فصلنامه تحقیقات جغرافیایی
سال سی‌ام شماره 2 (پیاپی 117، تابستان 1394)

Most scientists believe that the phenomenon of global warming occurred، however، in the case of the occurrence of this phenomenon by some environmental scientists have raised doubts. They are questioning global warming by arguing that the temperature recorded at the weather stations cannot be representative of the occurrence of the temperature rise. Because with the passage of time and the increase in population and a stronger urban heat island، temperature، weather stations indicate heat island is not global warming. In order to remove this doubt، we can evaluate this with a different approach and instead assessment of temperature، global warming from the atmospheric thickness changes examined. For this purpose، geopotential height data network for level of five hundred and thousand hPa، from date 1. 01. 1979 to 30. 12. 2013 the Northern Hemisphere for 12،782 days on the Web site of the NCEP / DOE was extracted. Thickness maps were calculated for each day and then maps the average thickness was provided every day for the whole hemisphere. This calculation was performed for all 12،782 days. Thus، the weighted average time-series of the northern hemisphere atmospheric thickness was prepared. This Time series، in addition to the northern hemisphere، was calculated to Iran and its behavior with time series average minimum and maximum temperatures of Iran was investigated. Studies show that during the period studied (2013-1979) the average thickness of the bottom half of the northern hemisphere atmospheric increased about 13 meters. Year of 1998 is a turning point in the northern hemisphere atmospheric thickness changes. This year has seen a jump in the time series of the northern hemisphere atmospheric thickness. Studies show that changes in all latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere atmospheric thickness is not uniform. In tropical areas is very low and at high latitudes، is more severe and has significantly increased. The relationship between the thickness of the northern hemisphere atmospheric and Iran show that atmospheric thickness of Iran about 2. 7 m during 35 years period more than the average thickness of the northern hemisphere has increased. This means that the rate of increase in Iran، is higher than the average northern hemisphere. Studies show that the minimum temperature time series have stronger relationship with time series average thickness of the northern hemisphere atmospheric. While the maximum temperature time series with time series of a stronger relationship between atmospheric thicknesses of Iran. Evaluation of minimum temperature time series with atmospheric thickness time series indicated that the minimum temperature behavior before and after 1992 has changed. This may indicate that the increase in minimum temperature variability is in the second phase. In total، the investigation showed that with one degree rise in average temperature Iran، atmospheric thickness of about 17 meters has increased.

Today, the tourism industry is a major source of income for many countries. But the tourism as an economic activity mentioned before, is a cultural phenomenon in nature and the main attraction of tourism development as well. Given the special vulnerability and fragility of cultural heritage, tourism development, in some cases, can cause damage to indigenous cultural patterns. This is in relation to rural tourism, including alternatives considered and important contribution to social and economic development of rural communities; it is also more sensitive and more important. ABYANEH village, in validity history and authentic cultural and historical monuments, including the most index tourist villages in the area of cultural tourism in this region. In notice the history of the village and the tourism boom, research by using survey techniques, to assess the cultural impact of this phenomenon from the perspective of the local community. The results of the analysis of spectral data based on the perspective of continuity / rupture of cultural, Represents a significant cultural impact of tourism development in all areas of local customs, Relations and social cohesion, cultural exchange, commodification of local culture, due to cultural heritage, public awareness, cultural disorders, Behavioral aspects of cultural change in the views of local residents in the village is Aside from the few minor differences, the assessment suggests a weakening of the local community and all of those changes in the expression of cultural discontinuity, with moderate intensity, respectively.

Thunderstorms are climatical phenomena, which sometimes can cause irreparable damage to the ecology. In this study to identify any trends in the frequency of days with thunderstorms in Iran, long-term statistics of 33 synoptic stations, from the beginning until 2005 was used. At first by applying nonparametric Man-Kendall and Sen’s Estimator methods on four seasonal time series, and one annual time series for each station, their significance is assessed. Also, for recognizing the starting years of this trend, Man-Kendall step by step test plot was employed. Results are showing that the maximum spatial frequency of days with thunderstorms across Iran is a function of time. Evaluation processes using both tests indicate that all significant trends in all series except the annual series of Bam stations are increasing. So due to these two test similarity, the trend of thunderstorms in all five time series could be considered increasing which maximum and minimum of trends belong to annual and wintery time series respectively; So the trends annual time series of 58% of the stations were significant. Also the step by test revealed that in annual time series most of the significant trends have been started from decades of 70 and 80.

