مجله منظر
پیاپی 47 (تابستان 1398)

The majority of books about gardening history consider Iran as the place where garden was first created. The most significant proof of it, apart from the ancient civilization of Iran, is the term "Paradise". This word has been acquired from Persian language and transferred to Arabic and eventually to European languages and indicates a specific type of garden. According to ancient Persian beliefs, garden was a must in ancient Iran and functioned as a temple for the followers of Mehr and Anahita, whose temples in nature were conceived as a place where the earth joins the heavens. Similarly, the Persian garden was created to appreciate sacred symbols: water, trees, infinity, sky, enclosure, and so on. Therefore, a less questioned query comes to mind asking what was the origin of the beauty in Persian Garden?
In response to the reason for the emergence of garden in Iran, the answers have focused on the nature and the elements of the landscape; however, there is not much said about the aesthetics and the configuration of Persian garden. In explaining the cause of the rectangular shape of the Persian Garden, emphasis has been placed on the epic and aristocratic aesthetics. The rectangular arrangement has a kind of perfection and power in its shape that conforms to the meaning of garden. Water and special herbaceous species such as cedar are also considered to be a symbol of heavenly gods who have created a stunning garden with their holiness. Prior to this, no document has mentioned the process of Persian garden configuration and aesthetics.
In a deep scrutiny to decipher the tradition of flowing the water in Persian garden and analysis of the system of creeks and ponds, Masoudi describes it as being adapted from traditional agriculture in Iran in an article published in Manzar 12. He believes that the water is transferred with mud water from the origin to the fields and gardens and this problem was resolved to prevent damage to the farms. Deep ponds were constructed along the water pipeline to refine the running water and make the sediments deposit. Then, the pure water entered the other side of the creek, which led to a pond a few feet away. The frequent repetition of creek and pond which had a functional philosophy, has been exquisitely manifested in a beautiful constructed order in Pasargad Garden (fifth century BC), the oldest remaining garden on the Earth. Thereafter, the Persian garden was undergone new changes and variations that led to various manifestation of water. As it is shown in a beautiful frame in Zohreh Bakhtiari’s Photograph from the rural landscape in Kamoo village, the water creeks and ponds and their sediments are essential elements in gardening, which irrigate the gardens on both sides. As a result, an archetype of water flow is created in the two gardens. The detached and enclosed gardens, small and large, each belonging to a unique farmer and, consequently, to a unique tree and crop are located along the creek. The division of gardens on both sides into different planting arrangement has been crystalized in a geometric order that has led to the consequent garden shapes. Hence, traditional gardening can be considered as the source of aesthetics in Persian gardens, creating shapes that are in harmony with the Persian intellectual and philosophical scheme. This arrangement may well be the secret of aesthetic sustainability in Persian garden

The Persian garden is known worldwide for its humanistic aesthetic approach toward nature. Having a unique geometry, character and elements, the Persian garden has been categorized by miscellaneous scholars according to the context, shapes, elements and their functions, and activities that took place in the gardens. The residential gardens, as one of these categorizations, refer to the permanent settlement activities in the garden. Since most of the gardens belonged to the governors and were used seasonally for recreational or governmental purposes, a few examples of permanent residence in Persian gardens can be sought in Iran. Gardens of Birjand are typically considered as distinctive gardens due to their unique features, such as the absence water or a pavilion on one side of the garden. Despite having the basic characteristics of the Persian garden, including geometry, axis, and etc., Bahlgerd Garden has elements and spaces that are organized to provide housing and supporting services. The presence of a distinctive pavilion as the inner (private) garden, the absence of a pond and an pavilion in the central courtyard, lack of a deep view to the garden from the pavilion, vast yards for cultivating productive plants and the presence of a water pond in the garden as a source of irrigation all indicate that Bahlgerd Garden was dominantly used as a residential garden. It can be said that the sacred aspects of Persian garden have not yet been revealed in this garden, and the designer aimed at creating favorable Persian spaces along the agricultural fields by creating
private spaces and etc

Pathways as one of the striking elements of landscape perceptions play an important role in promoting social and cultural activities in society. Such a role helps the audience perceives the landscape and then saves the collective and individual memories. This way is not merely a route from point 1 to point 2 to go, it goes beyond the elemental role of the origin-destination. Pedestrian pathways present important images of the landscape. The goal of way isn’t only having beginning and destination, but also perception happens on the path and the destination is meant by that.The location and development of the city of Tehran in the range of Alborz Mountains, the historical, natural and topographical potential of this establishment have made these landscape edges play an important role in the interactions of the people with this landscape and formation of its identity. for Tehran. Bam-e-Tehran's pedestrian pathway in the northern part of Tehran's area 1 is one of the most important pedestrian pathway outside the city in the mountainous pure nature that focuses on perception of the nature and the city. This path is a combination of natural and interactive features which has created a communal space that has inherited some parts of its identity from the city and the other parts from nature.in fact it made a connection among the audience's perception, nature and the city. The leading research first reviews the types of pedestrian pathways, its characteristics and perceptions of the users, and then analyzes the landscape layers of Bam-e-Tehran's walking way as a natural-social roadway.

