مجله دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایلام
سال بیست و هفتم شماره 1 (پیاپی 114، فروردین 1398)

Alzheimer's disease is the most common neurodegenerative disorder. Due to the neurodegenerative effect of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) this study aimed at investigating the effect of this plant on the improvement of learning and memory in rat models of Alzheimer's disease. The male Wistar rats were assigned into six groups, namely the control group (no injection), sham group (saline injection), experimental group (injection of beta-amyloid (40-1). The other three groups received 75, 140, and 250 ml/kg of fennel extract intraperitoneally 7 days before and 3 weeks after bilateral intraventricular beta-amyloid injection. Shuttle box was used to study the learning and memory behavior of the rats; moreover hematoxylin-eosin staining was conducted for histological studies. According to the results, fennel extract at a dose of 140 mg/kg increased behavioral indicators in measuring the passive avoidance memory in the Alzheimer's group, compared to the sham group (P<0.001). Moreover, optical microscopy studies showed a significant decrease in tissue damage and an increase in the number of Nissl bodies stained in CA1 hippocampal region, especially in pyramidal layer, in Alzheimer's disease-induced rats treated with fennel extract at a dose of 140 mg/kg. In this study, fennel extract shows the neuroprotective effect against Alzheimer’s disease induced by beta-amyloid (40-1). the observed improvements are probably related with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and pseudo-estrogenic properties of this plant.

The importance of research and knowledge production is critical worldwide. Therefore, the number of researchers and published articles as well as the volume of investment in research is considered the indicators of development in any country. Accordingly, the most important factor in the progress and prosperity of research is to recognize the challenges and barriers. Various studies have been carried out at the Universities of Medical Sciences in order to identify the barriers to knowledge production regarding the stakeholders’ viewpoints. Therefore, this study aimed to identify barriers to knowledge production from the viewpoint of faculty members, research experts, and students in Iran. This systematic review was conducted utilizing the articles and documents on Iranian web sites (i.e., Magiran, Iran medex, SID, and Medlib) as well as foreign databases (i.e., Google scholar, PubMed, and Scopus) without any time limit. Moreover, the keywords in the titles of articles were employed in the search process. Totally, 16 articles and one documentary were identified in the search process. Out of all, 13 and 3 articles compared the viewpoints of faculty members and the views of faculty members with research experts, respectively. According to faculty members’ viewpoints lack of time due to heavy workload, policies to encourage researchers, adequate funding, appropriate promotion system for faculty members, and human resource shortages were the main research barriers in medical sciences. On the other hand, the research experts indicated the lack of teamwork culture and existence of defects in goals and programs as the most important challenges in research implementation. Moreover, lack of research priorities, motivation for research, cooperation with researchers, and adequate funding were the main obstacles in viewpoints of students. According to the results, the faculty members share same viewpoints regarding research barriers despite the variety in locations geographically and diversity in data collection tools. Generally, lack of research funding was considered as the main research barrier. Moreover, the complexity in research approval processes ranked the second main challenge confronting the researchers in the field of medical sciences.

The most common causes of traumatic brain injury are vehicle crashes, including motorcycles, which lead to long-term disabilities. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of mild brain trauma on intelligence and memory function in motorcycle riders suffering from mild tumor injury. In this prospective cohort study, intelligence and memory functions of 87 motorcyclists suffering from mild traumatic brain injury were investigated at the beginning of the study (M=0, IQ=0) and six months after the trauma (M=6, IQ=6) using Wechsler intelligence and memory scale. Moreover, the obtained results were compared with those of 87 normal people. Data were analyzed using ANCOVA, the Chi-square and independent t-test. The mean score of the Wechsler memory scale in motorcycle riders with mild traumatic brain injury were similar to those of normal subjects at the beginning of the study. However, this score was lower in traumatic brain injury patients six months after the trauma, compared to normal people. Moreover, the obtained results showed a significant difference between the intelligence function of traumatic brain injury patients and that of normal people only six months after the trauma (P≤0.05). According to the results, patients with mild traumatic memory and conceptualization are slightly weaker than normal patients. In addition, there was a significant difference between the patients and normal people regarding the intelligence function. Cognitive rehabilitation is one of the necessary psychological interventions for the treatment of patients with traumatic brain injuries.