In recent years three concepts in the development process has over other concepts, which this three concepts are the economic, human and environmental. In this regard, The all experts over the " man " to emphasize and referred to it as a partnership. However, it must be admitted that the partnership concept with a long and long life of the villagers and they are linked. In the past, Iranian villages has rural and agricultural public participation in different activities which It is said to be under different titles in different regions such as Boneh, Sahra, haraseh and act.But, from Mashrotiat to today, in order to strengthen the partnership between the villagers and the constitution to create ways to promote rural cooperative, We are Witness the pass laws by the National Assembly and Islamic Parliament which With all the efforts that have been codified rules still fail to implement many projects in rural areas. However, many of the traditional participation of villagers have been spontaneous And associated with the rural life and has been positive effects. The present study is an effort to introduce an example of this kind of participatio in the form of rice cultivation in the Shhryarar village of Falard Section of Chahar Mahal and Bakhtiari province functions. This villager's participation in Shhryarar village with villager's life and work is synonymous, and there are numerous social and economic consequences, such as soil and water resources management, empathy and unity of farmers, economic and social justice among the rural population, the poor village. ...

Nowadays, undoubted access to up to date with high spatial resolution and low temporal resolution of meteorological parameters is a one of the necessary needs for meteorological science researches. In order to doing this research have been used the different daily, monthly and yearly Iran precipitation from global and regional data base of GPCP، GPCC، Aphrodit V101 0. 25، Aphrodit V101 0. 5 و Aphrodit V1003 0. 25. The amount of precipitation and its changes based on cited data base has been calculated and with compared with Iran Asfezari and Station data base during 1979 to 2004. Thus the one time daily, monthly and yearly series extracted for every data base. The nonparametric Mann Kendal method fitted on the series and the change rate calculated by Sen method. The results showed that exist significant correlation between Iran Asfezari and Station data base and other data base. The correlation between Iran Asfezari with other data base is more than Station data base. The Iran Asfezari data base show highest correlation with Global Precipitation Climatology Center (GPCC). The results from trend analysis showed that Iran’s precipitation changes trend in May and July are significant. The trend of precipitation in May is negative while in July trend is positive. The annual precipitation based on the whole of the data base is negative but not significant. Overall the comparison between precipitation data base showed that for studding Iran’s precipitation characters, global and regional data base cited in this study are very useful and valuable.

All branches of human science, each one has considered and analyzed the factor of development. Nearly every year hundreds of families from rural populations migrated to the city center to city center Meanwhile, the only the field of science which can judge and discuss about human- environment relationship by the tools of developmental concept is geography that study regional sustainable development, classification of regions and counties of a country according to have different characteristics of development. But, here, what actually emphasis on, is the right of equal development for the needs of generations living at present and future. The processes of development is a poverty eradication, the reduction of discrimination and unequal differences in the society and everyday human communal life, also the decreasing of unsustainable production and consumption patterns, the selecting of appropriate demographic politics, the enhancing of public awareness and so on. The methodology applied in the article, regards to the objectives of this study is analytic and descriptive one and studied samples and sampling are villages above 300 people available in the county of Ravanser in the Kermanshah Province and indicators required for this study are educational, sanitation, communicational characteristics, infrastructures and tourist attractions. The data and information has been collected and gathered by statistical resources such as statistical annual reports for the year of 2012. DC=PF/NF, th technique used in the article are the ratio of development and also some software like Excel has been used for analyses and Arc GIS has been applied for deploying and scattering of the results into map. The results showed big gaps in terms of development and unbalance progress among villages of the County according to utilized indicators. Accordingly, some rural places such as Hassan Abad, Quri Galah and Zaloo Abad are more developed villages than others and the ratio mentioned above in these villages are the highest and, therefore, other villages are in the lowest level hence investment in such villages will probably face with fail.

