فصلنامه تحقیقات جغرافیایی
سال سی‌ام شماره 3 (پیاپی 118، پاییز 1394)

Mixed used Development has been considered as a part of the common principles of new urbanism theory such as new urbanism and smart growth. Increasing land prices in urban regions and tend to increase the intensity of land use are such factors that improve importance of mixed use development.The purpose of this research is introduction of principles of mixed use and evaluate and assess the incorporation of it in Kashani Street in Yazd, that is one of the line center of city that connects the old and new parts of town and provide strategies to increase the incorporation of it.This study is among the applied research that use descriptive, analytical and survey method andwas used library study for the development of theoretical basis and information about the case study field studies and observation of the physical interpretation of the collected data in data collection. To identify and determine the user incorporation in the study area, the application, the state coeducational classes user and finally buildings and such amount and intensity of this phenomenon in Kashani Street, according to 11-fold factors is selected by using Delphi technique and IEF were studied.Findings show that mixing rate is low in this area. The horizontal mixing is because of different types of users in the street. Vertical mixing of the street, is because of user diversity in two-story building and other types of mixed use including time and activity mixing is not available.Therefore, as the important achievement of research strategies based on the theoretical research and situation of the area to increase its mixed use for improving the qualities of street especially the increased prosperity and vitality. According to the high proportion of bare land area, the main emphasis in the proposed strategy is to a multi-purpose social and cultural functions with respect to increasing the efficiency of public transit of Kashani Street.

In this research the daily data of 69 climatic variables (wind direction, wind speed, dry temperature, wet temperature, maximum and minimum temperature, average daily temperature, precipitation, relative humidity, station level pressure, cloudiness, horizontal visibility, vapor pressure, …) of Abumusa synoptic station during the years 1362-1388 were studied.Initially, a data base of variables was created in MATLAB software. In the next stage a cluster analysis applied on the standardized data matrix (9311*69) using Ward method. In this matrix rows indicate the days and the columns the synoptic variables. Finally 6 weather types were revealed and consequently, for each (weather) type a day was chosen as the representative of that weather type. Then the statistical characteristics of the weather types calculated. Additionally successiveness, occurrence, and yearly and monthly frequency of the weather type were calculated and studied.

Purpose of this study is analysis of spatial autocorrelation of freezing changes of Iran over the last half century. Daily temperature data over the period 1340 - 1383 of Esfezari database provided by doctor Masoodian (to enhance the temporal resolution of the database, daily observations of temperature from 1383 to the end of 1390 using the same method and the same spatial resolution is added to the database) has been used. Then by using Matlab and GIs soft wares, freezing changes during 5 same length period extracted by using spatial autocorrelation analysis (Moran Index). In this study, surfer software was used for mapping operations. The results show that the maximum frequency of freezing occurrence in all periods is in West, North West and North East, which are adapted on altitude regions. Regions that located in the southern parts of the country due to dynamic high pressure didnt have freezing day. However, the recent periods (particularly since 1370) freezing has declined sharply. Analysis of spatial autocorrelation of freezing pattern changes show that the spatial distribution freezing decreases recent years that corresponded with the results of studies on global warming.

Sunflower is one of the most important oilseeds in the world which has adaptation to high temperature. However, its cultivation in many different areas is neither desirable nor economical.Considering that sunflower is a crop that is irrigated by adequate river water in the Province of Isfahan, temperature is a determining role in the final revenue. Appropriate temperatures are shown at different stages of the plant growth and its development in suitable planting dates.In order for the thermal zoning of sunflowers’ cultivation in the Province of Isfahan, temperature data from 41 synoptic and the climatology stations in the Province of Isfahan and its neighboring provinces from their establishment to the year 2010 were utilized. The Province zone was divided into three temperature zones (1, 2 and 3) using the day and night temperatures average by Kriging Method. To determine suitable planting date for sunflowers in spring and summer in Isfahan, the average means of 15 days temperature from February 4 to November 21 were calculated and the regression equation between height and temperature was obtained. Then, suitable planting dates, determined in each temperature zone due to the thermal needs of the crop and the maps, were drawn using DEM in GIS environment.Based on the results, sunflower cultivation begins on February 20 from the east of the Province and then all the other parts gain the temperature needed to grow until the second half of May.According to the sunflower thermal needs, if this plant is planted in different regions on suitable planting dates, it will not face inhibitor temperatures and suitable efficiency is achieved in terms of the climate. Also, second cultivated sunflower is done in the central and surrounding areas of Isfahan and cultivated sunflower is possible in the central areas of the province in July and August.

