مجله دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایلام
سال شانزدهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 61، زمستان 1387)

American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) presumed that for normal people, heart rate (HR) monitoring represents a promising tool for measurement, because it is a physiological parameter that correlates well with energy expenditure (VO2) and since HR monitoring in fielded exercise or rehabilitation is facilitated and feasible,many more studies used %HRmax as a suitable method for prediction of %VO2max. Recently, some researches showed that relationship between %HRmax and %VO2max described by ACSM is not applicable to some patients or handicapped people. The objective of this investigation was to determine the relationship between %HRmax and %VO2max in 25 teenagers with diplegia spastic cerebral palsy (12±2 years old). HR and VO2 responses to McMaster ergometry protocol monitored continuously at rest, end of each stage and the end of protocol in 25 teenagers with spastic participated in this study voluntarily and the consent of their parents as well as specialist physician. These parameters were then used for calculation of %HRmax and %VO2max in the subjects. Regression analyses were conducted to determine correlation between these indexes. Linear regressions of %HRmax and %VO2max were performed for the cases. The findings showed that %HRmax is not equivalent with %VO2max and the regression line is not according to the identity line (%VO2max = 1.55×%HRmax – 66, R = 0.76). In the other words, at each stage of protocol the values of %HRmax were very higher than %VO2max in comparison with those used by the ACSM. These results suggested that the relationship between these indexes in spastic patients is not similar to guidelines of ACSM and each disease depends on influence in physical and cardio-respiratory fitness, while neuromuscular system affects the relationship between exercise intensity indexes. Thus, the %HRmax versus %VO2max relationship should be determined directly in each disease.

Bread is the most sacred, valuable and cheap food of most the people in the world. The familiarity of human with this nutritional substance goes back to about 4-5 thousands years BC. Bread loss in Iran, despite all of the efforts made, seems to be a basic social problem. Further- more, in Ilam province, this problem is more complicated. This analytical-descriptive study was performed in urban Ilam during 2007 – 2008 to investigate the bread loss in the province. In this study, 200 urban bakeries were selected. The data gathered through questionnaires, technical observations, check-lists and private tests were analyzed using x2 test and SPSS software program. The results showed that about 20/4 percent of baked bread applied traditional and about 79/6 percent used technologic approach. In terms of the kind of baking machines, 33/3 percent used revolving oven, 46/3 percent tunnel oven and 20/3 percent the traditional (brick – made) kind. 62/7 percent of the considered bakeries spent 15-24 minutes on processing the paste. 71 percent of major bakers knew how to work with baking machines (oven) and 69/7 percent of them were relatively able to work with mixing machines. 73/6 percent of the bakeries were without primary paste and 26/4 percent of them used the primary paste for fermentation. The results of the test showed that there was a significant difference between the paste separated from the bread and the oldness of the baking machines (p <0/014). In addition, there was a significant difference between the burnt part of the bread and amount of salt and the ferment used for fermentation (p < 0/0 19 and p < 0/0 24, respectively). However, there wasnt a significant difference between the paste detached from the bread and the salt consumed in baking. Considering the research findings, if it is desired to have usable and healthful bread, we should plan an appropriate program to promote the knowledge and technical skills of the baking agents. Some fundamental changes also seem necessary to be replaced for the current technology of baking and processing the paste in the bakeries.

In this study, Greulich-Pyle (GP) atlas that have been used for evaluation of bone age frequently, was used for assessment 0f bone age of Iranian children in Kurdestan(western Iran). Plain radiographies of left hands and wrists of 248 healthy children (111 boys and 137 girls with mean age 10.15 years old) between 7 to 15 years of age, who were students of primary and guidance school in Sanandaj, were taken. The radiographs were analyzed by a radiologist uninformed of the children’s age using the standards of Greulich and Pyle. Differences between bone age and chronologic age were calculated and the mean differences were compared by paired T-test and correlation coefficient among subgroups of children on the basis of sex and age and their father's jobs. Mean skeletal ages proved a delay of %12.6,%12.4,%3 than the mean chronological ages in the 7,8,9 years age groups, respectively and advanced %2,%5.4 and 51.4 in the 10,11,12-15 years age groups. Skeletal age in 11 years age groups of boys was advanced, while delayed in other age groups. In 7-9 years age groups of girls, bone age showed a delay copared to that of the chronological age and the ones of over 10 years showed an advance. In our study, bone age showed a delay in children whose fathers were workers (p<0.05), but in children whose fathers free or formal jobs no significant statistical differences were seen. According to the findings, using the standards of Greulich and Pyle to determine the bone age in 7-15 years old children must be considered with necessary caution, particularly in boys of late childhood.

Febrile seizure is the most common of seizures in children of ten associated with tonic-clonic and a decrease in consciousness level as well as an upward gaze. This disorder is considered the most common cause of epilepsy along with severe neurological damage. This study aimed to assess the electrolyte disorder assess the underlying risk factor to control seizures. This was a cross–sectional study carried out on 172 children admitted for febrile seizure. In this study, the levels of potassium, glucose and calcium serum were measured. The results showed that, out of all the investigated cases, 35 children proved to suffer from hyponatremia, 2 from hypernatremia, and 135 cases showed a normal level of sodium. Furthermore, 8 children were suffering from hyperkalemia, 8 from hypokalemia, while 156 case were enjoying a normal level of potassium. Besides, 27 children proved as hypocalcemic, 11 as hyperkalcemic and 132 cases showed a normal level of calcium. Only one children was suffering from hypoglycemia. According to the statistical achievements of this study, there cant be any significant relation between the seizure occurrences and electrolyte disorders in forms of hyper-or-hypomatremia, hyper-or-hypokalemia, and hyper-or-hypoglycemia(P>0.05). Therefore, such patients are suggested to undergo these chemical tests Just in case of presenting underlying specific symptoms of such disorders.