In this study, a number of 95 synoptic stations of the country were extracted in a statistical period (1990-2007) in order to identify fog-prone areas and dust storms with vision less than one kilometer along with the dust. Then, frequency map of the event, with vision less than one kilometer was provided by Spline method in roads network in Arc GIS environment. Also, air cloudy percentage map at land surface and optional thickness of clouds with less height and stratus clouds with low height has been presented in roads of the country for a statistical period (1980-2010) using spectrum analysis of infrared and visible bands measured with SEVERI from MSG satellite. In the same direction, Madys satellite data and Aerosol Optical Thickness (AOT) is used for statistical period (2000-2010) for extraction of spatial distribution of dust storms. With due observance to the results, maximum percentage of frequency of event with capability of vision less than one kilometer is related to the fog in Caspian and northwest area of the country. In addition, maximum percentage of frequency of event with capability of vision, less than one kilometer, is related to the dust in southwest and southeast part of the country. The maximum degree of risk in terms of fog-prone area in roads network of the country is related to the south and southwest area of the Caspian region while the maximum degree of risk in terms of dust-prone area is related to the west to south part of the country (northeast part of Caspian area).

Geosystems or Geomorphic systems include terrain structure with processes interactions that work as alone or common and create a series of terrain unites. Geosystem elements consist of lines, points, surfaces, and volumes. The ways of relationships between the elements form spatial structure identity. The elements prepare spaces for different land uses, when they are located in ratio to each other. The study has done with terrain analysis approach, and also with historical evolutions analysis, and archeology pattern of ancient civil on the Tehran geosystem. Doing the research, we have used of topography and geology maps, DEM produced by RADAR with 20 meter resolutions, aerial photograph, Land sat satellite image, and also Google earth. Results the study show that the results show that Tehran Metropolitan has spread out on a geosystem that could be called Glaci-fluvial, the space has been made by ice and water processes in quaternary as external dynamics to form suitable habitats. Also, tectonic, especially faults displacement, in the north and south of Teheran geosystem, has affected on the creation of topography and dispersion of the spaces. Therefore, Tehran geosystem consist of boundary, structure, function, hallway, direction, unique historical evolution, totality and convergent and special climatic characters. The factors in relation to each other have formed geomorphic elements that could follow as urban structure pattern, and land use. Understanding of the elements in a geosystem approach, and with a unique essence is very important, because compatibility and coincidence of urban structures on the elements lead to stable and organic urban, and could be come to rest as a turning point in urban design and planing

Current research in order to identify neo tectonic activity of the ziyarat basin has been made on the northern slopes of the eastern Alborz in south-Gorgan and using the index of morpho tectonic and tectonic evidence in the area. In this regard, the 6 morphological parameters were calculated and the results are analyzed. The overall results of these features, as indicators of the relative activity was calculated and it consists of four classes of active regions, active regions with moderate to low activity, were classified into. Often the high activity of the class was made east and south-east basin ziyarat, while other areas of middle class are. The results of this study, low amounts calculated mountain front sinuosity and high is the stream–gradient index. Increased activity the tectonics region in the basin can be relative to position of the peak stream- gradient; along the faults and the segment of faults. The drainage basin asymmetry of many sub basins is estimated more or less 50, that is shown the diversion to the west or east of the drainage basin. On the other hand, high levels of drainage basin asymmetry visit the main branch of the river and the Caspian fault clearly: in the southern and south eastern of this basin is affected by activity Radkan and Tal Anbar faults. The results of the evaluation of the relative active tectonics index, represents the activity of the focus areas in the central and south made the ziyarat to the eastern basin, while other areas of middle class of the relative active tectonics, this confirms the activation of the neo tectonics area that is. Studies on the fracture process, works and drainage fault in the northern and central station is indicating, the close association between the lineaments, the structural elements and the geometric relationships between them and the position of waterfalls and fountains there.