Azo dyes are the most commonly used colors in textile industry. These colors are among the pollutant materials in the environment. Moreover, they are discharged into the environment in combination with industrial wastewater and pollute the ecosystem. The purpose of this study was to isolate and detect bacteria biodegrading Methyl Red and Rubin Dyprsy colors from dye waste water. The soil samples and wastewaters from textile dyeing workshops, were utilized in this study. The samples were cultivated on a nutrient agar (N.A) medium containing the desired colors, and some of them were isolated from bacterial colonies after checking. After purification, 100 μl of bacterial stocks and colors at a concentration of 200 ppm were inoculated into the medium containing nutrient broth (N.B) with pH=7. Subsequently, the samples were incubated at 30° C for 6-7 days. The samples were separated and optical density of samples was measured using spectrophotometer after centrifugation in appropriate wavelength for each color (450 nm for Rubin Dyprsy and 490 nm for Methyl Red). Moreover, Gram staining and biochemical tests were carried out to identify strains. According to the results, 8 Gram-positive cocci and coccobacilli strains showed the most capability to degrade evaluated colors. The highest rates of decolorization by O3 and Y4 were observed for Rubin Dyprsy (46.80%) and Methyl Red (80%), respectively. The results showed that indigenous strains can be used for biodegradation of industrial dyes under applicable conditions.

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive technique used to modify the activity of the cortex of the brain. This form of current is capable of inducing changes in the electrical activity inside and outside of the neurons, which leads to a change in the resting membrane potential and thus improves the efficiency of the neural synapse. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of tDCS over motor cortex on strength and endurance performance of healthy collegiate subjects. In total, 10 young and healthy male subjects (age range: 21.23±1.41 year) voluntarily participated in this study. One-repetition maximum (1 RM) of knee extension and anthropometric measurements were determined on the first session. In the next session, the subjects performed 4 sets with 90% of 1 RM to exhaustion for right knee extensors on the leg extension. In the other session, 3 sets with 70% of 1 RM to exhaustion for the right elbow flexors was performed with an interval of 72 h on the preacher curl machine. The rest time between the turns in the activity of the knee-lowering muscles and elbow flexing of the elbows was 3 min and 90 sec, respectively. Meanwhile, the electrical activity of the involved muscles and the number of repetitions performed in each set were recorded in this study. Immediately after performing all sets, anodal stimulation (2 mA for 15 min) and sham (2 mA for 15 min, which was interrupted after 30 sec) were used in two sessions in a randomized cross-over design over cranium of the subjects. The electrodes (anode and reference) were connected to a constant current excitation device with a maximum of 10 mA. Immediately after applying tDCS, the subjects again performed the initial tests, and the electrical activity of the involved muscles and the number of repetitions were re-recorded in each set. The electromyography signal amplitude data were collected using a 2000 Hz electromyography device. Data were analyzed using ANCOVA. P-value less than 0.05 were regarded statistically significant. Ethics code: IR.LUMS.REC.1396.303  The results showed a significant difference within the two stimulation methods regarding the number of repetitions and the volume of work performed in the strength training session (P=0.001). However, there was no significant difference within the two stimulation methods in terms of the number of repetitions and the volume of work performed in the endurance training session (P>0.05). Moreover, no significant difference was observed within the two stimulation methods regarding the electrical activity of rectus femoris (P=0.197), vastus lateralis (P=0.363), vastus medialis (P=0.227), and biceps brachialis (P=0.078) muscles before and after the treatment. The results of this study indicate that an anodal tDCS stimulation session leads to an increase in the strength of the knee extensor muscles. However, it has no effect on the endurance performance of elbow flexors which may result from the electrode montage in this study. Moreover, an anodal tDCS stimulation session has no significant effect on the muscular electrical activity during performing strength and endurance activities.

