فصلنامه تحقیقات جغرافیایی
سال سی و چهارم شماره 1 (پیاپی 131، زمستان 1397)

One of the phenomena in arid and semi-arid regions is dust storm. Dust is one of the environmental issues that affect the quality and pollution of the air, human health, soil fertility, visibility, economy, and many social and environmental aspects of the community. The present research has been carried out to identify and characterize the areas of dust source in Khorasan Razavi province during the period (2005-2016). In this research identified 65 dust source in case study with use MODIS image. Then, the characteristics of these points were studied in terms of soil, slope, elevation, vegetation index (NDVI), lithology and land use. The results of the characteristics of dust sources showed that 63 percent of the points in the land use area were located at the levels related to the poor pastures (23 points) and dry land (18 points). In the slope layer, 43.07 percent of the points are located on the 0-2 percent floor and in the soil layer 49.2 percent of the points are on the floor of the Eridisol, which includes 39.2 percent of the area of the area. In the NDVI layer, 98.4 the percentage of points that cover about 99% of the area of the area is related to the non-vegetation section, and in the layer related to the elevation points, 90% of the points (60 points) are located in the altitudinal area of 0-1500. In relation to the lithology of the region, discontinuous sedimentary units with an area of 49.56 are about 66.15% of the points. The results indicate that most of the dust source areas are located in weak pasture land use and rainy land with erosive soil and lithology that has poor vegetation cover.

In recent years, attention has been paid to governance, especially in rural studies. The good governance is about the ability of the government to serve the Citizens, referring to laws, processes and behaviors that express interests, manage resources and exercise power in the Community. The purpose of this study was assessing the performance of Dehyari representatives in the framework of good rural governance in rural areas of Zanjan city. The type of applied research, descriptive- analytical method, and documentary and field methods have been used for data collection. The Population of the research is rural population of Zanjan City, which according to the Cochran formula, 382 people are Considered. For data analysis, statistical methods such as t-test, one-way variance, Scheffes test and Promethean ranking model have been used. The results of the research showed that the dignitaries had better performance among the eight governance indexes in the legitimacy and legality index (3/42) and had a poor performance in the transparency index (2/75). The results of the Scheffe test showed that the villages in the central part have the highest mean (2/98), which can be linked to the city center with the proximity of the villages. The results of the Promethee model also indicate that the village of Ghareboteh has the highest rank among the 25 villages in terms of possession

 The city-wide competition economy is causing the municipality to seek to attract private sector investment. But investors are looking for economic assurance for investment, and urban space qualities are important to them. Meanwhile, urban designers have different justifications for their economic impact in the process of providing qualities of urban space. The absence of categorized classifications of urban space qualities, based on its impact on economic metrics to direct urban space design methods, has created a challenge to attract investors’ attention. Therefore, urban designers should fulfill the economic justification and local identity with utilizing quality classification. The purpose of this paper is to prioritize the qualities of urban space that is effective in providing expectations of investors based on the views of urban designers. By prioritizing urban designers in addition to providing effective qualities, they can provide economic justification for investment. Since central district of Mashhad city has transnational tourism and economic attractiveness for private sectors, it has been selected as a case study for this paper.  Delphi technique has been used to prioritize urban space qualities and to build a consensus between urban designers.  In order to study this research, 12 effective qualities in urban space design were selected. Then, the degree of importance of urban space quality were calculated. The findings represent a high score for functional dimensional quality. Finally, the results show that the first-class qualities provide the most investor expectations.

 Urban-rural links play an important role in the local economy and the livelihoods of the inhabitants of rural settlements so it is imperative to study more closely these links, their performances, their spatial-regional planning, and the "local network" approach in the scale of the district and the rural system. Like an efficient approach, the local network can cause functional dynamics in the examination of the underlying regional network and is highly suitable for the analysis of urban-rural links in rural systems. Gomishan city is selected as a sample of this study. To study the local network in the study area, we use the results of the weighted average of the metrics obtained in the analysis of urban-rural links by the centrality index method, as well as their ranking based on the obtained scores and a communication matrix based on the main currents between villages as well as adjacent cities. For analyzing the results, Ucinet 6.658 and NetDraw 2.154 and Gephi softwares are used Our results show that the density of the local network of residences in the area of Gomishan is 0.58. Given the fact this value is relatively close to 0.5, it can be assumed that this network has a low or moderate density. Thus, it can be assumed that these residences have common criteria and indicators, and those that are similar in terms of criteria and indicators are more closely connected. The resultant clustering coefficient is equal to 0.322, which is relatively modest (lower than 0.5), and indicates the average tendency to form three rural systems in the local network.