In urban areas the world over the past several decades was associated with an exponential growth of population, which led to widespread changes in land use urban and land cover. Therefore, in this study, the daily temperature data from 1951 to 2010 at the synoptic station Shiraz 60-year period were reviewed. Then the average daily temperature average was five days into quintile. Results of cluster analysis on Euclidean distances Ward four distinct seasons using the thermal shall be specified, Based on this warm period began on June 8 and ends August 29, the cold period beginning on November 8 and will continue until March 28. after determine the season LANDSAT satellite TM sensor images on using temperature range (Land Surface Temperature) and vegetation index NDVI For both warm and cold seasons using the software ERDAS IMAGING 9.2 On a 6 Dec. 2010 and 15 Jul. 2010 In order to calculate the difference between warm and cold seasons, and its preparation and assessment the software ARCGIS 9.3 done. Results showed that the temperature distribution patterns in different seasons, Thus the heating season in the lower temperature range relevant for vegetation; But in the cold season is concentrated in northern and north-west, which includes the towns of West and West Slopes Northern Highlands

Growing population and increasing urbanization has led to the expansion of informal settlements. Informal settlements in developing countries, more than other urban tissues are exposed to various risks and natural disasters. This type of settlements, often develop and spread without regard to natural hazards, with no specific plan and no attention to regulations. Expansion of informal settlements in the city of Bandar Abbas, has been causing problems for cities and urban management. One of the most important informal settlements in the city of Bandar Abbas is Chahestaniha. In this study Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) is used to determine zones which with a view to effective natural factors need replacement. First, effective natural factors were studied. Then according to the weight of each factor, the map of these weights was prepared. In the next step, the vulnerability map, using layers of the weight and the weight coefficient of each factor is provided. Afterward, the Arc Scene in the Arc GIS software was used to scrutinize areas that are in need of replacement. Finally, after the field visits, using three-dimensional topography of the neighborhood and scrutinize the results, requiring replacement zones have been identified. The results of this study indicate that the northern and northeastern parts of the neighborhood, located within the high risk environment, and in case of danger, damage will be irreparable. Factors such as, inappropriate construction, low resistance materials used in buildings and old buildings, narrow streets, on the establishment of constructions on detached and non-resistant elements of nature, high slope, and unstable hillsides near neighborhood in the eastern part, and the risk of mass movement, can intensify vulnerability of this neighborhood. Accordingly, in the decision-making process leading to the preparation of plans for organizing this type of settlements, it is essential to consider the effect of environmental factors and morphogenesis phenomena.

Nowadays, understanding and strengthening of social networks and services in rural settlements and consciously facility and service managing as a rural development planning trend policy not only helps the optimum distribution of facilities and resources in rural areas but physical integrity and structure of the suitable habitat space. Village of Shirvan, the scope of our study, is one of the 7 municipalities forming the city of Boroujerd and is considered the largest one. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of social networks space in space function of rural services in village. To achieve objective research, for each social cultural relation and service current in the Shirvan village, questionnaire has been prepared and by referring to the rural councils it is completed. Then each of these trends and relationships were analyzed and compared with each other. Methodology of this study is attributive and field-based one. Specifically, in this study by utilizing network analysis, method analysis trends and relationships in study areas is done. Results of reviews show that in Shirvan village in the field of social - cultural relations most central parts and places matches with node parts and central places in area of rural services and it shows that social networks have influence on trends and service relations between rural settlements in village, and villages located in mentioned natural areas, have interrelation and service trends among them is established.