Vibrio cholera is a gram-negative bacterium that causes cholera which is an acute diarrheal illness. Cholera outbreak mostly happens in hot seasons when the bacteria reproduce rapidly in water contaminated with feces. Severe diarrhea and mortality have been the prevalent symptoms of cholera which affect the hygienic status and economic features of humans during centuries. There is a challenge currently to plan and propose a quick and reliable method to detect vibrio cholera which has been one of the fast growing and contagious disease in this decade. New Zealand white rabbits were immunized with vibrio cholera Ogawa and Inaba whole cells. The obtained gamma globulin from the whole serum was purified through ammonium sulfate precipitation method and then concentrated in this study. Subsequently, the purity of these antigens increased with the use of mixed mode-chromatography in the next step. The purified antibodies were connected to staphylococcus aureus cowan 1 NCTC-8325 whole cells. Rectal swab samples were inoculated into an enriched Alkaline Peptone Water medium (pH 8.6) incubated for 5 h at 37 °C. One drop from each sample was mixed with one drop of vibrio cholera co-agglutination complex. Subsequently, the results were read in 2-3 min. The obtained results showed 97%, 99%, and 98% of sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy from the proposed assay, respectively, compared to the standard culture methods. This proposed assay is considered as a rapid and reliable method to evaluate endemic or epidemic transmission of fatal illnesses. The proposed co-agglutination test is a simple, rapid, and reliable method to detect Vibrio cholera in fecal specimens. This method can be utilized to detect and control severe diarrhea which results from vibrio leading to the prevention of mortality, especially in areas with minimal laboratory facilities.

Salmonella typhimurium is one of the most important causes of gastrointestinal diseases in humans and animals. Probiotics inhibit pathogens, such as Salmonella Typhimurium by producing antimicrobial compounds. Therefore, this study assessed the protective effect of Lactobacillus casei on hematological factors in rats infected with Salmonella typhimurium with the possibility of salmonellosis treatment. Totally, 32 male rats (150±20 g) were purchased and randomly divided into four groups, namely injection control group (A), infected with Salmonella typhimurium (1.5×108 CFU/ml) (B), treated with Lactobacillus casei (C), and infected with Salmonella typhimurium and treated with Lactobacillus casei (D). After the treatment, the blood sample was taken in order to evaluate blood parameters. In addition, a part of the liver tissue was separated and stained with hematoxylin-eosin. The other part was homogenized and cultured based on pour plate method. Subsequently, the number of pathogen colonies was counted in tissues. According to the results, the number of lymphocytes, monocytes, and basophiles had increased significantly in group B than those in the control group. Histopathological changes and cell death were evident in the livers of the group B. However; the liver tissues of other groups had normal appearance. In addition, the growth of Salmonella Typhimurium bacteria was significantly lower in group D, compared to group B. The results showed that Lactobacillus casei could overcome Salmonella Typhimurium without any adverse effects on hematological and histopathological factors and it could prevent the development of disease to some extent.

High volumes of wastewater along with contaminants, such as colloids and dyes are discharged from different industries into the environment. These wastewaters create major problems and serious threats for water resources. Therefore, it is essential to treat such wastewaters and reach the effluent discharge standards. In this regard, chitosan as a coagulant has a comparable performance with other coagulants. Moreover, the addition of chitosan and removal of turbidity probably lead to higher efficiency of nanoparticles in lower dosages which is investigated in the current study. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the efficiency of chitosan and magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles for the removal of color and turbidity. Synthetic wastewater was prepared by mixing specific amounts of bentonite and direct blue 71 dye in distilled water. After the preparation of different concentrations of color and turbidity, the experiments were conducted with different dosages of chitosan and MgO separately and in combination. The influence of variables such as pH, initial concentration of dye and turbidity, MgO and chitosan dosages on removal efficiency was investigated in this study. According to the results, the highest rate of color and turbidity removal was obtained at 1.5 mg/L chitosan in combination with 1.5 g/L MgO with the efficiency of 97.5%. In addition, the highest removal efficiency was obtained at pH of 7. Due to the need for high doses of MgO in high turbidities, the use of chitosan as a coagulant can be effective in reducing the use of MgO.