Climatic condition is one of the most important determinants of the qualitative properties of essential oils produced by Rosa damascena Mill and play a decisive role in the quality of essential oil extracted from it. The main objective of this study is to investigate the comparison of the different composition of the essential oils in the present conditions and under climate changing conditions. In this study, data related to quantitiy features and Rosa damascena Mill essence composition value were sampled from 6 orchards and extracted in labratoary .8 main compositions –called Benzene, ethanol, citronellol, geraniol, eugenol, methyl eugenol, Heptadecane, Nonadkan, and Hnykozan were identified from extracted essence of these orchards. Finally, correlation analysis were used to revealing the association among climatic factors and extracted Essense composition of each orchard. The results showed that 8 extracted compositions formes more than average 0.88 of sampled flowers essence and generally Citronellol, geraniol and Nonadkan form the highest percent of essence. the results also showed that of 8 important compositions of Rosa damascena Mill. essence m changes in 4 compositions Nonadkan, benzene, ethanol and Geraniol and methyl eugenol meaningfully are dependant on space- changes in weather factors from March to June and specially April. concentration of two compositions Benzene, ethanol and methyl eugenol in all sampled orchards in simulated climate 2050 have increased from 2014. While concentration of two chemical compositions Nonadkan and Geraniol in 2050 had meaningfully decreased rather to 2014

One of the vital consequences of the expedite growth of urbanization and the physical development of the cities of the country has been the disruption of the distribution system of the service centers in recent decades, causing the social inequality of citizens in accessing such services. Urban public services structure the city's physical, social and spatial nature; thus, irreparable effects are caused on the structure, the nature of the city and the class segregation of the urban neighborhoods due to injustice in its distribution, and faces urban management with serious challenges. The extension of the concepts of justice in the field of geography and urban literature, which began approximately 40 years ago, has recently led to new approaches in the field of epistemology. This study examines the spatial distribution of urban services in Mashhad metropolis with the aim of measuring spatial justice. The present research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. The data collection method is documentary and as a desk study and the technique used is a fuzzy method. Statistics and research indices were the distributions status of service use intervals at the level of 13 districts of Mashhad metropolis, obtained from a detailed plan. By measuring the research indices, the present research attempts to compare and classify the different districts of Mashhad in terms of the enjoyment rate of the access index, in order to provide a proper route for balancing the city development pillars. The analysis results indicated that approximately 10,381 hectares, equivalent to 30% of the city area suffers inadequate and relatively inadequate quality in accessing a variety of services, meanwhile districts 1, 11, and Samen were more appropriate than other districts. Also, districts 7, 6, and 2 lack the minimum zones with very good access to the services

Urban texture assessment with passive defense approach is one of the most important issues in the field of urban planning. In this research, we try to evaluate the vulnerability of urban tissue to the enemy's threats, because inactive defense by using unarmed measures reduces Vulnerability and increased deterrence at the time of the threat. Noghan Neighborhood located in the area of 2 tissues around the shrine due to being located in the central area of the city and adjacent to the tissue surrounding the shrine of Imam Reza (AS) despite its high dating texture is worn and organic, and because of the proper access and Therefore, attention to the principles of defective passive defense in central area, is of great importance.The purpose of this study was to Urban texture assessment based on the principles of passive defense using factor analytical network process. The purpose of this study, the nature of descriptive and in terms of analysis tools to analyze and problem-solving model is used F'ANP which are functional and objective.  the findings of the research show that the main factors of urban texture based on the principles of non-operating defense are stability Lebedy, location of utilities land use, desirable access, safe spaces and permeabilit and the physical stability factor was obtained. The vulnerability zone is mapped through the five dimensions of urban tissue vulnerability in the Noghan neighborhood, and it is clear that vulnerabilities in the northern parts of the neighborhood include the street the martyr Kaveh and Bayhaqi are moderate and in the central parts of the city such as the Noghan river and the holy shrine that is considered the old city's texture is very vulnerable.

