishment. Promotion of pedestrian life can be classified in five policies: separation of pedestrian and car routes and building sidewalks، facilitating cycling، creation legible environment through signs and symbols، making urban elements proportionate to children and their safety، and security and protection of the passage. Child activity in the social urban areas is also implemented through three policies: neighborhood-orientation and revival of neighborhood-oriented identity of Iranian cities، reproduction of alleys and their historical notion، and free activity of children in social spaces. Moreover، the third approach، naturalism، is displayed in four policies: development of agricultural landscape in the city، development of nature-oriented playgrounds، increasing the greenbelt area per capita، and preserving the environment.

Iranian Scientific Association of Landscape Architecture (IRSALA)، founded in February 2013، is considered a major turning point in scientific and professional societies related to the issues of place and space. Innovative Human achievement and scientific knowledge as well as new approaches in confronting our surrounding environment، has resulted in the creation of landscape planning and design as a new science-oriented discipline which continuously is developing and growing rapidly. Connected with other sciences، landscape architecture discipline created new fields and horizons that each responds to requirements of modern cultural Man who is facing multiple pressures in their living environment. Now، at the end of the first year of Iranian Scientific Association of Landscape Architecture establishment، in response to the necessity of establishing the association a Manifesto by the ten founding members of ISASLA is presented in the form of an analytic statement at the first Annual Congress of Iranian Scientific Association of Landscape Architecture on 12th March 2014 to our enthusiastic readers. We genuinely hope that the excellence and success of IRSALA be achieved through participation of young and professionals experts this field.

Urban renewal in an issued context ranging from deteriorated، historic، marginalized and informal is a multidimensional and complex issue that one cannot expect a simple linear solution for them. Despite the political will of the government in solving the problematic fabrics، little success has been achieved in this field. In the past three decades، the fast growth of problematic urban fabrics has surpassed the urban renewal. As a result of the crisis caused by the gap between the normal fabrics and the issued urban fabrics is increasing constantly. In the years following the war، since the beginning of reconstructions، urban renewal and reconstruction of the city was developed in Iran. Moreover، successive earthquakes in different parts of the country accentuated the need to repair deteriorated fabrics majorly. In this regard the Construction and development corporation at the Ministry of and Housing and Urban Renewal in many municipalities across the nation was formed and the essential immediate renewals with impossible deadlines were planned and approved in the country''s developmental plans. In the last decade، urban renewal has been the main focus of urban development activities. Multiple books on the intervention and methods in deteriorated fabrics have been published and Iran is now among the countries who take multilateral approaches in renovation and renewal and recognizes this technical literature. However، the process of renovation is not acceptable. Why? This was the question that queried from the experts.

Urban fabric renewal in Iran is considered a national major planning and management priority due to the vast extent of the old fabric and its being prone to disasters. During a long period of time، lack of administrative and executive knowledge regarding the renewal practice and being unfamiliar to successful social and political modernization experiences has led to a continuing recession in renewal. This paper uses descriptive and analytical research methods، relying on field experiences، to review pathology and discuss restrictions on failure in renewal of old urban fabrics including systematic underdevelopment، project-oriented approach in urban renewal areas as well as having insignificant and limited approach to the current situation in the country. In seeking an escape strategy from the status quo and despite having vast areas of urban decay in the country، they are still considered a major “opportunity” by the government. Therefore، recognition and responding to “Renewal” as an “established and continuous value” is essential. Since it can definitely turn into an «anti-value» and will be considered «threats» if this so-called «great opportunity» does not communicate with the addressed audience due to an absence in recognition of the causes of delay in renewal and pathology or a favored management. The discoveries of this study indicate that decay in the city is resulted from conditions، governing organization and unfit distribution of equal opportunities in getting an appropriate environment in each of urban development centers and stopping its «progressive and effective renewal” depends on macro changes in these approaches and all relevant sectors. In renovating the old urban fabric، if a taken action is not necessarily based on the creative use of reasonable and prudent strategies، it may result in continuous outcomes in the city. Undoubtedly، achieving such enormous success as a mean for end of urban decay requires innovative and dynamic thinking. Thoughts with non-aged mechanisms which is able to firstly renovate and mold the definition and notion of renewal into residents’ minds and secondly grant them with renewals، new eras، new views، new thoughts and new beginnings. That’s how they can establish a new urban development and a new economy، a new culture، a new society and a new security relying on what» renewal «has offered. Renewal is a natural process that is an integral part of the time، in the same way as the nature itself is a process defined within time. With this view،» renewal «is not a» service” process، but a fundamental one different from «construction» since it is always in the context of the time and does not belong to any particular period.

A set of laws، regulations and legal procedures associated with urban renovation can be called «Urban Renewal Legal System» in simple and concise words.. In this article، the term “urban renewal legal system” has been used in the same sense. Nowadays، legal mechanisms for all social activities especially those dealing with right of people contribute an undeniable part in social activities. Therefore، Preparation of the necessary legal framework for the realization and implementation of urban renewal is no exception. Unfortunately، some of the administrators of social activities commonly consider social issues as hardware problems and begin activities related to the design community by allocating budgets، tools and equipment requirements، staffing and ultimately by researching on social studies and feasibility of routine operations regardless of legal capacities and legal restrictions. Unfortunately، these procedures which have become a routine practice can and will result in very detrimental consequences for the people involved in these projects. The author believes that urban renewal projects basically need legal attachments in addition to the current standard attachments. These attachments must be prepared with respect to the resources and legal justifications from one hand and legal restrictions and prohibitions on the other hand to provide legal support necessary for implementing the plans by administrators. Hence، realization of such features requires that the attached legal attachments be provided by lawyers familiar with the concept of urban renewal.

