مجله منظر
پیاپی 42 (بهار 1397)

The location of Iranian plateau enables great portion of solar absorption. A few similar habitable places like the Iranian plateau exist on Earth. Hence, this feature can be considered a significant factor in formation of the ancient Persian civilization.
In Persian beliefs, the sun symbolizes blessings and grace while water represents generosity. These two elements are crystalized into Persian myths and appreciated as the sources of life. The sun and the moon symbols manifest the significance of these two myths in Persian beliefs in the Persian language and culture.
Since the Persians immensely benefit from the sun and daylight, a specific type of art is created by using shadows. Being functional in some seasons of the year, the shadows are highly considered in Persian beliefs. They are constantly observed in Persian landscape and architecture, and they are clearly recognized due to being in contrast with the light. The shadows are used so repetitively in cultural works that they are considered equivalent to elegance and beauty.
Being located in the mountains, plains and gardens, the courtyard of a rural house must not have a significant functional role. However, it seems that it is aimed at a more specific goal since it is integrated with the residential part. In this picture, the courtyard of a rural house in Toroq village, which is not bigger than the interior space, is covered with shadows of the grapevines that are spread over the trellis. A combination of light and shadow is also observed over the outer corner of the wall created by the beautiful thatch wall.
The environmental conditions of the house can be vividly observed in this picture; a pristine mountainous area where the indigenous shrubs have grown at the foot of the wall.
There is no particular façade decorations except for the shadows that create a harmonic texture, the edges on the corner of the wall, the windows of the gutter beams and the wooden beams cantilevered from the ceiling.
Excluding that, the trellis is the main landscaping element at this house; either for the residents and for the passersby. Built at a high level, the trellis provides climatic comfort in hot seasons. Meanwhile, a pleasant shading pattern is created on the floors, walls and windows from the structurally intersecting formed lines during cold times which beautifies the scene and delivers a dynamic landscape in the courtyard.
This situation is regularly experienced in most times of the year. As a result, the insistence of Persians on the use of such an element should be related to their aesthetic views that consider shadows beautiful, rather than being shaped due to the climatic constraints.

Rites, traditions and rituals running in people's lives are deep-rooted in their beliefs and faiths. The compilation of recreation and amusement with pilgrimage, paying visits to the graves of the saints and deceased and showing abiding affections, has been a longstanding custom in Iran since ancient times. This includes the pilgrimage and paying tribute to the shrines of Imams (Saints in Shi’a), their descendants, and other religious figures; a ritual which brings about unique spiritual and sincere experience. The significant, long-lasting tradition of pilgrimage, ritual excursion and outing, has survived up to this time. As group activities, such customs bring together children, youth and the elders, and revive them with enthusiasm. In addition to pilgrimage and joy, “ritual tourism” significantly helps activating the historical-religious sites, which are extremely valuable national heritages.

Light as an incorporeal element of urban landscape plays a significant role in the city activities during the night as well as the formation of the citys nightscape. Urban lighting in developed countries is considered as an interdisciplinary knowledge of the technical, engineering, humanities and art fields, which calls for joint co-operation among specialists. The formation and quality of social interaction and have been a popular topic, widely discussed in the civil societies. Since urban lighting is a special effort to facilitate the survival of urban social life, it is necessary to pay more attention to this issue, as the developed countries have benefited from its potentials. The current study argues that urban lighting has undergone dramatic changes since the arrival of the new era internationally. BBased on the formation aims and the citizens’s role as the target audiences, it can be divided into four categories: 1) Functional- Supplying light 2) Decorating and symbolizing 3) Creating artworks 4) Creating artistic texts In addition the role of citizens from the consumers and passive spectator has been changed to the producers, actors and active users. Thus, it can be concluded that the potentials of urban lighting have been promoted from a merely functional to an interactive art that is capable to satisfy social interactions which one of the main goals of urbanization. This paper is mainly focused to draw the attentions of managers, specialists and artists of the country to this new area. this may lead to make the advantages of the available potentials. Considering the global experiences it may also lead to the improvement of urban night landscape qualities by the application of the aesthetic and artistic approaches and renovation of the disconnected social relations and interactions arisen from the modern era. it may also give an insight to the healing the landscape system of our cities.

Mountains have received much attention from Iranian people since the ancient times. In the pre-Islamic period, they were admired as place the Anahita Goddess and for their mythical features. Many other myths have become eternal since they have been closely tied up with the mountains. For this reason, the character of the mountains is also of particular value and has been influential in the creation of Iranian architectural, urban and artistic works. Monuments, tombs, paintings, miniatures, as well as the spatial organization of cities are among the works whose formation has been substantially influenced by the mountains. Nowadays, these values have changed throughout the history, and the features of the mountains have been transformed. This article seeks to analyze the dimensions of the mountain landscape and show the changes in contemporary Iranian thoughts. To this end, we have attempted to classify the conceptual evolution of the term mountain (Kooh in persian) in the modern poetry, as one of the manifestations of contemporary thoughts.

Sustainability is a concept that become remarkable due to the environmental restrictions and problems. Sustainability analysis in all its three aspects (economic, social and environmental) and criterion codification has been subjected for many researches in architecture and urbanism. The decisions of the architects and urban designers have been known as important parts of promoting sustainability around the world. Different institutes and people have defined the parameters that have been involved in sustainability. Many theories have benefited the principles of sustainability as an approach to improving the quality of the environment and communities. The concept of sustainability and environmental assessment models have also been provided by formal and informal organizations that will be discussed in the research. Leadership in Energy & Environmental Design (LEED) organization is one of the recognized institutes that has provided a check list for quality evaluation in the scale of neighborhoods, building and indoor spaces. The scores for energy saving, easy access to public transportation, collecting wasting water and water saving are the aspects that have been considered by this institute. In Iran country growing urbanization and the expansion of communities is happening so fast but studying the quality of this development is something that has been received less attention. In this research explains a short review of history and experts’ opinions about sustainability concept. In addition, selects, the LEED-ND (the LEED scale for neighborhood) evaluating system to assess the quality of life in the case study. This system is based on five main parts which each one has consists of subcategories that are used as measures to check the neighborhood’s points. “Faraz” neighborhood is used as a contemporary typical Iranian neighborhood and checked with the parameters of LEED evaluation system to indicate the adaptation of a new residential neighborhood with environmental sustainability factors. This result will confirm the success of such neighborhoods to create high quality environment for their residents.

This study analyses the thermal performance of apartment facades designed based on vernacular architecture in Malaysia. The focus of this study on solar radiation This study attempts to measure the level of solar radiation and shading performance of the apartment facade designs equipped with shading devices (for passive cooling) in response to tropical conditions. This is called a passive design.
.The design does not include mechanical cooling or heating, but in case of using shading devices, it is characterized by roof overhangs, attached roofs, recessed walls, balconies or verandas, and louver screens. Vernacular style is derived from the traditional architecture. The design requires the designer’s understanding of nature and the surrounding environment. The knowledge of nature is important intraditional architecture. This design-with-nature approach is best reflected in the climatic design of the building. Two apartments with vernacular architecture in Putrajaya were selected as the case studies. A thermal device named Fluke Ti20 Infrared Camera was used to record a series of thermal images of the surface of the apartment facades. The images of the apartment facade were taken hourly during the field works. The results of the study show that the facade designs of apartments have a good thermal performance due to shading design.. In conclusion, apartments designed based on the vernacular architecture including traditional passive cooling features ,embedded as a part of the design, suit the tropical climatic conditions of Malaysia and are thermally comfortable