مجله دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایلام
سال هجدهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 69، زمستان 1389)

V. cholerae, a Gram-negative bacterium is the causative agent of Cholera. V. cholerae O1 produces cholera toxin (CT) which is responsible for diarrhea. The zonula occludens toxin (Zot) acts on intestinal tight junctions to increase intestinal permeability. The accessory cholera enterotoxin (Ace) increases the potential difference across intestinal epithelium and alters ion transport. V. cholerae athogenicity depends on a combination of factors known as ability to produce a cholera toxin (CT) and to adhere and colonize small intestine through colonization factor known as toxin-coregulatedpilus (TCP). Thirty nine El Tor variants were obtained from outbreaks during 2005 in Iran. After detection of isolates by biochemical methods, and serotyping, chromosomal DNA was extracted by standard phenol/chloroform method. The oligonucleotide primers for each of the selected virulence-associated factors were designed based on available GenBank sequences for V. cholerae O1 E1 Tor for all the genes. PCR assay was performed and the PCR product was run and visualized in 1.5% agarose gels stained with ethidium bromide. In the present study, PCR was used to detect the presence of ctxA, Zot, Ace, and tcpA genes on 39 V. cholerae strains isolated from the summer epidemic 2005 in Iran. With the specific primers, the V. cholerae isolates were analysed by PCR for the presence of tcpA, ctxA, Ace and Zot genes. PCR showed that the genes encoding cholera toxin (ctxA), toxin co-regulated pilus (tcpA), accessory cholera enterotoxin (Ace) and zonula occludens toxin (Zot) were present in 89.74%, 84.6%, 100% and 100% of the isolates, respectively. Discussion & The results of our study confirm that strains without ctxA gene, Ace and Zot genes are important and can be the causative agent of cholera.

Wound which is destruction of tissue is now considered a main problem in medicine. Road traffic accidents cause thousands of wound cases each year. Therefore, investigation in finding new curative approaches for wound healing is very important. According to Iranian traditional medicine, Medicago sativa was used as wound healer by different people. In this research, to find a new curative approach, the effects of this plant on wound healing has been investigated. In this interventional investigation, using a sharp knife, a 1cm length wound was made on the back of each of the 35 mice. Then, the mice were randomly classified in to 5 groups. Group1 and 3 were treated with raw fresh extract of Medicago sativa and groups 2 and 4 with dried watery extract of the plant. Group5 was treated with saline as control group. The mean of wound size in groups treated with fresh raw extract of the plant was smaller than that of the control group. However, the difference was not statistically significant. Also, healing duration in the group treated with fresh raw extract for five days was considerably better compared with that of the control group. Discussion & More investigations are recommended to get a stronger result about curative effects of Medicago sativa.

Pain is a common phenomenon and an inevitable part of childbirth process. There is an increasing emphasis on intrapartum pain management. However, because of potential side-effects of drugs, it is important to use nonpharmacologic pain-relieving measures. Acupressure is one of the non-pharmaceutical methods. We aimed to investigate the efficacy and safety of acupressure at the hugo point on labor pain and length of delivery time in nulliparous women. This clinical trial was performed on 60 eligible nulliparas women. The women were randomly assigned to either the case or control group. The participants received acupressure or touch on LI4 acupoint on two hands. Data were collected by means of questionnaires. Labor pain was measured four times using a structured questionnaire, a subjective labor pain scale [VAS]), before and after the intervention in 4, 6, 8 and 10 cm cervical dilation. Length of delivery time was calulated in two stages. The data were analyzed using SPSS software and descriptive statistical, paired t-test, chi square and independent t-tests. The results indicated that there was a significant difference between the severity of the first stage pain post-intervention in both the case and control groups. However, severity of labor pain increased with more progress of the labor in both the groups, but in the case group, this increase was significantly less in the control group, (p=0). Also, in this group, in4, 6 and 8 cervical dilation, there was a significant difference between the mean of the pain before and after the intervention (p=0).Comparing duration of first stage of labor between the case and control groups, it was found out that the two groups had significant difference (p=0). There was a significant difference in the duration of the active phase of labor and length of delivery time between the groups (p=0). Discussion & Hugo-point acupressure resulted in significant pain relief in the first stage of labor and shortening the length of delivery time. No obvious adverse effects were observed in maternal and neonatal outcome.

Opiates regulate some body functions and behaviors. Chronic or acute abuses of morphine may have different body responses. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the acute and choronic effects of morphine administration on food consumpsion in male rats. 30 male spraugue-dawley rats with 250-300 g weight were randomly assigned in 3: control, acute and chronic (already addicted) groups. 12 h after fasting, morphine was injected for the acute and chronic, while the control group received normal saline. Then, each animal was put in test cages with water and food. Then, libitum and food consumption were measured at 15min intervals, until one hour, and also the amount of food intake 4 h after the injection. We found that administration of morphine (10 mg/ kg/ i.p) to acute (non-addicted group), caused a delay in feeding and decreased food intake in the first 60 minutes, but food intake increased at 4 h compared to control group. Conversely, administration of morphine (10 mg/ kg/ i.p) to chronic (addicted) male rats didnt cause a delay in food intake and increased food intake during the first 60 minutes. Moreover, at 4 h after the injection, the amount of food intake increased. This difference was significant in comparison to acute (non-addicted) and control groups.Discussion & Our study showed that opiates can alter feeding behaviors and the pattern of feeding responses to morphine differs in addicted rats from non-dependent rats. Morphine addiction also increases body sensitivity to its nutritional response in male rats.