Staphylococcus aureus is one of the critical pathogens resulted in hospital land community-acquired infections. Aminoglycosides are potent bactericidal agents that are often used in staphylococcal infection treatment in combination with a beta-lactam or glycopeptide antibiotics. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of encoding gene ofaac (6΄)-Ie/aph (2˝).This gene is one of the important aminoglycoside modifying enzymes in combination with mecA which results in methicillin resistance. In doing so, disk diffusion and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods were utilized in clinical isolates of methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). In the current study, 174 clinical isolates of MRSA were obtained from different clinical specimens, including blood, sputum, trachea, brunch, pleura, urine, wound, and catheter. Antibiotic resistance of erythromycin, clindamycin, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, cefazolin, rifampicin, doxycycline, cotrimoxazole and vancomycin was determined using Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion test method according to the CLSI guidelines. The presence of MRSA was confirmed using oxacillin and cefoxitin anti biotic disc diffusion. Subsequently, DNA of MRSA isolates was investigated to detect mecA and aminoglycoside resistance aac (6΄)-Ie/aph (2˝) genes using PCR. The results obtained from biogram anti-microbial susceptibility test system indicated that all of the isolates were resistant to oxacillin and cefoxitin. All of the isolates were sensitive to vancomycin and majority of them were resistant to erythromycin (84.8%). According to PCR test results, 100 and 78.3% of the isolates were positive for the mecA and aac(6′)/aph(2˝)-Ia genes, respectively. According to the results, the aminoglycoside resistance geneswere highly prevalent in MRSA isolates.

Valproate as an effective antiepileptic drug is used for the treatment of partial and generalized seizure in adults and children. This medication causes biochemical changes in liver functions and behavioral changes in childhood. Therefore, this study evaluated the effects of valproate on locomotor activity, balance, hepatic enzymes, and serum lipid profiles in immature female rats. Postnatal female rats (23 days) were divided in two groups. The first group received valproate (200 mg/Kg/day) for two weeks and the second received saline. All injections were performed intraperitoneally. Locomotor activity and balance were evaluated using open field and rotarod apparatus, respectively. Subsequently, cholesterol (HDL, LDL, TC), triglyceride (TG), SGOT and SGPT enzymes in serum were measured. Valproate decreased motor activity and increased hepatic enzymes (SGPT) and alkaline phosphatase. However, it had no effect on balance and serum lipid profiles. Subchronic injection of valproate has probably no effect on serum lipid profiles while increasing serum hepatic enzymes and reducing locomotor activity. Therefore, it seems that side effects of valproate occur with its long-term administration.

Depression is one of the most important psychological disorders in people with epilepsy. However, the effect of seizure on depression during pregnancy has not been studied experimentally. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the effect of Seizure on depression in pregnant mice under treatment with pentylenetetrazol (PTZ). After pregnancy stabilization in mice, one group was classified as the naive group.  the rest of the kindled mice were assigned into three groups including: seizure induction group between the 14th and 19th days of pregnancy once in 48 hours, the sham group received normal saline equal to PTZ intraperitoneally on the 14th and 19th days of pregnancy once in 48 hours and the control group which consisted of pregnant mice kindled without injection during pregnancy. The rate of depression in pregnant mice was measured between 14th and 19th days of pregnancy once in 48 hours and two h after PTZ injection using Forced Swim Test. The results showed that depression in PTZ-treated pregnant mice was significantly higher than in other groups; moreover, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). According to the obtained results, seizure in pregnancy results in the increase of drpression levels consequently, it is necessary to identify patients in order to prevent them from depression and therefore avoid negative effects of depression on offspring.

One of the consequences of diabetes is an angiogenesis disorder. Physical activity plays an important role in the improvement of this disorder. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of moderate aerobic training on serum levels of angiogenic (NO, VEGF) and angiostatic (ES) factors in women with type 2 diabetes. In this randomized clinical trial with pretest-posttest design, 28 women with type 2 diabetes, age range of 40-50 years , and mean weight  of 70.58 ± 2.11 were randomly assigned into control and exercise groups (n=14). The training intervention included 8 weeks of moderate aerobic exercises (60-70% HR max) for 60 min each session and 5 times per week. Metabolic parameters and serum levels of NO, VEGF and ES were evaluated before and 48 h after the exercise protocol. Statistical analysis was performed using repeated measure ANOVA in SPSS software (Version 24) (P<0.05). Eight weeks of aerobic training in women with type 2 diabetes caused a significant increase in NO (P=0.09), VEGF (P=0.014), insulin sensitivity (P=0.01), and HDL (P=0.040). However, there was no significant increase in ES(P=0.103). Moreover a significant decrease was observed in weight, body mass index, fasting blood glucose, triglyceride, A1C (P=0.01), low density lipoprotein (P=0.029), and cholesterol (P=0.012), compared to the control group. Mild regular aerobic exercise seems to have a protective effect against vascular problems due to the improvement of serum levels of angiogenesis and metabolic parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a common neurodegenerative disease leading to the movement disorder and destruction of myelin. Physical exercise delays the onset of neurodegenerative processes by preventing the destruction of myelin and oligodendrocytes. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of high-intensity exercise preconditioning on gene expression associated with mylein synthesis and a nerve growth factor-induced gene (NGF) in hippocampus of an animal model of demyelination induced by cuprizone (CPZ).
 