The wind as one of the manifestations of renewable energies is very important for tabernacle instead of fossil fuels. The Sistan and Baluchestan province, according to its topography and position is one of the best places to build wind power plant. In this research, for potential evaluating of the wind power plants construction were considered different criteria and subcriteria in the provinces of Sistan and Baluchestan. Criteria fuzzy modeling has been down based on expert opinions and survey researches, the control points and fuzzy function type of each layers based on fuzzy membership ranging from zero to one was applied by Edrisi software. Then, in order to the importance of the information integration, Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) for layers weighting was implemented by Expert choice software. So, the Arc GIS software were applied for spatial analysis and overlay the layers, after the data analyzed, Sistan and Baluchestan province divided into four levels: excellent, good, fair and poor, in terms of capability the wind power plants building.Finally, the results indicated that excellent areas for the construction of wind power plants in the study area are located in the north and north Este of the study area at Zabul station with an area exceeding 1519851/64 hectares. In addition, good areas are located around the Chabahar, west and North West Zahedan and parts of southern Zabul with an area exceeding 2983473/12 ectares. It is hoped that renewable energy of wind without any pollution could be utilized by the construction of wind power plants in these places ultimately.

Following the collapse of the Soviet Union, due to changes in the structure of global system and political geography of the region, a new geopolitical situation was created in the region. On one hand, with the emergence of the newly independent countries of the Soviet Union, around the sea, the political geography of the region has changed and consequently, a new form of geopolitical relations was created in the region. On the other hand, the collapse of the Soviet Union, led to the United States increase its efforts for dominating the areas of Soviet influence.In order to influence and eventually dominate the region, extensive efforts of trans-regional powers was made, particularly by the United States of America as well as the actions of coastal and regional powers to get their interests in the Caspian and prevent the formation of a unipolar system that is led by America; made a space of competition in the Caspian region. The main question of the research is that, what space is created by the competitions in the Caspian region.This research with library and survey method and approach of Cross – sectional is Seeks toachieve a competition powers model in the Caspian region.

To do this research daily interpolated temperature data from Asfezari data base have been used.In order to recognition extreme cold days, the Normalized Temperature Deviation Index (NTDI) applied. Then the index sorted according to extensive and severity and first 500 days selected for analysis. The geopotential height data extracted from www.esrl.noaa.gov data base. The thickness anomaly calculated for each day and classified by cluster analysis and Ward method.The thickness mean and temperature anomaly maps has been showed during each pattern. The results showed that 5 thickness anomaly pattern observed during extreme cold day's occurrence in Iran. The response of Iran absolute temperature anomaly to thickness anomaly are different. The coldest extreme low temperature on Iran occurred when located negative anomaly in thickness over Siberian and northeastern parts of Iran and observed positive anomaly over Barents Sea, Groland and Europe. The mean air temperature anomaly of Iran accompany to this circumstance of thickness anomaly is -5.9° centigrade.

Condition of contour lines in topographic maps, explains more geomorphologic issues such as effective processes in the land forms found in nature. Change in the curvature of the transverse profile of a valley in mountainous areas, the peak of the mountain range, also reflect the geomorphologic features and expresses the tectonic events and climate changes occurring in the region. These changes are traceable along the valleys, according to the width of the valley floor to the height of its sides or curvature coefficient of rate curve. through examining this curvature at different heights, we can determine changes in the valleys and express on how to operate the various processes of exploration and cumulative throughout the valley.In this article Tried that, through classical methods and mathematical analysis, all major subbasins and valleys around Sabalan be examined. Using main rate curved lines flection coefficient, with the height distance of 200 meters, and if necessary with shorter distance (50 meters), addressed to identify the part of mountain, that had been Indicate the location's focus of geomorphological processes over time. To this end, For the 21 major basins of Sabalan, prepared some table and relationship, which represent the way of arrangement of the transverse valley profiles at different altitudes is associated with processes. Studies in sabalan, suggest that in the height of 2800 meters has been the place of changes in geomorphological processes, over time.

Raisins are one of the most important parts of agriculture products to export and Malayer gardens are one of the most valuables lands to produce Vitis Vinifera for raisin industry in recent years. The region has some problems to manage water resources due to climate change effects and drought. Understanding of hydrology balance and drought period is one of most tools to manage the water crisis in the Middle East. Todays, satellite indices are effective for monitoring of agriculture drought especially on the lands where they have not climatology stations and big watershed. Within satellite indices, ones that relate to vegetation are important because vegetation have strong relationship with soil temperature and humidity thus study of it is suitable and ecologic method for monitoring of anomalies of soil temperature and humidity.In this research were computed drought indices on Landsat images over the Malayer gardens in April of 2007, 2009 and 2013(the driest of years in the country). VCI, VDI, WSVI and NDVI indices are calculated on images and are monitored and compared agriculture droughts. The results show that NDVI and WSVI can detect drought better than the other indices in the region.