Preeclampsia, a pregnancy specific syndrome, is a major cause of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. The aim of the present study was to assess relationship between leptin and adiponectin, and leptin/adiponectin ratio in preeclamptic women compared with normal pregnant women. A cross-sectional study was designed. The patients consisted of 30 preeclamptic women. The control group consisted of 30 healthy pregnant women. Serum levels of total leptin and adiponectin were assessed using commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods. The unpaired Student’s t-test and Pearson’s correlation analysis were used for statistical analysis. Serum levels of leptin were significantly higher in preeclamptic group than in normal control group, while adiponectin levels decreased. There was a significant negative correlation between leptin and adiponectin in normal control group and also in preeclamptic women. The leptin/adiponectin ratio increased significantly in preeclamptic patients. Discussion & The findings of the present study suggest that increase in leptin and decrease in adiponectin levels can help as a biomarker for diagnosis of severe preeclampsia.

Neonatal jaundice is one of the most common diseases in neonatal period and 5-10% of all the newborns require phototherapy. Phototherapy has some problems including increasing the duration of hospitalization, costs and mother-child separation; so, reducing the duration of phototherapy is important. Our aim was to determine the prophylactic effect of oral agar on serum bilirubin level, clinical jaundice and phototherapy requirement in normal term neonates. This double-blind clinical trial included 50 term infants divided into Agar-supplemented group (n=25) and placebo group (n=25). We studied the changes in serum bilirubin values, clinical jaundice and phototherapy requirement at the first, third and fifth days. The results were compared statistically, mainly using analysis of variance with SPSS software. The birth weight and the weights on the third and fifth days, age, sex, distribution and other demographic variables did not differ between the two groups of infants. Serum bilirubin levels increased in both the groups during the study, but this increase in oral Agar group was significantly lower than that of the placebo group. Further more, clinical jaundice and phototherapy requirement were significantly lower in oral agar group. Discussion & we concluded that agar supplementation in normal term neonates reduces the bilirubin level, clinical jaundice and phototherapy requirement.

The frequency of obesity in the childhood and developing in developed countries is increasing. Childhood obesity as a health problem has been due to changes in food habits and decreased physical activity as the most common causes. Existing reports indicate disability and death in higher ages an important result of this problem. The present study was carried out to assess the prevalence of overweight and obesity among primary school students in Yazd(south-west Iran). The cross-sectional study of 2768 male and female students of first-grade elementary schools in Yazd was accomplished. Simple random school students in each school were selected through census. Their height and weight were measured and BMI was calculated. The collected data was statistically analyzed using the software EPI 6. 6.3 percent of the children were overweight and 2.4 percent obese. The frequency of overweight and obesity in boys 5.9% and 2.6% and in girls 6.7% and 2.2%, respectively. Prevalence of overweight and obesity (BMI at or above the sex-specific 85th) in children with high frequency of snack chips intakes per week, mother's education, and higher birth weight was significantly more. Also, a non-significant relationship was found among gender, duration of breast milk consumption, history of consumption of supplementary feedings, watching TV and using other junk foods and overweight or obesity. Discussion & Changes in lifestyle such as changing food habits in children is recommended. Parents and schools important are target groups in public health intervention programs to reduce obesity and overweight in children.

Assessment is one of the most extensive parts of training process due to its special nature and functions in an educational system. Today, to study improvement and growth in any area such as economy, culture, socialety, and education, assessment is needed as a comperstone of the process. Comparing results of self-assessment and assessment done by students about professors, this research was done to investigate the training performance in Ilam University of Medical Science. This research was a sectional analytic study to compare the results of faculty member's performance self-assessment with the results of assessment done by their students during 2006. The samples included of 193 students selected via stratified random method. 27 of the academic members teaching on the second semester of 2006-7 were selected for this study. The tool used, was a questionnaire of 51 questions designed by the researcher. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive and deductive statistics of chi-square, F and Z test. This research revealed that there was not any difference between the results of self-assessment and the results of assessment done by students concerning the professor's personal characteristics, training methods, scientific capabilities, communication with students, improving research quality in training, and using training aids. There was a significant difference between the assessment results of students with different genders, degrees, semesters and fields of study. The results of statistical analysis showed that there was no significant difference between self assessment of academic members & their gender, teaching experience academic, degrees & also the employment status. Discussion & The findings of the research showed that the results of self-assessment conform to the results of assessment done by students. This implies mutual understanding between the professors and their students, which causes the students to evaluate their educational expectations realistically and much similar to their professors. As a result, self-assessment of professors along with the assessment by students could be an effective approach in assessing professors’ performance. The researchers believe that professor's self-assessment is a valuable tool for improving teaching skills.