نشریه تاریخ پژوهی
پیاپی 73 (تابستان 1397)

Abu Nasr Ali bin Ahmad Tusi was one of the great poets of the fifth century, including the famous Iranian epic poet. He had been educated in Khorasan, and wrote his epic work titled Garshaspnameh to imitate Ferdowsi's style, which is not worthy comparing with the Shahnameh. This work is a combination of mythological stories, archeology, education, remedies and moral refinement and it was once written that epic poetry  in Iran was declining, and ghostly writings and mystical literature flourished; so, Garshaspnameh reflects the cultural and social conditions of its time. From the point of view of its mystical aspects and ethical themes, it can be said that this book is as epic as it can be moral and legal. Therefore, it has epic and mystical features and personal and social advice. This paper is descriptive-analytic that following the preliminary plan of saga
in Iran and the social-political situation of Asadi era, Analyzes the lyrics of the trained and educated Garshaspnameh. In this article, we try to answer the question of which position is Garshaspnameh in terms of literary, moral and educational characteristics alongside its works?

From the beginning, human has been trying to recognize his outer and inner world. The base of philosophical thinking in Iran is related to ancient times and Zoroaster time. Zoroaster's thoughts were a great contributor in the rational life of the ancient world and his thoughts, in addition to influence on ancient thinkers and people such as Manny and Mazdak, has influenced on philosophers such as Socrates and Plato, and Hegel until the last century. In this article, we will discuss the nature of philosophy and its roots or bases in ancient Iran, relying on Zoroaster's impact.

Rock architecture has a long history in Iran and the world and Many of the  climatic, defensive, cultural and ... factors have led to the emergence of these architectural examples. After discovering the rocky works in west of Iran,the chronology and usage of these works has always been discussed since the 19th century. It can be said that the creators of these works have left a very vague and obscure footprint of their time and have made it difficult for scholars and enthusiasts to make precise and absolute timelines and explanations of use. On the other hand, due to the lack of awareness and recognition of the beliefs of ancient people, some scholars have been forced to make mistakes in the definition of work and chronology, and have occasionally provided different uses and chronologies for these works. Accordingly, such a mistake is evident in determining the performance of the Gwaja Qaleh cut tump where Some researchers from Maragheh have introduced this "Abanbar". For this purpose, this article examines Gwaja Qaleh cut tump rocky by an analytical view; According to this, as we will see, more confidently, this work can be considered a part of the Goordakhme related to first millennium BC. Which is a model of the Urartuie's Goordakhme.

The researchers' literatures are like a mirror in which the social traditions and customs of that period can be seen. Look at this mirror during the reign of the Turkish governments in Iran (Ghaznavi, Seljuk and  Kharazmshahian) and looking for signs and effects of women's political and social presence in both positive and negative aspects can be checked. in fact, it can be said that in this period, given tribal traditions of these tribes, there was a good opportunity for women to be more visible in different fields. This issue also affected on some of the literates' thoughts and opinions, somewhat and caused some of them to recognize the political and social presence of women in their works. However, the dominant trend of patriarchal thoughts in Iran has been remained in the writings of this era. Accordingly, in this paper, the reaction of literates and scholars in the era of Turkish rule (Ghaznavi, Seljuk, and Kharazm Shahi) was examined in two positive and negative aspects regarding the presence of women in political and social spheres by collecting information in resources and researches and using descriptive-analytical method.

Beyhagh's Treatise is the handwritten version attributed to Abolfazl Baygahi, the author of Massoudi's History book. In this manuscript, 373 words and phrases, sometimes Arabic, have been mentioned and suggested, instead of these words and phrases, Arabic equivalents are used. Considering this fact that Bayhaghi has one of the best examples of Persian prose in his writing (Massoudi's history book), there is a question whether a e writer who is the creator of such a beautiful prose in Farsi, can write or create such an equivalent book in the promotion of Arabic vocabulary? And Does the prevalence of Arabic vocabulary in Persian language and literature result in the performance of people like Bayhaghi and the publication of such that book or letter? This paper, examines the authenticity of the attribution of the Beyhaghi treatise to Abolfazl Baygahi by a historical approach and a descriptiveanalytical method and answers these questions: What evidences are there on the authenticity of this treatise attributed to Bayhaghi? And what is the effect of the diwaniyan / bureaus and the publication of such an equivalent book in the propagation of Arabic vocabulary in Persian language and literature? This study showed that due to the lack of a handwriting and the impossibility of comparing his handwriting with the edition of the handwriting of the dissertation, it is not possible to conclusively confirm the attribution of the Treatise of Loghat to Bayhaghi by simply comparing the Arabic vocabulary with the Arabic vocabulary of Massoudi's book, because only a few recommended proportions have been used in Massoudi history book. In addition, these terms have been used in Persian texts before the Beyhaghi textbook. Based on the writing of such book, we cannot call the bureaus the only factor promoting the Arabic vocabulary in Persian language and literature, Because the use of Arabic vocabulary in Persian language and literature was also common before the writing and publication of this essay.

Abdolhossein Zarrinkub was one of the Iranian historians and scholars who composed various works in many subjects and he recounted his views in the context of his writings. His ideas are degenerate in terms of the high-quality aspects of his thoughts. Zarrinkub had fundamental criticisms of the factors governing the degeneration of Iranian history in different eras; and This made it possible, in the Comparing the history of Iran with each other, he explored the causal factors of the degeneration of this boundary. Accordingly, one of his most important efforts to get out of this degenerate situation was the question of "decadence". By asking this question, He had a critical view at the historical chronic deterioration of Iran and Islamic civilization. Among Zarrinkub's speeches, He considered the degeneration of Iran and the Islamic countries was because of irrationality and determinism and believed that human responsibility for its actions and rationalism is the way out of these problems. In the present study, Zarrinkub's degenerate votes are examined and the core of his critical thoughts - Avoiding Algebraic Thoughts and Reasoning- are studied.

The Establishment of safavi government in Iran provided the suitable condition for immigration of Shi'a scholars that had the difficult situation and suffocation outside of Iran, by recognizing the Shia religion as the
official religion in Iran and the official invitation of the kings from clergymen to immigrate to Iran. Therefore, the greatest immigration and clergymen's collaboration with the kings was happened during this period of
time. The collaboration of the Ulema with the safavi court led to the creation of this issue " Permission and lack of permission to cooperate with the government based on shias principles". The results of the research show that the Shiite Ulema cooperated with the safavi government, based on the necessity of jurisprudence and religious benefits because by providing this opportunity, they would have the ability to revive, implement and persuade the most important political, scientific, cultural and ideological foundations of Shi'a which of course, This cooperation has never been a sign of safavi regime legitimization by Ulema. Therefore, the reason of ulama's collaboration has been the continuation and establishment of Shiite beliefs and teachings. This study first deals with the issue of clergymen's cooperation and non-cooperation with safavi government based on Shi'i jurisprudence; Through this issue, we can clarify the reasons of ulama's collaboration with the government. In the following, the reasons are expressed in three axes and the general approach of political causes, culturalscientific causes, and ideological causes. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to investigate the causes of the entrance of the ulama to the court and to cooperate with the Safavi government, relying on the sources and in a descriptive-analytical manner.