The bed of the ancient lakes with having the fine granule sediments and fertile soil is a very good place for the extensive agricultural and industrial activities. The bed of ancient lake in Khorramabad is a very good place for these activities. awaring of the exact limit and resolving of the Morphometrical features of the same lake is very important, for environmental programming.The bed of this lake is located in cofine folded zagros, province of Lorastan, Khorramabad city and in the plain of Koragha.The main goal of this research is proving and analyzing of Morphometric feature of the lake in this region. For this work by using of area topographic maps in the scale of 1/50000 and adjusting them with the digital elevatin model (Iran map dem) and water ways map, the curving amount of 1200 maters is provided as the final expansion and sedimentation. The terrestrial measure have used for controlling and certitude at limit of the Lake. Arc Gis 9.3 software is used to calculate the bed slope of the lake, cutting, provision and production the new plans and to drawing of the isodepth plotting and estimation of the lake maximum depth. Considering the results of this study, this lake is formed in quaternary and the Extent was find to be 75, with the maximum depth of 75 meter, the medium depth of 32.26 meter, the ratio of average depth to the maximum of depth 0.43, degree of seaside evolution line for was 1.80, Lake volume 2419.7 million and the seaside length line 55.11 km.

Soil erosion is a major problem for developing countries with arid and semi-arid climate. These of erosion Is possible than two ways of water and wind. In this paper, with using of two methods IRIFER and hierarchical models, The rate and intensity of soil erosion is estimated Shadegan Catchment. For this purpose, By using various maps alike DEM, rainfall, land use index, NDVI, Geology estimated Rate and intensity of soil erosion in GIS. Then final map erosion estimation Obtained from two methods were classified into five groups, very high,high, medium, low, very low. Results showed that About 12.2% of the watershed area of erosion is high and very high. And average soil erosion in the catchment area of 2143.8 Ton / Hectare / Year. In this Catchment Viewpoint erosion is crisis conditions and very severe. According to Correlation 0.96 was calculated regression equation. In this research showed that AHP methods combined with use of GIS Procedures and tools for estimating, Display and Classification is Rate Soil erosion However In this respect also can be used recent methods.

The main purpose of this paper is to study climate changes and fluctuations in the four synoptic stations in Sistan and Baluchistan province in the past few years and to analyze statistically and simulates and forecast for the next years (2040-2009). This study used data from the outputs of general circulation climate model ECHO-G with A1 scenario that are now used at the University of Hamburg, Germany, and the Korea Research Center for Downscaling on selected stations and the results were analyzed.Model of the stations studied, indicated that the model parameters at the stations could simulate the minimum temperature, maximum temperature and the radiation well, but simulation of rainfall had an error especially in Zabol station. Analyzing the data generated in the course of future climate and its comparison with the previous period indicated an increase in precipitation stations and the heavy precipitation in the range of the station. In the course of the future, climatic factors increased in minimum temperature more than the maximum temperature that lead to a decrease in the range of temperature and reduced thermal comfort in the coming years for the province. An increase in the number of hot days and decrease in the number of frost days (especially in Zabol and Zahedan station) in the course of future climatic are other results of the data. Radiating element in Zahedan station in all months, and at other stations in most months increases compared to the previous period.

The study area, Paykola anticline, is located in the southwestern part of Kermanshah Province. The aim of this research is to evaluate the Geomorphological indexes of active tectonics in Paykola anticline as well as to study the effect of tectonic in the form and direction of geomorphological landforms. To achieve the aim of study, the lithological and tectonic characteristics of study area were obtained based on 1،100000 geololgical map. Geomorphological landforms were identified by means of Quickbird imagery as well as field work. Geomorphological indexes of active tectonics such as mountain front sinuosity, triangular facets, river spacing, drainage density, wine-glass valleys, hypsometric integral and river meander were analyzed. The presence of fairly straight mountain fronts, triangular with long base and steep slope, low drainage density, parallel drainage pattern, wine-glass valley and higher hypsometric integral of northwestern limb show that this part of anticline is tectonically active than southwestern limb.

