فصلنامه تحقیقات جغرافیایی
سال بیست و هشتم شماره 1 (پیاپی 108، بهار 1392)

In this study by data of synoptic stations in Karoon basin، the intensive showers with 1،2،6 and 9 hour duration have been extracted and the precipitation time regime has been evaluated by ranking method and non dimensional accumulation curve. In ranking method، first the showers of each time base have been divided to smaller periods and on this basis different periods of showers have been ranked according to the amount of received precipitation. In accumulating curve method، the showers of all specific time bases have been depicted in non dimensional form and the regression line as a representative and the mean of all the showers has been implemented. The results of two mentioned methods show that the peak of shower precipitation occurred in 25 percent of first time and 25 percent of second time of precipitation. This means the dominant structure in the chosen time bases in the studied basin are the first and second quarter of showers.

Today، the concept of a city without green spaces in any shape is not imaginable. By The results of a city development and their ecological complexity، the existence of green spaces and their development have been inevitable forever. In recent research، the condition of the green space in Firoozabad city has been studied. The methodology in this research is descriptive-analytical and after studying the qualitative and quantitative functions of green areas in Firoozabad city، its spatial location in the city is evaluated and by comparing this condition with standard ones، the extension of it in the city have been analyzed. At last by using the Analytic Hierarchy Process in the GIS software and after passing different stages، suitable places to build this function have been suggested. Results of research show that the ratio of use of existing green areas in city areas is not good and there is a shortage of space about 255886 m2. Also، the precipitate of this function is about 0. 5 square meters per person that is far from standard ones.

Recreation and leisure services، is one of the including factors affecting the quality of tourist experience in tourism destinations، something that also can directly affect them about their staying. The purpose of this study is quantitative and qualitative survey of recreational - Leisure uses in the coastal strip of Babolsar. Methodology of this paper is descriptive- analytical. Sources used in this study are: Viewing and checklists، field survey، questionnaire، library resources and use of scientific literatures. Statistical Population sample size with Cochran methods، including tourists، owners of recreational and leisure services uses have been studied by using of random sampling. by SPSS، the descriptive and inferential statistical methods such as mean، frequency and correlations to analyze the data have been used. The results of this study show، the quality of physical and service function of recreation and leisure unites in the Babolsar city is undesirable and among tourists community there is no significant relationship between economic - social class and user satisfaction from recreational - leisure uses in Babolsar coastline.

This study is an attempt to investigate functions of Abhar city as a medium sized city in Zanjan province spatial development structure. The method of this study is descriptive-analytical. Some quantity models and methods are used in study of the role of this city and its hinterland. The economical models represent that، this city has basic conditions in the second and third economical activities. Not only it has a proper growth in industry، but also it has an important service role. The study of hinterland shows that vast parts of services are allocated in its hinterland. It can be inferred from this study that without Abhar there would be a non equilibrium of spatial in network of province cities. The population models show this city has high elasticity index in province. Because of these advantages، Abhar has a basic role as the industrial and service center of settlements of the Eastern and South Eastern of Zanjan province based on the regional classification.

Generally the level of development in different economic sections of a country is not the same as is in its regions، but heterogeneity and incongruity are seen in educational، health services، social services and welfare، agriculture and industry sections of a country. One of the issues and problems which regional planners are facing is the unequal growth and development of the areas، in a way that by taking a look at the spatial distribution of services in areas it is specified that، these services are not provided in a balance manner. Therefore among the general criteria for regional planning program is classifying the regions based on enjoying different development indices. Health services is deemed one of the main bases of development and providing health services in different areas reduces poverty، therefore develop the required conditions for the upbringing and growth of human capital and social and economic development in different regions of the country. The current study analyzes and classifies the health indicators of East Azerbaijan Province Townships by using factor analysis and cluster analysis as well as using 22 health indicators. The dominant approach of this project is of descriptive and analytic as well as applied sort and Arc / GIS software has been used to provide the maps. The research findings show that the health care indicators in East Azerbaijan province have not been distributed in a balance manner and a dramatic difference is seen among the cities of the province with regard to the development of health services. Tabriz and Jolfa are ranked at the highest and the lowest level respectively. The result of using factor analysis technique put the Townships in 4 levels of over-developed، ultra-developed، mid-developed and infra-developed and Tabriz is in over-developed and cities of Azarshahr، Bonab، Jolfa، Charavimaq، Varzqan، Haris، and Hashtrood are in infra-developed level. Using cluster analysis technique and drawing dendrogram graphs the Townships of the province were classified in four homogeneous groups. Finally، some suggestions are presented for improving deprived areas.