Materials & In total, 40 male C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned into 4 groups, namely control (C), cuprizone induced demyelination (CPZ), high-intensity interval training (HIIT), and interval training plus CPZ (ITCPZ). The training program was performed on treadmills for 4 weeks, followed by MS induction with 0.2% cuprizone feeding. Meanwhile, the training program continued for 5 weeks with MS induction. The incidence of MS was confirmed by open field test. A real time-PCR was utilzied for the measurment of NGF gene expression, myline basci protein (MBP), and mylein proteolipid protein (PLP). The hippocampus was also stained with hematoxylin-eosin to measure the number of oligodendrocytes.
 
The results showed that the CPZ group had poorer motor activity, lower expression of NGF, lower levels of MBP, and PLP, and fewer oligodendrocytes in hippocampus than those in control group (P<0.05). In addition, the mRNA levels of NGF, MBP, and PLP as well as the number of oligodendrocyte cells increased in ITCPZ group, compared to the CPZ group (P<0.05). Moreover, cuprizone prevented the abnormal motor activity.
 
Discussion & According to the results, high-intensity exercise preconditioning could enhance the remyelination process in hippocampus. Moreover, it improved neuroprotective effect against MS by increasing the expression of NGF gene in hippocampus.

Reduced lower extremity range of motion and movement leads to a decrease in movement efficiency; accordingly, it is vital to maintain the range of motion to prevent damage and improve functions. The purpose of this study was to compare the short term and durability effects of Instrument Assisted Soft Tissue Mobilization (IASTM) and Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF) techniques on ankle-dorsiflexion range of motion (ROM) among young soccer players. In total, 30 young soccer player from Isfahan Premier League (Asia Vision) participated in this semi-experimental study. The participants were selected based on their availability and randomly assigned into IASTM technique (N=15) and PNF stretching exercise (N=15) groups. The ankle-dorsiflexion ROM was measured using digital goniometer three times, including pre, post and after 1 week of follow up. The results of Mann-Whitney U test indicated a significant difference between pre-test (P=0.01, Z=-2.58) and durability period (P=0.036, Z=-2.09) regarding ankle-dorsiflexion ROM. Moreover, IASTM exercises led to the increase of both ROM and durability,compared to PNF. In addition, the results showed a significant difference within groups in terms of the time of measurements for the ankle-dorsiflexion ROM (P=0.001). The IASTM technique showed a better effect, compared to PNF stretching exercises, regarding ankle- dorsiflexion ROM both in short and long terms among young soccer players.

The scapula movement control disorder is an important factor in the incidence of upper limb abnormalities that influences sensory-motor control. There is a dearth of research on the persistence effects of training exercises. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the persistence effects (after six months) of two exercises controlling the scapula and corrective movements on neck pain and angle of head among males with forward head. In total, 20 males with forward head disorder who referred to Science and Movement Center in Ilam were selected in this city. The patients were randomly divided into experimental (n=10, age=35.13±3.12, height=177±1.12, weight=63.10±3.28) and control (n=10, age=36.11±1.75, height=179±1.64, weight=62.12±4.12) groups. The experimental group was subjected to exercise training program three times a week for eight weeks. The program included exercises controlling the movements of the scapula with the emphasis on the maintenance of correct posture, prevention of compensatory motor patterns and providing motion feedback to improve the coordination of the shoulder joint with the shoulder belt assembly. The control group performed their normal corrective exercises focusing on strengthening weakened muscles and stretching shortened muscles. Side scapular movements, neck pain, and forward head angles were measured using side scapular movement test, visual analog scale, and digital goniometer before and after the treatment. Moreover, pre-training tests were repeated after six months. Data analysis was performed using repeated measure variance. The results showed that the effects of training after six months on the neck pain and the angle of forward head variables were more significant in the scapula control training group, compared to the corrective exercise group (P =0.001). Moreover, the results indicated that controlling scapula movement training can reduce side scapular movements (0-degree, P=0.01, 45-degree P=0.01, 90-degree P=0.012), neck pain (P=0.018) and the angle of forward head (P=0.019). Due to the better persistence effects of exercise controlling the scapula movements, this method can be used to reduce neck pain and angle of forward head in people with forward head complications.

