فصلنامه تحقیقات جغرافیایی
سال بیست و هفتم شماره 3 (پیاپی 106، پاییز 1391)

The political and social revolutions during recent years have made rapid changes in urban and rural life. These have created inequality in the distribution of resources and lack of congruent development among cities and rural migration in Third World countries. Herein، there are various techniques for assessing the rate of development in different regions one of which is analytical hierarchy method. In this study for measuring the Impart Quantity of counties of Golestan province، agricultural and livestock nurturing، transportation، service، industry and mine، structural and reclamations and population were selected. According to results، Gorgan County with coefficient of 10. 89 has the first degree and Bandar Gaz County with the coefficient of 2. 82 is in the eleventh degree. By classifying these coefficients، five regions were determined with too much benefit، much benefit، mean benefit، little benefit and too little benefit. Finally، by generalization of these coefficients to the map of correspondent counties، map of the Impart Quantity of counties and regions of Golestan province was resulted. With regard to the potentials and weak points of each of these regions، some goals were determined in four levels for each region.

The aim of this study is assessing and mapping landslide susceptibility in watershed of semiarid mountain areas. Saeedabad-chai Watershd is located on the northwest of Iran and the North of Sahand Mountain. This study is using Bivariate Statistical Analysis (BSA)، weights-of-evidence (WOE)، GIS. The results of this assessment show that causative factors as slope (∑wƒ= + 3. 965)، landuse (∑wƒ= + 0. 759)، distance of road (∑wƒ= + 1. 498)، lithology (∑wƒ= + 0. 424)، rainfall (∑wƒ= + 0. 388)، distance of rural (∑wƒ= + 0. 161) play a major role in the landslide occurrence. There is a negetive relationship between landslides and distance of fault (∑wƒ= - 0. 006) and distance of channel (∑wƒ= - 0. 325) in the Saeedabad-chai Watershd. The medium، high and very high susceptbility zones make up 43. 116 % of the total study area. The acuuracy of the map was evaluated by (Li) index. This index shows that 92% of landslides occure on medium، high and very high susceptbility zone.

Cultural Services are considered as one of the main elements of cultural development. The purpose of this study is to assess the enjoyment of cultural aspects of the city، in order to achieve the level of regional inequality in the area. The population of the study includes fourteen areas of Isfahan. Considering the studied components، the ruling research approach is «descriptive، quantitative and analytical». In this study، 35 indicators are summarized using factor analysis and five factors were extracted and were presented in the form of the combination of the significant elements. Then، effects of each factor in the development of cultural services and certain areas were determined using TOPSIS model as a method of decision making and applying multiple indicators and forming entropy weight method in five classes (too much enjoyed، enjoyed، medium، deprived، very deprived)، the position of each of the regions having the aforementioned indices were determined. By creating a regression relationship between the factors influencing TOPSIS rate، factors affecting the development of cultural services areas were identified. Findings revealed that، Isfahan urban areas are not equal in terms of enjoyment of cultural indicators and there are significant differences in the degree of enjoyment of cultural facilities and spaces between the regions. Of the total of 14 urban areas، regions 1 and 3 are at the level of too much enjoyed and regions five and six are the second level and area 4 and 8 and 12 are the semi-enjoyed (average) level and also deprived regions include regions 2، 11 and 9 and regions 7، 14، 10 and 13 are at the fifth level. Finally، with regard to the regression model، influential factors in increasing the cultural service development of regions were determined.

In order to recognize Isfahan weather types، in this research 22 variables including temperature، precipitation، atmospheric humidity and wind were studied in Isfahan synoptic station from Dey،11th،1339 (January،1st،1960) to Dey،11th،1383 (December،31st،2004). A Cluster analysis on the Euclidean distance of standardized matrix of data and linking days on the basis of ward method showed that Isfahan has 9 weather types (WT) including: 1. Cold، frosty، calm WT، 2. Very cold، frosty، calm، foggy WT، 3. Rainy WT، 4. Cold، frosty، dry WT، 5. Cold، windy WT، 6. Windy WT،7. Moderate WT، 8. Warm، dry WT and 9. Hot، dry WT. Based on this research''s results، hot and dry WT is the most dominant and durable، and rainy WT is the least frequent and short-lived weather type.

Urbanization development followed by increase in travel demand in recent years made some problems for cities such as traffic، lack of suitable parking، environmental issues، economic and social etc. meanwhile، public transport، especially bus services are very important in the development of urban functions; thus، paying attention to different aspects of the transport in order to increase its efficiency is a great step toward solving these problems. Based on the findings of this study، in Zahedan about 684،000 daily within the city travels are done. But of these، only 120،000 is Bus service''s share (i. e. 17. 5 percent of total daily trips)، which is actually 8. 5 percent less than the national average. In fact، based on international standards، the transport system of Zahedan lacks 126 buses، while the existing capacities of the buses are not used properly. Results of this research show that the reasons for the failure and inefficiency of bus service of Zahedan are the lack of the necessary operating force (driver and serviceman) and lack of enough equipment and facilities in bus service، especially park ride facilities. The main finding of this study is that in order to optimize and improve the quality of the Zahedan bus service، we should compensate deficiencies in the the number of operation forces and equipment and related facilities; meanwhile، we should reform the existing network lines to reduce traffic on the one hand and cover blind spots of urban transport and ultimately increase the speed of transport.

