فصلنامه تاریخ اسلام
پیاپی 65 (بهار 1395)

The date of birth and martyrdom of Imam Javad PBUH is one of the issues about which there exist various reports in the historical sources. Getting an obvious conclusion on these cases leads to the reliable knowledge about infallible Imams as well as a better insight related to the date of issuing some narrations and events. To determine the exact time of the birth and the martyrdom of Imam Javad PBUH, this article has investigated the existing reports within the Shiite and Sunnite sources concerning the year and the month of Imam and it has rejected that holiness’ birth on Rajab the 10th, 195 After Hijrah, whereas, his birth on 15th Ramadan is deemed to be documentary and more superior than the other reports. Moreover, this writing has proved the reports on the martyrdom of Imam Javad PBUH to be at the end of Zi-Qadah, 220 A. H while being considered more reliable than the other reports.

The study of cultural and social life of Shiite Imams’ followers has attracted the attention of history surveyors during the recent decades. Most of the new researches have considered Ahmad ibn e- Mohammad ibn e- Amrov ibn e- Abinasr e- Bazanti -221 After Hijrah- as one of the followers of Imam Reza PBUH while they did not regard his companionship with Imam Javad and his theological position as it is expected. This writing has reviewed on the life of Bazanti and his theological ideas, presented an analysis on his position among the theological trends of that time and reported his theological narrations on account of the content and structure of his statement. Afterward, it has compared the amount and quality of his relationship with these two Imams referring to the historical evidences and lastly, it has proved this claim that some of the narrations of Bazanti are referred to Imam Reza PBUH and actually it has been narrated by Imam Javad. It is concluded that, in spite of having geographical distance, Bazanti could keep his position among the followers of Imam Reza in time of Imam Javad as well.

Dispute, one of the ways of conversation and statement of beliefs, is of significant position in the social life of prophet’s family. Imam Javad PBUH has taken advantage of various strategies in his disputes with the diverse groups and sects while regarding the conditions of the other side of discussion, and Identifying them can make us more aware about that holiness as well as the cultural-intellectual issues of his time. Based on the two behavioral and reasoning dimensions of disputes, this article concludes that that holiness took advantage of the intellectual reasoning as well as the narrative reasons and at times mixture of them to prove his view points, while considering the position of the other side of discussion and respecting his ideas. On the other hand, documenting to the verses of holy Quran, conduct and speech of Prophet Mohammad PBUH was of significant position in that holiness’ conversations and discussions as well.
Occasionally, Imam trusted in struggle to criticize the beliefs and claims of the other side via the accepted propositions of him.

The study of various activities of Imam’s followers illustrates the new dimensions of Shiite history. The role of Imams’ Iranian followers is deserved to be studied in many aspects. Of their role is their impact on the historiography. Based on the report of Sheikh Toosi -460 After Hijrah- about 37 out of 116 followers of Imam Javad were considered Iranian and many of them provided considerable historical writings including books, dissertations related to the conduct, authorities and classes. This writing introduces these works and additionally considers their function in removing falsification from formal historiography in AbbasidEra as well as recording events consistent with the criteria of the school of prophets’ family.

The process and quiddity of relationship of Iranians with the prophet’s family is one of the significant issues of Iran’s history in the Islamic era. Is spite of great limitation, Imam Javad differently had relationship with Shiites resident in Iran particularly Jebal area such as Qom, Hamadan, and Rey.
Following a review on the main concepts utilized in the article, noting to the social conditions of Imam’s life and relying on all kinds of historical reports, this writing has endeavored to study the visits, letters, financial relationships, choosing representatives, and the other ways of Imam Javad’s interaction with Shiites resident in Qom, Hamadan, Rey, Qazvin, Aveh, Kashan, Isfahan, and Dinevar.
The findings of this research illustrates that Imam Javad’s relationship with Iranians has been much more than that of previous Imams.

The issue of martyrdom or the natural death of Shiite Imams has considerably attracted the attention of Shiism surveyors. Sheikh Saduq-381 After Hijrah- has considered the issue of martyrdom of all Imams as part of the Shiite’s beliefs, whereas Sheikh Mofid -413 After Hijrah- being reluctant on this belief has not accepted the martyrdom of many Imams. He believes that Imam Javad PBUH has naturally departed. The disagreement of these two great scholars regarding their highest position has led to various discussions in the recent years. Separating three historical, narrative and theological approaches, this writing has tried to study this issue relying on the historical evidences. It regards the disagreement of these two great scholars due to two various approaches in studding the issue and it also confirms that these two diverse view points can be of unity with one another.

The internal and external criticism of narrations concerning the relatives and people close to Imam can eliminate some of the historical ambiguities and illuminate a dark spot of the infallible imams’ life. It could be found some fake or factual information regarding Imam Javad’s mother in the historical sources. Following an explanation about the most important concepts utilized in the article, considering names, patronymic, birthplace, and khaizoran’s grave place, it has been endeavored to study three main narrations including the information on this great woman through taking advantage of historical data. These narrations thematically being classified as “the narration on disseminating Salutation to that majestic woman by Imam Kazem PBUH”, “the narration on Imam Javad‘s birth”, as well as “the narration on thought reading” are not much valid in terms of document.
Nevertheless, some of the contents of the first and the third narrations are deemed to be acceptable due to their consistency with the content of reliable narrations and the other historical evidences.

Exaggeration is considered as one of the intellectual trends against which Shiite Imam constantly fought. The study of various authoritative, sectology and historical sources illustrates that this intellectual trend had started in the previous time and it was still in progress in time of Imam Javad PBUH. Accordingly, that holiness like the other imams fought against it. This article explains in relation to the concept of exaggeration and its kinds and notes to the most significant exaggerator people and groups including some Sunnite people with exaggeratory beliefs about the first two caliphs. Afterward, it has stated the way of Imam’s encountering with them such as showing hatred, criticizing false thoughts and documenting to some verses of Holy Quran and traditions from Prophet Mohammad PBUH.