Due to the increasing prevalence of patients with hypertension in Iran and the world as well as the adverse impact of this disease on quality of life, there is an urgent need to develop effective and empirically supported psychological interventions in this population. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of compassion-focused therapy on blood pressure and the quality of life in women with hypertension. This quasi-experimental study was of pretest-posttest control group design which included a total of 30 women with hyprtension. After initial clinical assessment, the patients who met the inclusion criteria were assigned into two groups of compassion-focused and control group (n=15) using non-probability sampling. In addition to medical treatment, the experimental group received 8 sessions of compassion-focused health care. However, the control group received only medication. The data were collected using a sphygmomanometer (digital type) and the World Health Organization's Quality of Life Questionnaire. In addition, multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) was utilized in order to analyze the data. The results showed the effectiveness of compassion-focused therapy on lowering systolic hypertension and the quality of life in women who referred to the health centers. In other words, compassion-focused therapy reduced systolic blood pressure (0.018) and increased the quality of life (P<0.001) of patients with hypertension. However, compassion-focused therapy had no effect on reducing diastolic blood pressure (0.073). Hypertension affects quality of life of many women, and it is regarded one of the main causes of heart disease and stroke in this population unless it is treated. Blood pressure associated with vascular aging is expected to be a dominant phenotype in many countries, especially in Asia. The influence of compassion-focused therapy in reducing systolic blood pressure and increaseing the quality of life of patients with hypertension have practical implications for clinicians and health care providers working in health centers.

Scapular orientation and movements can affect the function of the shoulder. Changes in scapular alignment or movement in shoulder regions have the potential to alter the kinetic chain of the body. Therefore, this study aimed at comparing scapular stabilization and conscious control training on postural variables, pain, and selected muscle strength in patients with scapular dyskinesia. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 44 female subjects who suffered from scapula dyskinesia (inferior angle and medial border prominent pattern). The mean age, height, and weight of the subjects were 26±1.94, 165.7±4.12 cm, and 55.1±3.31 kg, respectively. The participants were selected purposefully and randomly assigned into stabilization (n=15), conscious control training (n=15) and control groups (n=14). A handheld dynamometer, visual analogue scale, a goniometer, and a ruler were utilized in order to determine the isometric strength of selected scapular muscles, the amount of pain, the amount of forward head angle, and the length of pectoralis minor index, respectively. The experimental groups were subjected to scapular stabilization and conscious control training three days weekly for six weeks. The results showed that the amount of forward head inclination (P1=0.02, P2=0.03) and pain (P1=0.03, P2=0.04) decreased significantly in experimental groups. In addition, the strength of serratus anterior muscles (P1=0.05) and supraspinatus (P1=0.04) increased significantly in conscious control training group. There was also an increase in the strength of lower trapezius (P1=0.00, P2=0.01) and flexibility of pectoralis minor muscle in both groups (P1=0.00, P2=0.00) as well as middle trapezius in stabilization group (P2=0.05). However, there was no increase in the strength of serratus anterior muscles (P2=0.08), and supraspinatus (P2=0.07) in stabilization group, middle trapezius in conscious control group (P1=0.12), and infraspinatus in both groups (P1=0.14, P2=0.93). Furthermore, no significant differences were observed between the two experimental groups regarding the variables under study. The results of the study showed that six weeks of interventions may result in the reduction of pain, improvement of selected scapular muscle strength and postural variables. It can be said that the stabilization and conscious control trainings improve the direction and movement of the scapula in people with scapular dyskinesia. According to the results, the effect of exercise therapy is confirmed as a safe technique for the improvement of postural disabilities. Therefore, it is suggested that stabilization and conscious control trainings be used with other general shoulder exercise protocols.

