مجله علوم و فنون باغبانی ایران
سال هفدهم شماره 4 (زمستان 1395)

The most important determinants of tomato fruits quality are color, size and firmness of visual quality and acidity, soluble solids, vitamin C and antioxidant capacity biochemical. In order to evaluate the effect of substrates on quality of four greenhouse tomato cultivars a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications was carried out. The treatments included four soilless substrates (rotten bagasse, rotten bagasse perlite (1: 1 V), cocopeat, cocopeat perlite (1: 1 V)) and four greenhouse tomato cultivars (‘Shaghayegh’, ‘Pardis’, ‘Valuro’, and ‘Izmir’). The results showed a significant effect of substrate on lycopene, carotenoids fruit and the lighting color of the fruit (L *). Cultivar had a significant effect on the size, weight and surface color fruit. The interaction of cultivar and substrates was significant at 1% on length, firmness, titratable acidity, soluble solids, vitamin C, antioxidant capacity and total phenol of tomato fruit. The highest firmness of fruits was observed in cultivar Pardis in the Cocopeat perlite (12.18 N). In general, Shaghayegh cultivar and Bagasse perlite substrate was recommended for successful greenhouse tomato fruit production.

Irradiated pollen is the most successful haploidization technique within Cucurbitaceae. The influence of gamma ray doses (250, 350, 450 and 550 Gy), genotypes, and stage of development of embryos obtained by irradiated pollen technique on the induction of haploid embryos were studied in several Iranian melon cultivars as well as their hybrids with alien cultivars. Female flowers were pollinated using pollen that had been irradiated with gamma rays. Different shapes and stages of embryos were excised 21 to 25 days after pollination and cultured on E20A medium. Direct culture, liquid culture and integrated culture methods were applied for detecting the induced embryos. Integrated and liquid cultures showed advantages in increasing the efficiency of haploid plants production in melon breeding programs. Results revealed that 550 Gy of gamma-irradiation was successful in inducing parthenogenesis and fruit development, whereas, lower irradiation doses were not effective in inducing haploid embryos. The amount of embryos per seeds were the highest in ‘Samsoori’ (1.2%) and ‘Saveh’ (1.1%) cultivars. Some of the heart- and cotyledon-shaped embryos developed to haploid plants. In total, 52 parthenogenic melon plantlet recovered from 274 obtained embryos via pollination with gamma-irradiated pollen. As a result of the present study, haploid embryos and haploid plants production strongly influenced by gamma ray doses, embryo stages and genotypes. Indirect method and chromosome counting performed on the roots of regenerated plants, showed the haploid level (n =x= 12).

In order to evaluate the effect of rootstock on nutrient (N, P, K, Ca, Fe and Zn) uptake under drought stress conditions, a commercial cultivar (Sabz) was budded onto five vegetative (Siah, Tousorkh, Shah Anjir, Dehdez, Matti) and three hybrids seedling (C1, C7, C8) rootstocks in greenhouse conditions, 2015. Results showed that type of rootstock had significant effect on macro- and micro-nutrients concentration in the scion leaves under field capacity and drought stress conditions. Drought stress increased the Ca amount of scion leaves on all vegetative and seedling rootstocks. Among the vegetative rootstocks, Matti had better efficiency in uptake and transfer of nutrients to scion whereas, C8 followed by C1 seedling rootstock were more efficient than C7. Generally, seedling rootstocks with compared to vegetative rootstocks had better potential in nutrient absorption and transfer into scion under water stress conditions.

In order to study the effect of polyamins (PAs) including putrescine (Put) and spermidine (Spd) on growth and quality of olive fruit (Olea europae L. cv. Dezful) an experiment was conducted in Shiraz, Iran (2014 and 2015). Putrescine (0, 2.5 and 5 mM L-1) and Spermidine (0, 1.25 and 2.5 mM L-1) were sprayed on branch units at full bloom (FB) and two weeks after full bloom (AFB). Factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Fruit number, physical characteristics such as fruit and pit size, weight, length and diameter, fruit color and chemical characteristics such as total phenol content, total carbohydrate and chlorophyll a, b were evaluated. The results showed that Put was very effective on decreasing abscised fruits and increased fruit set at FB. Fruit skin color was affected by the type of PAs applied. Total phenol was generally reduced in fruits obtained from PAs treated trees. Total carbohydrate, N, chlorophyll a and b contents and total chlorophyll increased in PAs treated fruit as compared with control. Applications of Put and Spd significantly increased fruit growth characters such as size, weight, length and diameter but decreased weight, length and diameter of the pits compared with control. The highest effect on physical and chemical characters was observed in Put at 5 mM L-1 treatment.

In order to estimate heritability and magnitude of genes action in some quantitative traits in tomato, ‛Peto Early’ cultivar (P1) and Guilan local variety (P2) were crossed. Parents, F1, F2, BC1 and BC2 generations were planted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in research field, College of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran. The results of analysis of variance indicated that mean squares in generations were significant for all traits. Therefore generation mean analysis was used to estimate genetic parameters of all traits with six generations. Generations mean analysis showed that additive − dominance model was the best model in genetic to control of all studied traits except average weight of fruits and yield for which in addition to additive and dominance gene effects, while in addition to additive and dominant gene effects, the epistasis effects consist of additive × additive was involving in the weight of fruits, and the six-parameter model was effective in controlling the yield and the epistasis effects consist of the dominance × dominance of the genes were more important than other epistasis in controlling this trait. Furtheremore, the results revealed that the additive effects of genes had the highest effects on inheritance of almost all traits such as number of leaf node before first infloresence, plant height at date of flower bud formation, leaf length, leaf breadth, petal and sepal length, number of fruits in truss, average weight of fruits and yield, while days to formation of first flower was often controlled by dominance effects of genes. Average broad sense and narrow sense heritability were between 0.55-0.91 and 0.47-0.76 percentage, respectively. Number of genes involving in expression of the studied traits were estimated to be 1 to 39 genes.

