مجله اکو هیدرولوژی
سال دوم شماره 1 (بهار 1394)

One of the most basic issues that currently the country and even the world is faced with the problem of lack of water and drying up of rivers, wetlands, lakes and etc. In this context, investigated for the reasons and the effects and consequences is essential. In this study, we have tried to use the SWOT matrix for drying river Gamasyab be examined. In this regard, using the rating scale to the fundamental causes of the crisis was Gamasyab River based on weighted scores given by experts to be the most important strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats found. Investigation showed that the total internal factors evaluation matrix weighted rating strengths and weaknesses (3.02) from the mean value, which indicates that more companies and individuals in the management of the river and respond appropriately to internal factors of points it has used force against weaknesses. Also check matrix of external factors or environmental assessment showed that the total weighted scoring opportunities and threats (2.54) was lower than the mean value, which represents the companies and individuals involved in river management Gamasyab appropriate response to external factors Do not show weakness, and good use of the opportunities and deal with threats not yet well. With regard to the issues raised by the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats to internal and external factors stated SO, WO, ST and WT Gamasyab river was proposed to solve the crisis at the end of the plot, or a variety of competitive strategy best proposals to solve the crisis and the proper management of the river was Gamasyab.

Anzali lagoon is the most important aquatic ecosystems of northern Iran. This lagoon is very important in terms of environmental and economic. Deforestation in the Anzali lagoon is the most important environmental concerns of researchers. One of the polluting factors Anzali lagoon , river pollution is the entrance to the lagoon. By examining the landfill in Rasht , how to manage latex was investigated. As well as improving the existing landfill the amount of methane produced by the new landfill is studied. Latex from the landfill by creating new output will increase from 1.5 % to 20 %. In the case of groundwater pollution will be prevented. Due to the high amount of rainfall in the city of Rasht latex discharge 120 cubic meters per day will be. Methane produced from landfill can be used to produce energy. In 2015, the amount of methane produced more than 10 5 cubic meters per year. Assuming a constant amount of waste entering the landfill, methane production by 2050 is 1.4 * 10 5 . The amount of wastewater produced by the anaerobic digester is 210,000 cubic meters per day.

In the recent years, human activities have led to changes in land use and land cover, consequently, these changes lead to the structure and function of ecosystems. Spatial-Temporal Change Detection of land use is important to understand the relationships and interactions between human and natural resources and to make appropriate decisions Due to changes in land use and land cover occurs in broad surfaces, therefore, remote sensing technology is a useful tool for evaluating changes. The aim of this study is to investigate trend change of land use and land cover of the surrounding of the Zayandeh Rood River, as well as to investigate the water demand for agricultural land use of remote sensing and GIS techniques. For this purpose, the OLI images in 1392 and ETM Landsat images of 1382, after correction and preprocessing required, land use /land cover map were produced using the hybrid classification, based on maximum likelihood image processing in 10 classes. The post-classification methods was used to monitor changes in the period of 10 years. The results showed that in the period, dried, more than 40 percent of the Gavkhooni wetland and Zayandeh Rood, the area as well as suffering damage to the structure and the physical – social and ecological sustainability. 19/2 percent increased was observed in the agricultural land in the western part of the study area when the amount of water consumption in the western part in the period 1382 -1392, 52/59 and 60/22 percent, respectively. After that central part, and the lowest water consumption was calculated for irrigated farming in the eastern part. Salty lands have been developed during this period, more than 90 percent. Urban expansion has occurred in the period 1382 -1392 with an area of ​​552 hectares per year.

Limitation of water resources in the earth has turned it as a valuable economic commodity. Accordingly, the agricultural sector of which according to studies has the largest wasted water should be managed. Therefore, it is advisable to use the application of methods and programming models such as the decision support system along with the abilities of GIS in order to management of the water resources. The simultaneous use and the combination of these two modern systems will bring into existence integrated management and correct decision in the allocation and distribution of water.
In the previous researches the investigators studied water allocation management in its statistical and descriptive field. Therefore, in this study by use of decision support system along with the capabilities of GIS has been presented a strategy for correct allocate, proper and optimization use from water in agricultural lands on the basis of spatiality. For this purpose, process of the temporal program of cultivation has been optimized primarily in irrigation networks by using of the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm. Then, descriptive data has been modeled in GIS and consequently, the procedures of performing spatial optimization algorithm and water allocation has been provided, automatically.
The results of this study, after the optimizing of water allocation on the studied lands, indicates that the amount of water shortage has reduced in the optimal allocation in comparison with the allocation as traditional and non-optimal, considerably.

The role of unit hydrograph is very important in prediction of floods in the rivers, design protection and control structures in the catchment area. Therefore in the basin without hydrometric stations, by using mathematical and empirical relationship and based on climatic data, the water level in the basin is estimated. Two methods of Geomorphologic Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph and Width Function Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph, Due to use of the watershed physical characteristics and GIS software, estimate the instantaneous unit hydrograph in ungauged basin with reasonable accuracy. WFIUH method for allocating different flow rate in hillslope and the main canal basin, is more coordinated with reality. In this article instantaneous unit hydrograph of Ghorveh basin with an area equal to 14/67 km in Kurdistan, with the help of GIS and ArcHydro extension and PEM4PIT extracted. The results of this two methods were compared and showed that concentration time estimate approximately the same by each method, almost 4.6 hours. But WFIUH method by utilizing the flow rate proportional to slope, covering more detail in it.