During past sixty years، the world has seen significant changes in the ways of travel from one place to another. In this time period، not only travel mode، but also tourism destinations، motivation and the number of these travels have been changed. One of those changes is the specific kind of tourism called ecotourism which has had so rapid growth in the recent years and has become one of the important phenomena in the tourism industry. This kind of tourism respects deeply to people، tourism places and things to be visited and it emphasizes specially on the protection of natural and cultural resources، the involvement of local people in planning processes and the creation of welfare for those people. With the diversity of ecological and cultural resources، located in the North West of Iran، Urmia Township has many opportunities and strengths for investing in the field of ecotourism development. Investigating these strengths and opportunities and determining weaknesses and threats، the present study presents appropriate strategies for ecotourism development in this region. According to its aim، the current study is applied and in terms of research method is descriptive analytical، and survey. After bringing about general points and research framework، field study was done in order to gather information on the studied region and investigate the position and the way of tourism in the region. Generally، three questionnaires (tourist، native people، and specialists) were prepared for this study. To analyze data، Spss and SWOT model were employed. Findings show that Urmia Township، with the sum of 40 strengths and opportunities as advantages and with weight points of 3. 13 and 2. 82 for strengths and opportunities، respectively، has many potentials and capabilities for ecotourism development. However، the Township، with the sum of 19 weaknesses and threats as disadvantages and with weight points of 3. 22 and 3. 78 for weaknesses and threats، respectively، has serious challenges and problems in the face of its ecotourism. Furthermore، findings show that ecotourism development has great effects on the region’s economical development، and by planning correctly، using ecotourism attractions optimally and rationally، solving problems and weaknesses and using available opportunities، one can see economical development in the grounds of income، employment، diversity of economic activities and generally، the increase in the welfare of people residing in this township.

In this study، for spatial-temporal analyzing of cyclones in 1376، the spatial range of 30 to 80 degrees of east longitude and 0 to 80 degrees of north latitude and geo potential data with 2/ 5* 2 / 5 degrees of networking in arc levels of 1000، 925، 850، 700، 600 and 500 Hpa have been used. These data are extracted for six hours (00، 06، 12، 18 Zulu) database (NCEP / NCAR). So that، the first geo potential databases were created in MATLAB software، then GRADS changed the data to maps and، SURFER combined maps and the final analysis has been done. Temporal analysis in Iran indicated that the most of cyclones frequency is related to the level of 500 Hpa with 27 / 2 percent and the lowest frequency with 11 percent is for the level of 850 Hpa. Winter with 31/5 percent has the most cyclone and، summer with 18/8percent has the lowest cyclones. Studies of spatial cyclones in Pakistan indicate the existence of low pressure in all seasons، which is developed at lower levels. In Iran strong spin cannot be found and cyclonic centers which affect Iran are mainly derived from different geographical areas and are not active inside the country.

In this study، trends of threshold heavy precipitation were examined on the basis of measurements of 1437 stations (included synoptic، climatic and rain gage stations) in Iran for the period of 40 years (1964-2003). For this purpose، the statistical method of nonparametric Mann-Kendall test is used for analyzinging the thresholds of heavy precipitation and nonparametric Sen Method for estimating the slope of a linear trend. The results showed that there is a significant increasing trend in threshold of annual heavy precipitation over Iran، especially from 1992 to 2003 and this increasing is estimated as an average of 0. 5 mm per year. Meanwhile، maximum and minimum thresholds of heavy precipitation which is estimated are obtained respectively 0. 78 mm and 0. 22 mm for every year.

Reduced inequality in utilization of community resources and facilities is one of the essential standards of sustainable development. In this regard، regional and local inequalities are of special importance. This paper emphasizes district differences in Meybod city level in addition to specifying the position of Meybod city among our country. It was done using a descriptive-analytic method. Statistical models such as Wilkaksun test were also applied to compare sustainability between Meybod city indices with our country and in the second stage، it was analyzed and evaluated by functional analysis technique، HDI، standardized score technique and dispersion coefficient (C. V) using 23 economical-social indices. Studies carried out show that the position of Meybod city is desirable among other cities. However، results from functional analysis show that only on sixth of localities have desirable situation and the gap between the most sustainable and the least stable district is 1. 4 in HDI index. Even in analyzing a series of sustainability factors، the sustainable difference is 0. 87%، representing dispersal and high gap within regions in having sustainability indices. In total، spatial dispersion of localities in sustainability is such that، districts with strong and ideal sustainability are located in the south and western south and the unsustainable districts are in central and eastern parts. Sustainable districts in accessibility to services and facilities are in better condition and the unsustainable districts in center due to compact texture and the difficulty of surface expansion and some parts in the edge became unstable because of adjoining to the city and horizontal expansion. Therefore، accessibility to sustainable development in the localities is possible with applying strategies consistent with strengths and enhancement of weak index.

Precipitation could be regarded as a complex and a very vital element in the earth atmosphere and its spatial-temporal changes can control Iran''s climate. In the current research، in order to model the spatial-temporal changes of annual precipitation، the data taking from 50 synoptic stations، have been analyzed during the years 1966-2005، with a suitable distribution. The most data sequences are observed as climatic series having non-linear behavior which do not follow a normal distribution. Consequently، some non-parametric statistical methods were first applied to analyze of all data layers at hand. Then، for performance of the significance levels in annual precipitation trends، a non-parametric Mann-Kendal method was introduced. Subsequently، the area distribution of trend، moving mean average، humidity areas، and spatial precipitation changes of the lowest and highest areas mapped in an Arc GIS setting. Initial results show that the most synoptic stations trends are negatively increasing and some less reducing over Iran meaningfully. It was found that the maximum rate of reduction in trend values can be seen in the northern parts of the country، and inversely the maximum increasing trend rates are going to be established in the southern parts of the study area، during the last 40 years. Meanwhile، final findings well illustrate that the spatial changes in precipitation values، particularly in the arid and semi-arid areas، are significantly increasing. Regularly، since the year 1980، such changes have been accordingly intensified in the climatic sub-humid and very dry areas.