فصلنامه تاریخ اسلام
پیاپی 71 (پاییز 1396)

Imam Ali ibn e- Mohammad (PBUH) was the intellectual and cultural leader of Shiites in chaotic age full of political riot and sedition from 220 to 254 After Hijrah. That holiness was of divine Imamate status, supreme training, insight, intelligence, cultural and immense science as well as grand cultural behavior.
In this regard, Imam Hadi (PBUH) was of strong strategy and cultural motivation towards the cultural management so that he could take strategies intended for the cultural leading of community as well as the cultural organization, scientific and educative development,
Putting emphasis on the development of science and instruction, propagation of science and thought, development of the center for the confidential relationships among agents, training personnel, development of the charter of lifestyle and legislation, illustration of citizen’s right, clarifying coexistence regulations of Muslims and people of The Book and the cultural fight against ignorant behavior of Abbasid caliphs such as Motevakel, and he succeeded to make cultural changes among the Islamic nation and to provide the ground for achieving the health and happiness of Islamic community.
Utilizing the descriptive-analytical method, the present article studies the cultural management of Islamic nation by Imam Hadi (PBUH) and tests this hypothesis that Imam Hadi as a divine leader provided the ground for the cultural management by recognition of the intellectual and cultural trends of his time with the centrality of the guidance of community by taking various strategies and succeeded to make intelligent changes and guide the community.

The creation of Quran considered as the most famous event in time of Ma’moon and his successors was not only a verbal dispute that its fore and against stated their viewpoints with reasoning but also it changed into a political and social issue as “Mehnat” and led to the division of Muslims into two branches of believers and non believers and threatened the Islamic intellectual unity.
Meanwhile, Abbasid caliphs were making profit from this event. Relying on the historical approach as well as the analytical-descriptive method, this article has endeavored to study the concept of creation of Quran and the elements of raising this issue by Abbasids and Mu’tazilites and finally, Imam Hadi’s policy in dealing with it.
The finding of research clarifies that Imam Hadi (PBUH) like Imams before him could deal with this issue considered as a dominant thought, against Mu’tazilah, people of tradition and caliphate system.

The issue of miracles for Shiite Imams has been an absolute belief and it has been written many books in relation to them. The sources have reported various miracles about Imam Hadi (PBUH) and the Miracle of Imam Hadi (PBUH) and Hindi magician is considered as one of them. This miracle was narrated in the book, Hedayat al-Kobra Khasibi (339 B. C) being suspected to having relationship with Nasiriyeh (extremists). The study of narrations attributed to the Prophet’s household particularly those related to the conduct of Imams leads the more scientific evaluation and interpretation pertaining to the conduct of infallible Imams (PBUT) and removing opposites’ attack. The present writing initially narrates this report in the books, Hedayat al- Kobra Khasibi and Al Ekhraj e- Ravandi (573 B. C) and subsequently, it endeavors to criticize the documents and investigates the process of its development in various sources and finally, it criticizes and evaluates the content of this narration.

According to the reports present in some sources, Imam Hadi (220- 254 After Hijrah) has read some poems related to annihilation of the world in one of the gatherings of Motevakel Abbasi (232-247) and he has deeply affected him. The present sources on the background of this poem, its poet, the numbers of verses and some of its details are different from each other. This research is to investigate this event and show the process of development of report through the historical approach, study of historical, traditions, interpretative and literary sources. The findings of research illustrate that this poem is considered as the general poems with the background referring to the time before the time of Imam Hadi and it is utilized in the situations such as the commemorative of death and that holiness has merely exemplified it. Moreover, the attribution of these poems to Amir al- Momenin Ali (PBUH) as well as the originality of verses stated in the sources belonging to Safavid era is not verifiable by referring to these sources.

Kinship is of particular importance as well as the significant consequences in the social life of people. The material, spiritual and ethical development of a society originates from the family and relatives. Accordingly, the strengthening of this institute and the relationship between its members is of great significance in the narrations and conduct of infallible Imams, including Imam Hadi (PBUH). Imam Hadi has taken different strategies to realize this important matter. The findings of this research done with the historical approach and descriptive-analytical method illustrate that Imam Hadi relied on the elements like praise and admiration, generosity and financial help, exchange of science, enlightenment, support, belief based leadership, and insight related to the relationship with relatives and making an intimate and strong relationship with them.