Different urban areas provoke different reactions from people of various cultures. It is key in urban designing to realize the interrelationship of constructed environments and the emotional effects on human behavior. Related investigations are based on environmental psychology and social sciences. Therefore, there is a lack of appropriate evaluation methods in the field. Yet, the literature seriously lacks any systematic academic work or even review of the practical methodology. A valid objective evaluation process is required for public emotional reactions to urban spaces that seek to promote the development of urban areas and the relevant policy making. The purpose of this study is to provide an operational model for measuring emotions in urban spaces using qualitative analysis methods. This model can be a new human-centered approach that helps people from different areas of knowledge with a new layer of information (related to emotions) in the design and design process to solve the mental health problems of cities. For this purpose and research is applied in terms of its purpose and in terms of its nature and method, it is a multiple case study in a voluntary way. Theoretical literature and data collection are done in a library way, with documents. The first step in the present study was to conduct a review of research methods in environmental psychology, emotions. The next step was to do a qualitative content analysis of the newest 30 research projects with regard of their measurement instruments and methods. Based on this research the results revealed, five main stages for measuring emotions in urban space were identified and categorized and, finally, the process of measuring emotions in urban space was presented in the form of an operational model.

 The most important environmental challenges facing the West of iran in recent years is the dust phenomenon, that today has become one of the most important problems in arid and semi-arid areas. This phenomenon occurs as a climatic phenomenon in all climatic conditions, that causes adverse social, economic, environmental and commercial impacts. In this research have used dust sources that have  been identified  by Jalali and Davoodi (2008) for study effects of surface features on the creation of dust sources on the west of the country. The study area is ​​about 1200,000 square kilometers that located in the east of middle east includes Iraq and parts of Iran, Turkey, Syria, Jordan, Saudi Arabia and Kuwait. The aim of  this research is to evaluate geomorphic characteristics and surface sediments, land cover, and wind erosion potential of dust sources in the study area. For this purpose, on based on the Bullard (2011) classification, first, layers of geomorphic , soil and land cover class were prepared and classified to three groups low, medium and high, according to the relative importance of the classes in the release of dusts. Subsequently, using 40 data stations, wind erosion potential (EW) was calculated and zoned by Kriging method. The results showed that geomorphic characteristics have the greatest role in the distribution of emission control factors. Sand dunes in the geomorphic classes with a dust Emission Ratio of 35.3 unit have the greatest effect on the creation of dust sources. There is not much conformity between different classes of land cover and type of soil with dust sources, but there is compatibility between the wind erosion potential with dust sources and the most dust sources  created in areas with high wind erosion potential.

 Unbalanced spatial distribution of industries in most regions of the developing countries, can be have undesirable economic, environmental and social effects. Understanding the spatial distribution patterns of industries is essential for their planning and distribution in the regions.The aim of present study is to analyze the distribution and spatial patterns of Ardabil ‎province industries. Another purpose of this study is to identify the main hubs of ‎industries and the relationship between the spatial distribution of industries with ‎economic, social and environmental variables. Recognition of spatial patterns and ‎spatial behavior of industries is essential for proper spatial planning of the regions. ‎This knowledge helps decision makers and planners to take proper measures.‎ This research methods are descriptive and analytic. The statistical population of this research includes 1700 active industrial spaces in Ardebil province. The data of these industrial spaces were obtained from the organization of industry, mining and trade of Ardebil province and recorded in the geographic information system (GIS). In this research, spatial statistical methods such as standard distance, Moran’s spatial correlation index, General G* ord statistical model and geographic weighted regression (GWR) model are used. The research findings show that: a) the spatial distribution pattern of industries in Ardebil province is highly unbalanced and cluster; b) the geographical distribution of the northern part of the industry; c) the center of gravity of the focus of the industrial spaces towards the central parts of the province , C) Ardebil city is the dominant center of attraction of industrial activities; d) There is a significant relationship between population variables, migration rate, urbanization rate, employment rate in industrial sector, topography and hydrology, with the distribution pattern of industries. As a result, the distribution of industries in the province of Ardebil is clustered and unbalanced. At the end, recommendations are presented based on research findings.