Trichomoniasis is considered a common inter-sexual disease caused by trichomonas vaginalis parasite all over the world. Thus, considering the increasing reports of its spread as well as its resistance to metronidazole, it seemed necessary to find a possible herbal drug for the case. Accordingly, An In vitro investigation was carried out to determine the anti trichomonas vaginalis activity of essential oil of Lavandula angyustifolia which is commonly used in traditional medicine. Parasite collection was accomplished by obtaining contaminated soap of vagina from trichomonal women as well as cultivating the Trichomonas Modified CPLM Medium Base(TMCPLM). Identification was done through direct smear. Essential oil was prepared by hydro-distillation; then, the parasites were added to the 10 test-tubes containing TMCPLM, metronidazole, dimetyl solfoxide(DMSO), and essential oil with concentration of (0.1,0.01,0.001) to determine the effects of these concentrations in 15 min. interval times for 6 hours. Findings suggested that Trichomonas vaginalis could remain alive in Trichomona Modified CPLM Medium Base for 48 hours, in presence of metronidazole for 2 hours and TMCPLM for 5 hours. Also, the results indicated that essential oils at concentration of 0.1 and 0.01 were effective at the beginning of inoculation as well as at the concentration of 0.001 hours respectively. The investing authors suggest, further investigations to be carried out to check a more exact effect of anti- trichomonas vaginalis activity of Lavandula angyustifolia essential oil under In vivo condition to recommend it as a therapeutic medicine, if positive results proved.

Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) has recently become a focus of interest in curing patients. Although many studies have been published in the recent years arguing about the effectiveness of Complementary and Alternative Medicine, there are some evidences of side effects of using different methods of Complementary and Alternative Medicine. The aim of this paper was to investigate the effectiveness and side effects of CAM. We searched the following electronic databases of January 2000 onward: PubMed, Sciencedirect and Springer. Our searching was limited to English language journals and human studies with the keywords: complementary medicine or alternative medicine. According to this study, we observed that the most commonly used complementary and alternative methods are herbal remedies and the majority of studies are about neurological and psychological diseases. Altogether, 91.6 percent of the published literature implies the effectiveness of using Complementary and Alternative Medicine and 44.8 percent of this literature implies the need for more studies to specify the mechanism of these remedies. With an ever-increasing number of consumers reportedly using non-conventional methods of disease management, medical students have now been recognized as key providers in education on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM). The evidence base for CAM is growing but in most areas, it is insufficient for making sound risk/benefit assessments. It is to suggest that further researches are needed to fill all these obvious gaps and necessary financial sources be prepared to accomplish the task.

Depression disorder is one of the most common mental diseases which cause frequent disabilities. As it has been proved that there exists a realationship between Omega3 and depression, the present study was designed to investigate the therapeutic effects of evening primrose oil on depression. The present study was a clinical trial which included 80 patients selected randomly. The subjects were interviewed by a psychiatrist and Beck inventory was administered to measure the degree of their depression. The data were collected and anlyzed. The findings indicated that the average grade obtained from Beck inventory in all the three groups under study with primrose and Nortripytilin during a 3- month's period decreased remarkably. Also, the patients 'performances improved during this period. Statistical analysis showed a significant relationship among average grades in Beck inventory and performance level gained by the patients. Based on the research findings and the proved effects of primrose on the treatment of depression, it is recommended that these should be prescribed for non-psychotic depression as the first stage of treatment.

Atherosclerosis is one of the main causes of mortality in developed countries. Many researchers, in the past, have proved that factors such as: smoking, high blood cholesterol level and high blood pressure play a major role in pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. Investigations to find the etiology of the disease have supported the idea that the trace elements may play a role in initiation or progress of atherosclerosis. It has been proved that the trace elements have an essential role in most aspects of metabolism in the body, but still the relationship between the variation of these trace elements with some diseases such as atherosclerosis has not been proved. Therefore, the present study was designed to evaluate the serum copper and zinc levels in patients with obstruction of one of the coroner vessels named LAD (Left Anterior Descending) against the control group. In this study, 247 subjects, patients and healthy (control) who have referred to Shahid Modaress hospital, Tehran, were evaluated, including 64 people as the control group (27 female and 37 male) with mean age of 50.88±9.4 years and 183 people as the test group (59 female and 124 male) with mean age of 57.66±9.7 years. According to the results of angiography, there was no sign of obstruction in the control group, but in the test group, there were LAD obstructions. The test and control groups were compared for background and confidence variables. The measurement of trace elements was performed by means of Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The results were calculated by software of SPSS ver. 10.0 and Chi Square and ANOVA statical tests. Mean value and standard deviation of serum copper and zinc were studied in both the test and control groups. Mean value of serum copper level in the test group was 0.98±0.25 ppm which in comparison with the mean value of the control group, 0.90±0.27 ppm was higher a difference which was significant (P<0.05). Mean value of serum zinc level in the test group was 0.63±0.22 ppm which in comparison with the mean value of the control group, 0.65±0.20 ppm was lower a difference which was not significant (p>0.05). According to the results of this and the previous studies, it is important to maintain the normal levels of plasma copper and zinc in the serum since their abnormal levels in the serum may increase the risk of atherosclerosis.