Old urban fabrics have always been major problems which have presented wider dimensions in recent decades. Various measures in old urban fabrics renewal in the world، including Iran، have resulted in unsuccessful or less successful consequences. Multiple questions such as «What is urban blight?» And «What does renewal of old urban fabric mean?» have been posed to researchers. Moreover، studies show that the procedures have failed to answer the needs of urban renewal of old fabrics. The paper aims to challenge issues related to old urban blight and renewal and efforts in order to find answers to the posed questions. Having a critical approach toward old urban fabric and renewal of urban fabric، it is more explicit that no proper understanding old urban fabric renewal has been introduced yet. The results of perennial researches presented in this paper explains that either the phenomena of urban blight and urban renewal program requires a change in method and approach from detailed thinking to holistic thinking to be usefully measured and known. In this regard، the «urban blight» phenomenon is very complex in terms of social، economic، political and social changes. «Renewal» as well as a program for preventing mitigating and restoring urban blight will efficiently been known in case it repairs damaged social and economic networks and restores interrupted currents.

Decay areas in Iran have been defined with the factor of vulnerability against natural disasters (especially earthquake). So، executive strategies in these patterns are based on decreasing natural threats. In result، residential areas، as the settlement of 15% of urban population of the country، are the aim of plans and implementations. Because of numerous limitations on using various ways، destructing and rebuilding (renovation) is the common method and owners of current houses and private sector، with the financial support by national and local government، are the executers of renovation (a participatory method); recent rules support this strategy on renovation of decay areas. This approach should improve habitation circumstances and local services. Financial incentives are the main catalyst of renovation; so، renovation results in more residential units to provide necessary profit. In addition، master and detailed plan of cities enforce parcels to give a part of their area to widen narrow alleys. These changes can impact some social factors such as identity، control، and safety. So، the aim of this paper is to find some solutions to keep and increase mentioned factors. Participation means giving necessary role to all stakeholders in the planning and implementing process. As mentioned، in renovation process inhabitants and private builders are main actors and government prepares necessary supports (such as loan). So، participation is a fix factor in the essay. Identity defines the possibility of identifying a place from other places and is divided to personal and social identity. In distressed areas some social activities generate specific identity in neighborhood. Those activities are done in semi-private and semi-public spaces (such as alley and yard). During renovation، living type changes from personal house to apartment. Also، with widening alley، role of this place changes from pedestrian-base path to car-base way. So، special functions need a new context to remain. Social control leads to a certain level of freedom in obtaining، using، and changing public space. In deteriorated areas، because of strong hierarchy of public spaces، inhabitants have more possibility to control their neighborhood. Also، because of alike social groups، control on behavior is stronger. There are many factors to measure safety in urban space. Some factors are street-eyes، mixed-functions، and dynamic spaces. Also، safety of not-existing natural threats can be mentioned which is on a low level. On renovation process (with participatory methods) natural threats decrease and participation of inhabitants results in keeping and improving social control. In addition، locating public spaces in neighborhood (as a context of social interaction) can increase identity، control، and safety. Empowering local institutes (NGO’s) can improve social capital.

There is no doubt in the problem of “suburbs”. This is the reason for the grandes ensembles being discussed in political debates s and the press in the early years of the 70s to justify the necessity of an urban policy for solving the problem. But، what is the nature of the issue? General problems are not objective facts; they are the product of social and political structure made of the complex interactions between multiple factors including institutions، interest groups and social movements. A social fact turns into a general problem only as a result of the intensive trilogy process of «naming، blaming، claiming». Naming is the process of recognizing the problem، blaming، process seeks for the causes of the problem or guilty ones to whom we can refer the problem and claiming includes the compilation and publication of amendment programs and treatment. There exist multiple competitive modes of the problem in inception of urban policy which will lead to various strategic orientations. The Debates about the nature of the problem and possible solutions in the fields of ​​public space، city planning and urban renewal legislation and gridlines 2003 (known as the Borloo act) were almost completely destroyed. Nine years later، with the breakdown of the illusion of a complete solution، scheduling the debate becomes necessary. This article is presented in this vision by two goals of: clarifying different approach to the «problem of sectors» and offering a mean for public action. In this paper presents four different approaches of solving this problem which have been fortunate in a short period of the history of urban policy. First، “Jacobine” approach and the structure of Borloo act، second، “communitarian” approach or the guide for social development in the 80s، third، “reforming” approach and the inspirations for urban contracts in the 90s، and last، the “neo-conservative” approach which was authorized during the 5 year presidency of Sarkozy. However، the speeches of politicians in charge of urban policy have led to strange replications of these approaches which are not applicable in theory، and the priorities of these approaches were never exclusive. In this article، there blind spots in the identification of territorial disparities and suggestion of reforming means to eliminate these blind spots are offered as the conclusion of the research. These blind spots are stem from the French statistical system and budget which makes racial and ethnic discrimination measures and the calculation of public resources allocated to different territories difficult or even impossible. Thus، the introduction of ethnic-racial categories in general statistics and geographical location of systematic public funding seems appropriate for the exactness of the challenges of territorial equality policy. This will also allow the expression، implementation، and evaluation of alternative strategies compared to current strategies which conducted municipal politics since 2003.

More than a decade urban renewal has been a major issue to Iranian urban managers. Meanwhile despite the intensive programs aimed for urban renewal، the gap between deteriorated fabrics and renewal of these fabrics is increasingly growing. This discussion session was allocated to this issue and Dr. Mohammad Saeed Izadi، CEO of urban development and revitalization organization، Dr. Fariborz Rayis Dana، economist expert، and Dr. Seyyed Amir Mansouri، editor in chief of the magazine discussed the issue in two parts.