مجله رهیافت های سیاسی و بین المللی
سال چهارم شماره 4 (پیاپی 34، تابستان 1392)

The decadence of Muslim is an important subject in contemporary history and accordance with the community ‘s awareness and sensitivity to it, has always been a source of change. Muslims in the early centuries of history have brilliant civilization, however, especially from the Renaissance onward, unlike the progress of West, they have been involved in decadence and have created the Islamist Movement in Islamic societies. Ayatollah Morteza Motahari is one of the modernity seminaries and religious revivalists that his thoughts has important role in the reconstruction and redefining of Islamic teachings in the modern era. In this paper by intentional interpretation method, we survey the decadence of Muslim in his thoughts. According to the article achievements, Motahari detected that reasons of decadence are in Muslim history beliefs and foreign intervention, and the solution is correct ijtihad in meeting the requirements of time, correcting distortions and establishing an Islamic government.

The main goal of this research is to know the structure of the ideology of nation-building in the Pahlavi Iran. Also, it aims at illustrating the relationship among different signifiers in this ideology. Using the main concepts of “ideology critique” as a Lacanian- Ž􀆽 ižekian theory, the author shows that the ideology of nation-building in Pahlavi era included three layers of signifiers including ancient nationalism, authoritarian modernism and conventional religion which were articulated around “nation” as the master-signifier. Such an ideology manifested itself in such “realities” as centralism, uneven development and the weakening of native languages and cultural heritages. Finally, because this ideology like other ideologies could not capture the Real (in its Lacanian meaning) the Real returned and destroyed the purity claimed by the symbolic order. This returning was manifested as revolution.

Iran and Turkey’s different approaches on the international system have led to their foreign policy differences. Changes in Turkish foreign policy have adopted a new approach to the Middle East, and Iran is also seeking to win the developments to enhance the region’s political weight in the equations. The main question of this paper is that, what effect does the structure of the international system on Iran and Turkey foreign policy in the Middle East between 2002 and 2012? This hypothesis has also been proposed; the structure of the international system, according to Iran’s confrontational approach to international order, great deterrent for Iran’s foreign policy in the Middle East and in contrast, the international agreement and accept the established order by Turkey’s foreign policy that has acted as encouraging.

Space can be regarded as a sphere in which the events occur, and also it has significant impact on the space events, actions and reactions. Therefore, it has important functional role in the thinking of political theorists and creation of political concepts. Moreover, it is used as a means of political thinking. We can see these roles in thought of Hannah Arendt, Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe clearly. In thought of these thinkers, spatiality is a part that reconstructs politics. Of course they do not believe that space and politics is synonym, but all of them with a unique and innovative method use space to establishment of new relationships and links in order to the political.

In this paper, the effect of ending the Cold War and the change in the structure of international system on global health is studied. Experts believe that health is affected by a wide range of social and environmental factors. Changes in the international system affect political, social, economic and environmental conditions of human society, and this is expected to influence the global health from changing in the international system. The study of relation between global health and international system need to professional ability in two arena of health and international relation, so that none of them have not been arrived to study of this relation. Writers with attention to tradition of Alexander Wendt from social constructivism and the physical and semantic changes resulting from the transition to a hierarchical system, such as evolution in concept of sovereignty and interests, reach at the conclusion that the transformation of the international system and end of the Cold War has helped to improve global health, but to reach the ideal status of the global health requires further reform in international system.

New historicism has highlighted the reflection of the historical events in literary texts. Based on this view, the fictional language of literary texts creates no barrier for the study of historical trends within the text. In other words, due to their polyphonic nature, these texts are regarded as valuable resources for a critical interpretation of historical events. New historicists believe that representations and symbols of power, authority, conflict and tension used in literary texts are proper criteria for the evaluation of historical significances. In principal, texts of literature are products and representations of political narratives which are shaped around the power in a special historical period. Using this approach, the current study tries to examine the narrative-historical elements in “Wuthering Heights”, a novel which clearly indicates the class struggles in the Victorian England. The contrasts represented in the novel prove that, firstly, the aristocrats did not adopt a single approach in dealing with the new developments brought about by the Industrial Revolution. Secondly, part of the aristocrats’ rejection of the new developments was beyond the class issue. In other words, it was rooted in the aristocrats’ epistemological fear of losing the existing balance between the human and nature. As Emily Brontë elaborates in the novel, one of the main concerns at that time was the diminishing balance between culture and nature.

The US close coalition with Israel is the most significant component of the US foreign policy towards the Middle East. There are many reasons for this “special relation”: Israel is a strategic blessing for the US in the Middle East and even the world; the US responsibility and commitment towards the existence of Israel; cultural ties; pro-Israel powerful lobby in the US and finally apocalypticism and its various concepts such as millennialism, eschatology, anti-Christ and Armageddon which are manifested in Christian right, particularly evangelicals, Zionist Christians, puritans, Presbyterians and Mormons. This research deals with the significance of this religious political thought and its role in formation of the US foreign policy. In this regard, the author has examined religious texts, related movies, popular culture and literature in relation with apocalypticism. Beside religious texts, the author also deals with the secular apocalypticism and its relation with the US foreign policy towards Israel.