Behcet's disease is an autoimmune disease that can affect various parts of the body. This disease manifests itself with skin, oral and ocular lesions. Although it is an idiopathic disease, various factors, including environmental and genetic factors, contribute to the onset of it. In this study, the association between two polymorphisms, namely rs13075270 and rs13092160 of CCR1 and CCR3 genes and susceptibility to Behcet’s disease were investigated in Iranian population. Totally, 100 patients with Behcet's disease and 100 healthy individuals were selected in this study. After DNA sampling and extraction, polymorphisms of CCR1 and CCR3 receptor genes were examined using PCR-RFLP method. The findings were analyzed in SPSS software (Version 22). P-value less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. According to the results, the frequencies of CT genotype of rs13092160 polymorphism in the patient and control groups were 18% and 23%, respectively; moreover, the frequencies of TT genotype were 82% and 77%, respectively. Furthermore, the frequencies of CC genotype of rs13075270 polymorphism were 1% and 5%, the frequencies of CT genotype were 80% and 19%, and TT genotype were 19% and 76% in the patient and control groups, respectively. In rs13075270 polymorphism, CT genotype is associated with Behcet’s disease (P<0.005). Moreover, there is no significant difference between the patients with Behcet's disease and the control group regarding the rs13092160 polymorphism.

Changes in plasma adipicin and inflammatory parameters in type 2 diabetes are due to obesity and directly related to the condition of diabetes. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of High intensity interval training (HIIT) on the ratio of adiponectin to leptin and C-reactive protein (CRP) in type 2 diabetic rats.

In this experimental study, 42 Wistar rats with mean weight of 205±54 were randomly assigned to healthy control, diabetic control and diabetic training groups. The diabetic training group received ten weeks of HIIT training following the induction of diabetes. At the end of the experimental period, blood samples were taken to assess leptin, adiponectin and insulin resistance. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test at a significant level of 0.05%.

The induction of diabetes by streptozotocin-nicotinamide resulted in a significant decrease in adiponectin (P =0.000) and leptin (P=0.000) and a significant increase in C-reactive protein (P=0.000) in diabetic control group compared to healthy control group Became 10 weeks of HIIT training resulted in a significant decrease in fasting blood glucose (P=0.109), C-reactive protein (P=0.024), and a significant increase in serum leptin levels (P=0.001), adiponectin (P=0.42) In the HIIT training group compared to the diabetic control group.

It seems that HIIT training improves inflammation (C-reactive protein) in type 2 diabetic rats by altering serum levels of adiponectin and leptin. In the present study, 10 weeks of HIIT training led to an increase in the ratio of adiponectin to leptin and consequent reduction of C-reactive protein.

The identification of asthma risk factors plays an important role in the prevention of the asthma as well as reducing the severity of symptoms. Nowadays, the identification process can be performed using modern techniques. Data mining is one of the techniques which has many applications in the fields of diagnosis, prediction, and treatment. This study aimed to identify the effective factors on asthma to provide a predictive model using data mining algorithms. This descriptive study with a practical approach included 220 data bases. The data were collected using a checklist and interviews from the patients referred to clinical centers of Shahid Sadoughi Hospital in Yazd, Iran, during 2014. The data were analyzed in SPSS IBM Modeler software (Version 14.2). Moreover, the CHAID decision tree,C5 algorithm, neural network algorithm, and Bayesian network algorithm were utilized in the modeling. In total, 12 variables were determined as the most influential factors in this study. The accuracy of the model on the data was estimated at 72.73%, 69.1%, 70.9%, and 65.45% in the CHAID algorithm, C5, Bayesian network, and the neural network, respectively. According to the results, the performance accuracy of the model obtained from CHAID decision tree algorithm (73/72%) was higher than that of the other models. Moreover, an individual’s risk of asthma can be predicted with regard to the predictive factors and the established rules for a new sample with distinctive features.