One of the most important aspects of sustainable development is sustainable agriculture. Therefore, nowadays, achieving a sustainable agricultural system is an important policy in agriculture department of countries. The main objective of this study is identifying factors affecting stability of rice cultivation in the city of Shirvan and Chardavol in Ilam province. This study was a survey and is descriptive correlation. Chardavol of rice production in the region is considered as a case study area has been selected. The city Rice planter N=2550 number of Shirvan Chardavol Township of Ilam province, one of the most effective areas persons were selected as the statistical community. Among these 185 people sampling stratified Multi-stage random using the formula Cochrane (d = 0.07 and p = q = 0.5) as sample statistics were selected for collecting the required information from farmers, a questionnaire, developed Content validity was confirmed by the panel of experts.Finally, data acquired using a special formula of Cronbach alpha software SPSS, credit research questionnaire for all sections 0.80, respectively. The results showed that most of farmers Rice planter are middle-aged and illiterate. The results also show that 67.82 percent of Rice planter has the middle of knowledge about sustainable agriculture and most of them are nearly 42.01 percent, a moderate attitude towards sustainable rice cultivation.The results of the correlation between variables shows a significant negative relationship between the stability of rice cultivation with age, farming experience, there is a history of rice cultivation, there is also a significant positive relationship between rice cultivation and variables such as stability, extent of lands owned, area of land under rice cultivation, social participation, sustainable agriculture knowledge, attitude, level of promotional contacts.

Forecasting of temperature is a very important in meteorology. Air temperature prediction is of a concern in environment, industry and agriculture. Temperature with precipitation are important factors in meteorology and are used in classification of climate. In this paper we want to predict average monthly temperature for chosen station of Isfahan province. An Artificial Neural Network is a powerful data modeling tool that is able to capture and represent complex input /output relationships. Most of the forecasters use a multilayer perceptron network. In this paper for forecasting of monthly average temperature of selection station of Isfahan province we used multilayer perceptron network. we worked on three station. Isfahan, East of Isfahan and Kashan were our stations. We used average temperature of 7 month before for forecasting next month temperature. Thus, we could forecast monthly temperature for 36 month later, in this situation we had the best correlation between data.In this paper we used Matlab software 2013. In all structure of network, there was a hidden layer with 30 neurons. All stations with hidden layer got answers. For training network used Levenberg –Marquardt algorithm. All network with motivation function got answer with Hiperbolik tangent. In results we found this model was good for prediction.

According to tourism routes for attract tourist in an area can also is generate income, improve the quality of life of the host society. A tourism route, despite having numbers of attractions and tourism resources along the way needs are strategic planning. This paper aims to prioritize tourism routes have been studied in Chahar Mahal and Bakhtiari. Methodology cross - quantitative and qualitative.Data for this study were obtained from official statistics based on 40 key indicators. required is obtained from official statistics, the TOPSIS model, and the weighting of criteria and sub-criteria, the AHP model to rank trails and 6 filed Chahar Mahal and Bakhtiari provincetourism deals. TOPSIS results show that there are disparities between routes and route 1 has first out and route number 4 ranking last Average rating indicates a higher than average routes1 and 5,5 and 3 routes and paths around the mean and 2 and 4 are below average. The necessary solutions to eliminate imbalances in tourism routes and proposals to be discussed.

Considering long term impacts of Mehr housing plan on appearance and performances of cities, it is necessary that their construction will be done on the basis of geographical elements and Criteria of urban planning in order to have positive impacts on urban quality and performance and reduce the ecological, social, and economical costs. Therefore, this research analyzes and evaluates appropriateness of Yazd's Mehr housing plan according to the spatial-locative criteria.Present research is applied in terms of goal and is descriptive-analytical in regard of study method and way of implementing. In this research, documentary approach based on library studies and reports and pictorial documents such as disaggregated maps and numeral and nonnumeral basis as well as field approach including field observations have been used forcollecting information.In this study, spatial-locative standards of land using have classified in terms of characteristics related to compatibility of land using surrounding Mehr housing plan, locative comfort of under study projects and desirability of location of constructing these projects. Then locative appropriateness of Mehr housing projects analyzed using spatial analysis, network analysis and buffering analysis as well as other geographical information systems. The results of evaluation suggest that there is congruence between selecting places of under study projects and compatibility, comfort, and desirability. They also suggest that projects have been formed according to the principles and criteria of urban planning.

The existence of technical &theoretical knowledge for the assessment of gullies helps to the distinction of gully locales on topographical map& their digital model. Anyhow, the ability to use of topographical map (DEM) for the assessment of gullies situation needs to the necessary knowledge about the process of gully formation and the frequency of gullies. The present research has been carried out for the assessment of locales prone to gully formation in Dyereh.The substances& methods used in this research consist of the layers of DEM model& the secondary layers extracted from it, stream power index, land use, canals, lithology & the ways existent in the catchment& the collection of circular data. The above data has been analyzed in Arc GIS environment and its results have been scrutinized with chi-square test.According to the acquired results of this research in Dyereh catchment 5 factors (inclination, inclination’s horizontal curvature, land use, distance of the road, and lithology) among 8 factors have been recognized as the main factors in gully formation. Among these 5 factors the class of inclination 0-4/1 in which 33/22% of Dyereh from its total area has been located, has the most effect on the gully formation in this catchment.