Accurate analysis and interpolation of heavy metals, especially arsenic concentrationin ground watercan play a significant role in planning and continuous monitoring of water resources. The analysis may also prevent human health issues.The purpose of this paper was to evaluate newly published Sugeno type fuzzy inference system as an interpolation method for estimating the amount of arsenic in Khoy Aquifer. It is done by assessinginverse distance weighting (IDW), Kriging (simple, ordinary and universal), Cokriging and Sugeno type fuzzy inference system. The results after optimization of the influencing factors in the interpolation methods indicated that RMSE, due to the low density and odd arrangement of wells, for all of the interpolation methods is high. Among the methods that did not use the auxiliary data, soft computing and IDW, with 53ppb and 56ppb RMSE respectively, lays better estimation than Kriging methods.Chlorine (Cl), Sodium (Na) and Iron (Fe) were used as auxiliary data. These data improved the accuracy of kriging and fuzzy methods by 46% and 51% than single univariate methods. The main cause of 19% improvement of the fuzzy method is attributed to its independence of normal distribution. The results showed that fuzzy Sugeno in the modeling of interpolation is more flexible and easier to execute (in terms of both user’s knowledge and in software development).

In this research the chaocity of precipitation time series in daily, weekly and monthly scales in the Pole-Kohneh and Ghourbaghestan Stations located in Qarah-Soo watershed is investigated. In order to reassure about the absence of stochastic behavior of the time series, method of surrogate data is applied. Thereafter, the aperiodicity of the time series is investigated using power spectrum analysis. The results of chaocity investigation indicates that according to correlation dimension method and Lyapunov exponent, the daily scale is not chaotic but weekly and monthly scales are chaotic (existence of the largest Lyapunov exponent and correlation dimension between 4 to 7). Also, the phase space reconstruction is done using time delay and embedding dimension method (embedding dimensions of 7 to 10 and time delay of 2 to 4 for Pole-Kohneh Station; embedding dimensions of 9 to 19 and time delay of 2 to 3 for Ghourbaghestan Station). Findings of the research indicate the stochasticity of short term precipitation time series (daily) and chaosity of medium term precipitation time series (weekly and monthly).

Sub basin prioritization is one of the integrated watershed management and sustainable development strategies. To protect natural resources, through marking zones of potential damage in small areas for is a primary need sustainable development. Degradation potential zones project for watershed protection measures is not cost-effective economically. So this is a prerequisite for sub basin prioritization. Morphometric analysis has received great deal of attention thanks to low cost and productivity. So the present research aims to prioritize subbasins of Marave tappeh basin in Golestan province using morphometric and GIS. in morphometric analysis parameters, compression ratio, roundness factor, form factor, elongation factor, frequency, channels, drainage density, branching ratio, drainage texture, shape, area, length and duration of current flow are calculated through the ground and Arc Hydro ARCGIS. These parameter are divided into linear (directly related to erosion) and shape parameters (inversely related to erosion). Finally, each sub-basin was prioritized given total morphpmetric parameters and sub-basin C3 was found to be critical and Cint1 was much more suitable than others. Field studies illustrate that as subbasin C3 has highest erosion rate and poor soil condition ( Hydrological group C). So such researches are low-cost and fast by which watersheds are prioritized to management measures.

The main purpose of this study is landslide Hazard assessment the Ziarat watershed (Golestan province) using Information value and LNRF models within geographic information. At first stage, a landslide inventory map was prepared in the study area using earlier reports and aerial photographs, and a total of 50 landslides was mapped and out of which 35 (70%) were randomly selected for building landslide susceptibility model, while the remaining 15 (30%) were used for validating the model. In the second stage, fourteen data layers were used as landslide conditioning factors for Hazard mapping. These factors are slope percent and aspect, altitude, plan curvature, precipitation amount, lithology, land use, soil texture, distance from faults, distance from rivers, distance from roads, topographic wetness index (TWI) and stream power, CTI (Sediment Transport Index)and stream power index (SPI). Afterward, landslide Hazard zoning map was produced using information value and LNRF models. For verification, the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were drawn and the areas under the curve (AUC) calculated. The Verification results showed that the area under the curve for Information value and LNRF is equal to 98.2 and 80.4 % with standard errors of 0.018 and 0.08, respectively. So, the produced Hazard maps will be useful for general land use planning and hazard mitigation purpose. Thus, the landslide hazard mapping produced from this study will be useful to the planners and engineers to reorganize the areas which are susceptible for landslide hazard and they may evolve suitable remedial measures for Hazard reduction and management.

Eshtehard aquifers are Shoor River's catchment basin and water potential in different areas. Eshtehard aquifers, because of the diversity of geological formations and structures have different quality and quantity. This paper aims, to determine the relationship between quantitative and qualitative characteristics of water resources with the lithology and structural geological features of the area. In order to determine the scope of the area to survey and identify Eshtehard and distribution of geological formations and faults location using available geological maps ,then identify the wells and using the results of analysis of water samples from the map of the concentration of chlorine, sulfate, calcium, magnesium, etc. were traced. Interpretation of drawn map showed that the highest concentration of plains and the northern half of them changes, the mountains to the North and East of the center, which is consistent with passion Shoor River’s according to the results of water quality, northern plain the type and sodium chloride for drinking in the area of moderate to very unpleasant and harmful for agriculture in the category passion for agriculture are. As a result of salt in the northern of Plain along with the drop in water levels in the central of plain region have had a great impact on water quality.