World''s coastlines are the most dynamic natural environments and diverse extraordinary and unique processes are active in this area. One of results of these processes is the formation and evolution of alluvial fans and delta. The studied areas include Hormoz Strait coastal، Shour، Jalaby and Hassan-Langi river delta; which in the form of a strip with a varying width covers the areas from the change line of the mountain slope dominating the coastal plain to the sea coastline. Strip of coastal plain was made by sediments that were transported by rivers of northern plain mountain basins and the Hormozgan Zagros Mountains and were deposited on the surface of the plain. According to previous studies، Hormoz Strait coastal plain has been created by geological structure effect and delta depositional. The geology structural effect plays the most significant role in the development of the coastal plain. To achieve results، according to research findings and from the perspective of risk area deltas surfaces has been zoned based on the dynamics of river and sea water movements. Analyses to achieve results were mainly based on indirect observations obtained from satellite images and direct observation carried out by detailed field studies and sampling of sediment from sections of river in coastal and surfaces of deltas and profiles created with the help of statistical methods and geomorphologic models that were considered as conceptual tools. To sum up، first، instability of the delta regions surface affected by the meandering movements and their instability resulted from the change in river paths were analyzed and investigated and their distribution are shown in the satellite images and maps.

Geographical position، topographic conditions and climatic variety have caused the ‎province of Zanjan to be known as the province of Four Seasons. Its unique ‎ecological conditions، forest and pasture coverage، numerous water resources، ‎wildlife، several hunting zones، protected areas، caves، waterfalls، springs and tens of ‎other beautiful unique landscapes have caused this province to become one of the ‎two tourist poles in Northwest of the country. In this study، by using geographic ‎information system، we have studied appropriate areas of potential ecotourism ‎activities such as mountaineering، hiking، winter sports and skiing، water sports and ‎fishing، nature therapy and ecotourism. Therefore، required layers of information ‎were prepared including maps of the altitudes levels، slope، slope aspect، water levels ‎and rivers، mineral springs and vegetation. Then، by combining and overlapping ‎information layers in GIS environment using Boolean Models and AHP، appropriate ‎zones for ecotourism development in Zanjan were specified. This study shows that ‎over 30 percent of the province area has the potential for various ecotourism ‎activities. ‎

Rijab valley، located in 180 Km west of Kermanshah، is considered to be one of the tourists centers of kermanshah because of having various landscapes and monuments. However، the results of one of the field studies of 157 tourist subjects show that the majority of the tourists do not know much about all the attractions of the valley. In a way that about 31. 2% of the tourists were not aware of the existence of Ejdeha valley in Rijab. The other 26. 8% did not like to visit the sight because of not knowing about its ecotourism beauty although they had passed it many times. 44. 6% of the tourists had not even heard the name of the Piran waterfall. While Piran waterfall with nearly 300 meters height is one of the most beautiful and attractive scenes of Rijab valley. Also، only 24. 6% of the tourists were aware of the existence of the historical monuments of Sasani''s period there. About 58. 8% of them did not know that Rijab had a cave called Roteylan. Based on these facts، we should accept that nearly all tourists were not aware of how these phenomena have formed. This happens at the time when the developing tourism in this region requires the necessity of knowing tourism capacity for the tourist. The aim of this article is to fulfill this need. Therefore in this article، while describing most beautiful phenomena in Rijab applying two field and library methods، tourism capacity of the region has been studied applying SWOT methods.

Nowadays، empowerment causes the development of rural regions، because rural development is realized by changing and evolution of the knowledge، skill and attitude of rural people. For the simple reason that after accepting the new and newer ways، their thoughts will be changed. As a result، rural people will have a new attitude toward agricultural activities and other economic activities in rural regions. Finally، they create sustainable development of rural regions by promotion of their cognitive capacities (awareness and knowledge). The main objective of the present study is to find the role of empowerment on the development of rural regions. The research method is analytical and explanatory. Moreover، for the accomplishment of present study، 19 sample rural areas were randomly selected and 137 rural people were randomly chosen through Cochran’s formula. Also، the raw data of present research for measuring indices were collected through interview، observation، questionnaire، documents and evidences. In addition، for content validity of questionnaire، experts'' opinions were obtained and used and the reliability of the questionnaire was checked by Chronbach''s α coefficient and through SPSS software. Finally، in order to response the research question، using a series explaining indices of agricultural development and empowerment and assessing them in sample rural areas of Meshkinshar، the author found a significant relation between empowerment and rural development using of Pearson statistical test.

Meanders are among the important characteristics of some rivers that flow in semi-arid regions. Swift displacement along the river''s flow، change in the location of the central ridge and bank erosion leateral erosion are resulted from making meander in the river''s flow. Meanders in river courses on North East slopes of Sahand (Located in 46˚ 43́ to 47˚ 15́ E and from 36˚ 05́́́ to 37˚ 20́ N) are very typical. These meanders and their movements are the main cause of lateral erosion and result in the collapse of materials into flood plains and also the creation of these geomorphological-hydrological phenomena and ultimately result in the increase of sediment load in rivers. The intensity of lateral erosion and middle erosion in flood plains is so high that lateral and medial trees are not obstacle against erosion. This article intends to study the meander''s characteristics and the time of movement، by using Δt، S،R/W… indices. The results of this study suggest that the rate of sinuosity in river courses and also the rate of movements during this time is high and because of the high rate of these lateral movement، the risk of erosion along the middle of the bank is high.