نشریه حفاظت زیست بوم گیاهان
سال دوم شماره 2 (پیاپی 5، پاییز و زمستان 1393)

Bonab Forest Park with the approximate area of 5,000 hectares is located in the West of Arsanjan in Fars province. This area was damaged and destroyed due to intensive grazing and drought in past years. In this floral study of the area, 1200 hectares were evaluated and the species composition and endemic plant species were determined. Finally the life form composition and chorological analysis of the plant species were carried out. Totally, 100 plant species representing 79 genera and 27 families were recorded in the area. The most abundant families of the region were Asteraceae with 26 species, Fabaceae and Lamiaceae each one with 10 species and Poaceae with 8 species respectively. The largest genera are Astragalus L. with 5 and Achillea L. and Senecio L. each one with 3 species. The life form study indicated that therophytes were the most abundant life-form (41%) followed by hemicryptophytes (27%), chamaephytes (19%), phanerophytes (8%) and Geophytes (5%). Chorological analysis of the plant species shows that 54% are uniregional Irano-Turanian elements, Irano-Touranian/Euro-Siberian elements (16%) and the rest are Pluriregional (10%), Irano-Touranian/Euro-Siberian/Saharao-Sindian (7%), Irano-Touranian/Saharao-Sindian(6%),Irano-Touranian/EurSiberian/Mediterranean (5%), Irano-Touranian /Saharao-Sindian / Mediterranean (1%) and Irano-Touranian/Mediterranean elements (1%) respectively. The results demonstrated that the floristic foest parks and the increase in the growth of valuable pasture plants.

In order to assess the potential seed dispersal of plant species by herbivores in rangeland of arid and semiarid ecosystems, Gazelle subguttrosa in Kolah-Ghazi National Park was selected. In this experiment, five main habitats with five replications were studies. During spring and autumn in growing seasons 10 freshly pellet groups of herbivore were randomly collected in each of selected habitat and totally 250 dung sample. Seed contents of dung samples were determined in greenhouse germination experiments were performed over 8 months. In total, 833 seedlings from 60 plants (43 seed species in dung samples of gazelle), mainly annual with attractive inflorescence and small seeds which only colonize through endozoochory were recorded in. The highest and lowest seed densities were recorded in April and October. Given the composition, density and species contents, seed contents variations in dung samples were evaluated via multivariate analysis DCA. Seed contents in dung samples varied significantly. Overall, seed contents of dung samples varied in different months so that dung samples collected in the first three months:April, May, and June were located on the left side of the first axis of DCA while those in other months in right side of first axis respectively. Analysis of variance coordinates of dung samples in different months showed significant differences in the seed contents (P=0.02). The seed contents of dung samples in April and May were significantly different from other three months, but this difference was more pronounced in the autumn months.

Species diversity is one of the complex ecological concepts. The causes of these changes and their mechanisms were an outstanding ecological question. Biodiversity conservation is the ultimate goal of natural resources management. In this study, the relationship between species diversity and species richness were determined in Gharabagh rangelands along the altitudinal gradient using Simpsons, Shannon-Wiener, Margalef and Menhenic indices in Gharabagh rangelands. To measure vegetation parameters, the sampling was done in seven elevation classes with100m distance between, by randomly systematic method. Then, the number and canopy cover of species was recorded in ten plots in each elevation class. The result showed that there is a nonlinear and signicant relationship between Simpson's and Shannon–Wiener and Margalef and Menhenic indices with altitude increasing. So that species diversity, richness and numbers decreased above 1600 m altitude variation. R-square of the regression equations indicate that the dependent variable changes included Simpson, Shannon-Wiener, species number Margalef and Menhenic respectively with coefficient of 71, 68, 43, 49 and 63 percent are explained by the independent variable. In general we can say that, due to livestock and humans at low altitude decreased the species diversity and richness, while in mid altitude due to reduction of livestock population and improving climate increase species diversity and richness.