Safety can be considered as one of the main social-human needs in today’s society. The safety of women is considered as one of the most important qualitative components of urban planning. Social safety of urban open spaces is considered as an important factor in the tourism industry. Since the mental image of a place plays an important role in its success or failure to attract tourists, it can affect the economy of a country in the long term. This study hypothesized that touristic sites could boom and attract more people by increasing the sense of safety in women. Responding women's demands from the space would increase the quality of place for everyone. The aim of this study is introducing the physical components of space, which increases women’s sense of safety in touristic open spaces. Data for this study was collected through a qualitative survey. Thus, after conducting the data analysis and reviewing previous related researches, research’s factors have been evaluated in a case study. presenting effective physical components on women's sense of safety and testing them in the open spaces of the 30Tir street, one of the touristic destinations of this city. The results of this study supports this hypothesis that the third part of the 30tir st (between sakhai and Imam Khomeini) which responds the demand of women is the successful part of the street and creates the sense of safety among women the most.

Most of the damages to nature are brought about through negligence in putting living ethics into practice by city dwellers. This critical ignorance which is becoming a worldwide environmental crisis has put forward a change in attitude towards nature and its international constitutions and laws. In this regard, religious recommendations and regulations have been considered as significant influences through this change towards better living conditions. This research attempts to address the concept of morality in the light of Islamic thoughts and principles in physical space and provide strategies for proper exploitation of the environment. The method of this research is descriptive-analytic case study which first surveys modern religious theories with regard to the body of the desired cities and their architecture and then in case studies these theories are put into practice in order to provide a framework to study and verify these Islamic cities as significant samples. The studies show that the basic Islamic thoughts about environment have promoted universal, cultural, religious, and moral supports and have introduced a special framework in different environments, as is the case with the Islamic tradition by applying a new expression, to show the respect for nature in all possible aspects. Regardless of unfavorable climate changes, traditional cities in Iran are examples of Islamic teachings which provide the best environmental conditions for human beings in which nature is employed in designing and city architecture.

What is vital for the generation of the Sacred Defense, advocating Islamic values during Iran-Iraq war and also for the post-war and present generations, is to know the exact dimensions of the sacred defense and its values, as well as to continue and preserve the achievements and values that must be well explained and redefined. The present study examines the importance of using combatants’ photographs during and after the war in urban spaces, especially within the urban life of citizens, with an emphasis on intimate photographs of war and martyrs. For this purpose, the photographic murals installed in the “Shohada Neighborhood” in Aran and Bidgol at Kashan have chosen as a case study. In this study, a descriptive-analytical methodology has used with a survey approach. For data gathering, a structured interview used along with a review of library and online documentation. The results of the Research indicate that the residents have a specialized attachment to their neighborhood and, using photographs, are trying to create empathy and linkage of generations. The photographs in public spaces follow a more formal official narrative, with a mathematical look at the war. On the contrary, the public narrative of war is mostly in personal spaces, is not identical with the official narrative.

Resilience, a new approach to environmental disturbances, has attracted the attention of landscape architects in recent decades. This approach is an appropriate alternative to rigorous engineering approaches and has been extensively used in different landscape projects around the world.The Kan river, the main river of Tehran, is still vulnerable to flood disturbance even though its infrastructures have been improved to control the flood. Rigid and one-dimensional approaches to flood control not only has failed to control flooding but also destroyed the ecological and structural infrastructures of rivers. This paper seeks to investigate how the environmental resilience approach can affect flood management in urban rivers. It mainly focuses on the role of resilience thinking and its potential contribution to the regularization of the Kan river in response to flood disturbance. To this purpose, in this paper, four successful projects in the world were examined to extract the principles and strategies of resilience in the face of the river flooding. Planning and strategies were proposed based on these principles and guidelines for this chaotic river. Time, trial, threshold, learning, and diversity as the principles and cut and fill as well as wetlands as the strategies were extracted from the projects to address the disturbance of the river. As a variety of disciplines play a key role in flood control, the necessity for multidisciplinary integrated approach and planning is much felt. The integration of principles and strategies, planning, and organization of the landscape lead to a comprehensive and multidisciplinary program. In other words, the Kan river planning management requires a multidisciplinary approach which addresses landscape and ecological issues. This comprehensive and multidisciplinary planning based on flood resilience can serve as a model for other urban rivers that are vulnerable to flood disturbance.