The role of Imams’ wives is considered as one of the important roles in history of The Prophet’s household due to their social position and correlation with Imams. The political and social role of Banoo Hodaith, Imam Hadi’s wife, is regarded as the important issues that the recognition of which leads to opening new pages in history of Islam and identifying the unknown but effective women and its importance is due to the particular conditions in time of Imamate of Imam Hadi (PBUH), Imam Hassan al- Askari (PBUH) and Imam Mahdi (May God hasten his reappearance). The present research with the historical approach is to clarify the political and social roles of Imam Hadi’s wife by considering the historical conditions in her lifetime and utilizing the sources such as the general history, the history of Prophet’s household and the other unnoticed parts in sources. According to the findings of this research, the tolerance of difficulties thanks to the mental and political pressers by Abbasid caliphate as well as the management of crisis in family due to the variety of ideas stated by Imam Hadi’s offspringwere considered the roles taken by Banoo Hodaith in time of Imam Hadi (PBUH). Moreover, the role of women in time of Imam Askari becomes prominent due to the serious issue of Imamate of twelve Imams, the increase of anti Shiism activities by Abbasid caliphs and their agents, the presence of limitations against the followers and Imam’s ambassadors as well as the decrease of relationship between Imam and Shiites. The most important political and social roles of Banoo Hodaith was the ability of cooperation and assistance for the purpose of removing confusion from the Shiite community and planning intended for preserving the beliefs in the Prophet’s household’s school as well as protecting the life of Imam Mahdi (PBUH).

The time of Imam Hadi (PBUH) is considered as an important era of propagation and stabilization of Shiism. Relying on the documents and analytic studies of historical, narrative and theological sources, the present article has endeavored to discover and describe the status of Shiites of that time. The findings of research illustrates that Imam Hadi (PBUH) regardless of the existence of political predicaments could preserve the limits of thought of shiism in favor of Shiites who were in agreement with his Imamate following the martyrdom of Imam Javad (PBUH) and Shiites could develop abundant works for the purpose of illustrating the Shiite thoughts being considered as the Shiite legacy.
Shiites could take creative and appropriate strategies by themselves or under the leadership of Imam Hadi (PBUH) in dealing with restraining positions of Abbasid caliphs.

Qom is considered as the oldest Shiite center in Iran. The centrality of Qom for Shiites provided the ground for the great Shiite scholars to move toward this city and learn sciences on the Prophet’s household and listen to the traditions by the traditionists from Qom. Moreover, this city was considered as the pioneer cities in favor of the propagation of Twelvers’ thought due to its being as the center of Shiism, relationship with Alawites, and various Shiite areas, the existence of Hazrat Masoomeh Holy Shrine as well as the establishment of HadithSchool. Relying on the historical approach as well as the analytical –descriptive method, this research has investigated the position of Qom towards the development of achievements of tradition as well as Shiite’s belief based principles. It has also stated the life, role and action of Imam Hadi’s followers from Qom. The findings of research illustrate that the most famous followers of Imam Hadi (PBUH) are Ebrahim Ibn e- Hashm e- Qomi, Ahmad ibn e- Eshaq e- Qomi, Ahmad ibn e- Hamzeh e- Qomi, Ahmad ibn e Mohammad e- Ash’ari, Abdullah ibn e- Jafar e- Hamiri e- Qomi, Hassan ibn e- Khorzad e- Qomi, Mohammad ibn e- Ahmad e- Qomi who were of significant role in regard with writing the scientific and belief based works, and developing the issues of tradition and theology and accordingly propagating the Shiite ideas to the other areas and preventing extremism, Wagifites’ ideas and establishing new mosques and Hadith school in Qom.

The organization of agents was considered as a system of joint agents whose responsibility was organizing the Shiites’ affairs in time of Imams (PBUT). This organization experienced the new course of his activity regarding the political conditions provided by Abbasid caliphate system, and its necessity was doing covert activities and avoiding any tension and internal disagreement. Due to these conditions, Imam Hadi as the supreme leader of this organization could observe the grounds and elements of detente in activities of his agents so that he could present the strategies to prevent the tension or detente and direct the organization. The extraction of historical information from the library sources related to the agents of Imam Hadi and then their study and analysis confirms this hypothesis that Imam Hadi prevented the happening of conflict by getting of aware of the grounds causing disagreement and tension in the organization and in dealing with the tensions, he could preserve the organization against the dangers by taking different strategies which have been broadly introduced in the article.

Ziarat Jame’eh Kabirehhas broadly explained on the properties and status of infallible Imams (PBUT). The effective elements on the development of this text are the most important questions in need of appropriate answer after the acceptance of its originality. Through the time-wise view and the historical evidences, the present writing has endeavored to answer this question related to the relationship between the themes of Ziarat Jame’eh Kabireh and the Twelvers’ needs in time of Imam Hadi (212- 254 After Hijrah). The findings of research illustrate that the form and content of Ziarat Jame’eh Kabirehwas responding to the serious epistemic needs of Twelvers in time of Imam Hadi (PBUH) and it was considered as a comprehensive constitution towards the management of Twelvers’ thoughts at that time.