Due to high cost of maintaining, limited storages and high production of garlic in Hamadan province, gamma ray is one of the new method used to store garlic. Therefore, the effect of irradiation dose, storage period and storage temperature on the physical, chemical and color parameter of garlic was studied. Samples were irradiated with 75 and 150 Gy doses and stored for 6 months at 4 and 18°C. During the storage period mechanical parameters (yield and critical stress and strain and energy of rupture), physical properties (size of sample, weight loss, water loss, volume, and geometric mean diameter), color parameters and allicin of control and irradiated samples, were measured monthly. The results showed that with increasing storage period, geometric mean diameter, water content, volume and allicin decreased in irradiated and control samples. Reduction of geometric mean diameter, water content and volume parameters in samples irradiated with 150 Gy dose were more than those of 75 Gy dose at 4°C, 0.26, 6.9 and 13.33 percent, respectively. With aheading storage period, weight loss and color parameters such as a* and b* were increased in 150 Gy dose irradiated samples that were more than 75 Gy dose at 4°C, 5.5, 52.80 and 30 percent, respectively. Also, penetration indices such as yield stress and yield strain, declined in irradiated samples with 150 Gy were 9 and 19 percent at 4°C and 15 and 23 percent at 18°C and energy of rupture reduced with increasing of irradiation dose to 6 percent in 4°C and 7 percent in 18°C, respectively. According to high effectiveness of irradiation, this method can be used to enhance garlics shelf-life during storage.

Indian jujube is one of the most important tropical fruit which its cultivation is expanding in the southern provinces of Iran. In this study we evaluated the effects of different concentrations of calcium chloride spray, putrescine and salicylic acid on some quantitative and qualitative attributes and antioxidant activity at harvest time. Spraying on trees was carried out in two stages before commercial maturity at the rate of 0.5 and 1.5 percent calcium chloride, 1 and 2 mM putrescine, 1 and 2 mM salicylic acid, as well as distilled water (control). At the time of commercial maturity, fruits were harvested and immediately transported to the laboratory. Firmness, fruit length, fruit diameter, percent of fruit juice, pulp to pit ratio, total soluble solids, titratable acidity, pH, ascorbic acid, chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids, color parameters (L*, a* and b*), the chroma index, Hue angle and antioxidant activity were measured. The results showed that foliar application of calcium chloride, putrescine and salicylic acid favorably were effective on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of Sibi Indian jujube fruit. In the treated fruit compared to the control, TSS, carotenoids and a* were less but fruit firmness and diameter, percent of fruit juice, pulp to pit ratio, vitamin C, antioxidant activity, chlorophyll a and b, the index Chroma and Hue angle were higher than those of control. Parameter of total acid, pH, L* and b*in the treated fruit had no significant different with control. In general, calcium chloride at 1.5%, putrescine at 1 mM and salicylic acid at the rate of 2 mM were the best treatments to preserve the quantity and quality of fruit.

Assessment of the germination behavior of pollen is effective on increasing yield and quality and also selection of suitable cultivars. This study was carried out to evaluate the germination of different age pomegranate pollen in perfect and male types flowers as well as determinate fruit set with pollination of ‘Malas Yazdi’, ‘Rabab-e-Neyriz Fars’, ‘Poost Siah’, ‘Bihaste Dane Ghermez Ravar Kerman’, ‘Bihaste Kam Bar Najaf Abad’, ‘Bihaste Sangan Khash’, ‘Goroch Tafti’ and ‘Pishva Varamin’. The highest pollen quantity obtained in perfect flowers of ‘Goroch Tafti’. The highest pollen germination percentage and rate were observed in ‘Pishva Varamin’, ‘Goroch Tafti’, ‘Bihaste Sangan Khash’, ‘Malas Yazdi’, ‘Rabab-e-Neyriz Fars’ during first-six hours after releasing from anthers, although about ‘Goroch Tafti’, germination percentage unaffected up to 12 hours after release. Regarding to study of cultivar and flower type, the highest germination percentage obtained in male flowers of ‘Goroch Tafti’. Simple effect of pollen age, showed that germination percentage significantly reduced 6 h after release. Evaluation of effect of cultivar on germination rate showed the highest value in ‘Pishva Varamin’, ‘Goroch Tafti’, ‘Bihaste Sangan Khash’ and ‘Malas Yazdi’. The results indicated that ‘Malas Yazdi and ‘Rababe Neyriz’ flowers pollinated with ‘Bihasteh Ravar Kerman’ and ‘Goroch Tafti’ were led to 65 to 80 percent fruit set from fertilization fruits, respectively. Free pollination (control) with 90 percent fruit set in comparison with self-pollinated of commercial cultivars was significantly different at 1% level of probability. Therefore, it is concluded that some cultivars had low germination percentage and in some others pollen age had most effect on germinability that could be respected in variety selection for plantation. So compatibility pollen can affect fruit set and yield.