Today, along with population growth and urban development, we are facing with problems including shortage of housing and other welfare services which has been a factor to increase the building violations in cities and Due to lack of adequate supervision on urban constructions،this problem is exacerbated. One of the important issues in cities is building violations that confront and solve it, simply is not possible. One of the possible solutions is an effort to prevent and reduce the occurrence of these violations in cities. In this research by using the data taken from the Department of Architecture and Urban Construction from 1390/1/1 to 1391/7/24, has been investigated the distribution of building violations in the 15 regions of Isfahan City. Purpose of this paper is analyzes the spatial distribution of building violations in the regions of Isfahan City. The research method is, "descriptive – comparative and analysis". Analysis method in this research is comparative analysis of 15 areas of Isfahan and the use of factor analysis and cluster analysis techniques. The results of this study indicate that: 1- In the period studied, 1387 to 1391, the rate of the building violations in urban areas of Isfahan increased. 2- According to the violations took place in the city, 52 types of violations have been made that by using the technique of factor analysis was reduced to 8 factors and considering the variables, respectively 8 factors were extracted: height and construction violations, construction document violations, commercial applications violations, extortion violations, violations of vision and nobility, violations of doors and stairs, added manufacturing violations, transform violations. The 8 factors covers the 84/45% of the variance of Society. 3- Most of building violations occurred in the Isfahan city is concerned with the height and construction violations, construction document violations and commercial applications violations.

Single storms are the most restore water at the water management especially in arid and semi arid. Therefore, single storm estimation is the important step in risk management. This study, single storm estimated by GSDM model. So, the date used include: Meteorological data, DEM and water value in basin Jahanbin. In the GSDM model should divide basin to two region smooth and rough, Moisture Adjustment Factor (MAF), Elevation Adjustment Factor (EMF) and calculated humid in dew point 28 cº. The results shows, that estimated rainfall amount by GSDM model are the better than. The estimated rainfall by GSDM model is between 126mm in smooth region and 350mm in rough region. The compare is between estimated rain fall and record maximum rain (Jouneghan station) shows that amount estimated by GSDM model is suitable.

Soil erosion is the most important threat to the soil and water resources among the soil degradation processes in arid and semi-arid regions. This study was conducted in Shirin-Darreh Basin, a semi-arid region in north-eastern Iran, to evaluate the performance of Erosion Potential Method (EPM) and Hydro-physical method (CSY) in generating erosion potential and sediment load maps via geographic information system (GIS). The data used in this study were derived from topography maps, Land-sat ETM+ images, aerial pictures and meteorological data. Soil erosion was evaluated by means of classified factors in EPM and CSY methods. In the end, the results showed that regions with heavy and severe erosion potential, possessed geological formations such as: Sar-Cheshmeh (Ksr), Sanganeh (Ksn), and Quaternary Alluvial (Q). Moreover, the results showed that the east wing of Shirin-Darreh Basin produces the major part of sediment load. It is highly recommended to perform soil conservation operations in the eastern parts of Shirin-Darreh basin.

establishment of industries in rural areas in the shape of industrial Township is recruiting job seekers in these areas and it provides areas for change in the status of rural life. So generally speaking, the construction of industrial Township sustainable employment carries access to greater prosperity and improved quality of life for the villagers. A fundamental question in this connection is, the establishment of industrial zones is essentially what the impact on the quality of rural life can be? therefore, the aim of this study is to assess the effects of Khayyam Industrial Township in the subjective quality of life of villagers using cross - sectional. The subjective quality of life indicators concern to measure the level of satisfaction of individuals and groups. Gathering information and data through documentation and library studies, scientific papers - research, field observations, a questionnaire setting. Information obtained from the use of spss software, were analysed. The results showed that, the one sample t test obtained with significance level, sig=0.000 and t=46/165. Khayyam Industrial Township was effective on enhancing quality of life for rural. Wilcoxon rank test indicates that there are significant differences between the subjective quality of respondents before and after the settlement of employment. The %77/71 of respondents declared that the subjective quality of life has improved after working in the industrial estate, and 4/82 percent of the respondents declared that the indicators of subjective quality of life before and after the period of employment in the industrial Township has not changed, and 17/47 percent stated that their quality of life indicators were more favourable prior to employment of the industrial Township.