The aim of the present study is to investigate the role of protection of pastures on the soil seed bank properties in pastures of Gomishan, located in Golestan province, Iran. Sampling was done after identifying the key areas inside and outside of the protected area in early winter. In each region, one-hundred-meter transects and along each transect 10 four-square-meter plots were deployed. Takeing samples of soil seed bank, in the center of each four-square-meter plot, frames of 20×20 cm were inserted into the ground, and the soil samples were taken from the depth of 0-5 cm and 5-10cm. Soil samples were kept at 3-5 °C for 3 months in a refrigerator. After the cold treatment, the samples were transferred into the greenhouse for cultivation, and they were evaluated by germination method. To investigate the effect of grazing, soil depth and its reciprocal effect on the density, richness, diversity and similarity of the soil seed bank on the covered ground, the GLM test was adopted and LSD was used for the comparison of the mean data. The results showed that the density, richness, diversity and similarity of the soil seed bank with vegetation in enclosure was significantly greater than the grazing region. Furthermore, the results of the statistical analysis demonstrated that the density, richness, diversity and similarity of soil seed bank with covered ground at the depth of 0-5 cm was significantly higher than the depth of 5-10 cm.

Presence of active sand dune and sand deposits in north of Sistan & Baluchestan province accompanied with crisis such as drought has resulted in environmental problem condition. For this purpose, in this area, has been used of projects such as planting, mulching and both composition. From endemic species we can notice to Tamarix aphylla, Haloxyllon persicum and Atriplex muculata. 30 seedlings of species (totally 120 seedlings) were planted under the same conditions. These, the most common plant species are used in sistan planting projects. The seedlings were irrigated for three years and were protected against grazing. By measuring survival percentage, plant coverag and autumn period of each species, data were collected and examined by variance analysis. We resulted that, Tamarix plants in regard of living and stabilized area were more effective and then Haloxylon was in second ranked, and Atriplex muculata cause of its sensitivity to drought tension is in third position. Furthermore the last species as accompanied species with Tamarix. aphylla are used. But its using with Haloxylon persicum is not suitable because of the absorption of surface and groundwater by roots of Holoxylon persicum leads to Atriplex muculata vanishment.we resulted that, for this purpose management of hand plant forest would be necessary.

One of the long-term objects for managing natural ecosystems, is conserving species diversity. Considering to the importance of evaluation and monitoring the species diversity in order to understanding management practices, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of enclosure and over grazing on the species diversity of genetic cache in the Trshyzvk and the rangelands of Khadem Abad in Ferdows city of Baghestan. In each key area, four transects of 100 meters were located and random-systematic sampling 1m2plots were put along with the transects. The first plot was randomly located and other plots were laid out with a distance of 20 meters from each other and finally 20 plots were laid out. In all plots, density and canopy cover percentage of all species, were measured. Species richness, evenness and dominance indices were calculated. Also, to investigate significancy and non-significancy of Shannon-Wiener evennes index, t-student test was used. Species richness in Trshyzvk genetic cache 20 species and in the Baghestan rangelands Khadem Abad was 10 species. The results showed that the speceis diversity of Shannon - Wiener index for determining the evennes of protected Trshyzvk genetic cache was 3.704 and in the Baghestan rangelands Khadem Abad was 1.928 were significantly different (P

This study aimed to investigate the composition, characteristics and species diversity under the effect of different grazing. Intensities in three distances from Heydar Abad, Gholi Bagloo and Arbab Kandi villages in Mishgin Shahr, the Ardabil province. Species were collected and identified. From transects in three distances from the villages. Papilionaceae family with 8 genus and 9 species, Poaceae with 7 genus and 9 species, Lamiaceae with 8 genus and 8 species, and Asteraceae with 6 genus and 8 species have the greatest species number. According to the Raunkiae's classification system Hemicryptophytes with 48%, Therophytes with 28% Chamephytes with 18%, and Geophytes with 6% were the dominant life forms. In terms of geographical distribution, 66.66% of plants belonged to Iran-Turonian region, 13.33% to Iran-Turonian and Mediterranean 11.11% to Iran-Turonian, Euro-Siberian and Mediterranean, 4.45% cosmopolitan, 4.45% Iran-Turonian and Euro-Siberian regions. Analysis of numerical diversity and evenness indices in each crisis center according to the increase of distance from crisis center revealed that in Arbab Kandi and Gholi Bagloo villages with the increase of distance from crisis center in three sites the amount of measured indices have almost increased, however in Heidar Abad village the amount of diversity indices have decreased. Results of diversity and evenness indices comparison in different distances in three villages crisis centers showed that only the Shannon-Weiner had significant difference (P