Evaporation is a phenomenon of Hidrological cycle that is particularly important in studies of water. much of the annual rainfall in arid and semi-arid weather characteristics that Iran immediately returns to the atmosphere. So it will be important to estimate and predict the amount of evaporated to estimate of water. Dez basin in South-West Iran, where the country's main centers of permanent ponds and water supply for the probe is located at the river country. Dez basin in South-West Iran, where most centers are located in its permanent pond.Thus, based on the predicted evaporation as one of the most important hydraulic phenomena essential role of water-related programs in the basin. Evaporation is a function of several factors due to different climatic variables and the interaction of these variables on each other is a complex nonlinear phenomena and should be carefully studied and the methods used for simulations. Investigated the relationship between climatic signals and the amount of evaporation is something that can make it possible to predict. Climatic signals are signs that climate variables in different areas are affected these signals can be noted from Nino, NAO, SST and ENSO.There are several models to predict the evaporation rate based on these signals. Researchers have used various methods to achieve satisfactory results for different parts of the world. Among these methods, Artificial Neural Network because it has a similar behavior is a biological neuron system has many fans.This network has the power to govern the replication of data mining and forecasting climatic parameters make possible. In this study, evaporation changes in Dez basin associated with large-scale climate signals are studied and while determining the performance of artificial neural networks and climate signals to evaporation predict, the most important climate signals associated with evaporation in the basin is characterized. The study area includes part of the catchment basin of Dez that is part of the Persian Gulf Catchment.The Basin, parts of the provinces of Lorestan, Chahar Mahal va Bakhtiari, Khuzestan and Markaz.To conduct research related statistics within and around the basin evaporation in four synoptic stations including Khorramabad, Arak, Dezful and Koohrang is applied. During the period of 29 years, from 1983 to 2011 for stations in Khorram Abad and Arak, and 19 years from 1992 to 2011 for Dezful and is Koohrang. Facts about climate Signals obtained from the NOAA site is evaporation during the same time period. In this study, to simulate evaporation in the basin made to fit the artificial networks whichconsists of the determination of the number of neurons in each layer of the network, network training and testing the network. After training the neural network to determine the proportion of data values between zero and one attempt and the number of neurons in the hidden layer through trial and error will be determined. Each entry is multiplied by the corresponding weight and then come together to say that the summation function.The resulting number is the sum of the excitation function is sent to the output formats the network. Using the correlation matrix of the 24 climate signal, the signal for each station 4 have been identified as most relevant to evaporation.To determine the optimal structure of the network, the number of neurons in the middle layer of 5 to 15 than learning ratio from 0.1 to 0.3 were changed Where the lowest root mean square error and coefficient of determination showed the highest value was determined as the optimal structure that Optimal structure for the station Khorramabad 7 neurons in the middle layer and learning ratio 0.3, Dezful 10 neurons in the middle layer and learning ratio 0.2, Koohrang 9 neurons in the middle layer and t learning ratio 0.2, Arak 8 neurons in the middle layer and Learning ratio is 0.3.To determine the optimal neural network, the output network evaporate observational data are compared with the results of the comparison indicate a high correlation between stations in the basin. amount of correlation in Khorramabad Station is79%, Dezful 96%, Koohrang 72% and Arak72%. In order to predict the evaporation, the output data networks as dependent variables and data related to climate signals as independent variables, the correlation is derived that In all four stations are highly correlated, so the station Khorramabad 99.5%, Dezful 98.3%, Koohrang 99.2% and Arak is 99%. The best neural network structure which has a higher coefficient and root mean square is less the network of stations Khorramabad has7 neurons in the middle layer with learning ratio 0.3, Dezful 10 neurons in the middle layer with learning ratio 0.2, Kuhrang 9 neurons in the middle layer with learning ratio 0.2, and Arak 8 neurons in the middle layer with learning ratio 0.3. Comparison to evaporation observational data and output of artificial neural network shows the high correlation between these data So that the extent of this correlation on the Khorramabad station is 79%, Dezful 94%, Kuhrang 80% and Arak 72%. In order to predict the evaporation, the output data networks and data related to climate signals, the correlation is derived so the station Khorramabad is 99.5%, Dezful 98.3%, Koohrang 99.2% and Arak is 99%. Therefore, given the high correlation coefficient, using the correlation equation can be predicted with high accuracy of 98% compared to evaporate for months without data should be taken.