Alluvial fans are one of the most prominent phenomena in fluvial geomorphology, which are found mostly on the mountain front. These landforms are affected by climate change and tectonic activity and record their effects. Therefore, we can use them to understand climate change and tectonic activities. The aim of this study was to determine the tectonic activity in the northern front of the Sabalan mountain through the morphology of the fan systems. by doing such research to a certain extent of damage to life and property due to natural disasters can be prevented. In this paper, the geomorphic indices of related to cachments such as RLP (Real Long Profile), TLP (Theoreitical Long Profile), ILP (Incision Long Profile), Stream Concavity Index (Sci), Asymmetric Factor (Af), Hypsometric Curve (Hc), Hypsometric integral (Hi), Drainage Basin Shape (Bs), Relief Ratio (Rr) and Alluvial fan indices, including, Bull method (2008), and field study have been used. GIS and Arc Hydrow software have been used to draw maps and analyze data. In general, and taking into account the interpretation of all the indicators used in this study, also library and field studies, we concluded that the subsidence of the central part of the Sabalan mass during the quaternary period was accompanied by the formation of a circular fault (caldera) and other sub-faults in the apex of the fan systems. These faults, in addition the uplift of the fans apex and lowering the base level of them, by creating longitudinal valleys and channelizing the surface currents, cut the lahar flows at the head of the fan systems. Consequently, the morphology of the fan systems in the study area related to active tectonics. In addition, the rule of glacial periods during the eruption of the Sabalan volcano, with generation of Lahar flow, played a decisive role.

Urban management is one of the pivotal elements of urban life, which has wide-ranging challenges surrounding its approaches; so that, it is one of the major concerns of metropolitan cities and the city of Karaj as well. One of the approaches is the annexation of the peripheral regions of the city in order to strengthen integrated management. The grand objective of this research is the existence or absence of the need for the annexation of peripheral cities to the Karaj metropolis, and also the possibility or impossibility of realization of the merger based on the views of the management and urban elite community and according to valid opinions about the subject of the project. examine the plans and programs at the regional, district and local levels in order to clarify all the aspects of problems. In the next step, the available internal and external resources and studies in connection with the annexation or creation of satellite cities at the national and global levels reflecting the experiences, strengths and weaknesses surrounding the research subject  were used then, the indicators  including  physical - spatial, demographic, socio-cultural, economic, political - administrative, environmental, traffic and services in the metropolises in the Karaj metropolis and the cities of Mahdasht, Mohammad Shahr, Meshkin dasht, Kemal Shahr and Garmdareh, were evaluated using related statistical tests during the last three decades and the final part of the research focused on producing and presenting scenarios and choosing the best scenario. According to the outcomes of the research, it seems that conscious annexation of the Centers that are close to the main core, From the point of view of management, Is the best way to strengthen the integrity of urban and regional management.

The traditional spaces of the vernacular houses have been neglected in architectural and urban designs due to globalization policies and modernizing urban models, so it is necessary to review and classify their efficiency again in the reconstruction and the design of new villages to strengthen the vernacular identity of villages and to consider it in their physical development. The main objective of this research is to identify and introduce the most efficient open and semi-open spaces used in rural villages in the western region of Kurdistan province based on environmental quality indicators to inspire designers in designing vernacular rural housing in these areas. An archival method was applied for collecting data in the theoretical part of the research, and by using a descriptive-analytical method the data was analyzed. To categorize the cases purposefully, among 290 western villages in Kurdistan province, 20% of 100 regionally homogeneous villages (20 villages) with historical and valuable texture were selected for the investigation. The data is analyzed with analytic hierarchy process (AHP), verbal judgment and consensus of 16 experts who were purposefully selected. The results of the study show that open-air spaces were divided into five groups of open-loop openings along the length of the building, low length along the length of the building and a large depth, two open-ended faces, two open faces with an elongation along the structure (low depth) and three open points. Two open-ended faces were popular among most of the villagers due to favorable climatic conditions and appropriate environment suitable for social interactions, visual visibility and landscape beauty. The Barban semi-open space was also more efficient than other types of open-air balconies as it improves security, visual visibility, spatial development, climatic comfort, and provides space for social interactions.

Despite the long history of urbanization in Iran, urbanization trend in mountainous areas such as Kohgiluyeh region has not received considerable attention yet. According to historical sources, Kohgiluyeh region during the Islamic period has witnessed the emergence of the city of Ziz in the geographical area between Arjan and Semirom.

The present research aims to determine the location of Ziz, the relative chronology of the city settlment, and the causes of its formation and destruction.

The research method is descriptive-analytic and historical-analytic.Based on linguistic information, study of historical sources, the ecosystem of the region, field research, and study of archaeological findings, the location of Ziz and the causes of its deterioration and collapse are investigated and identified in this research

According to the archaeological survey conducted, Ziz is located on the hillside of Mt. Damah on the historical site of Zizenseh in Zizi village in Boyer-Ahmad city. archaeological evidence such as pottery and coins, architectural studies, and historical and geographical sources indicate residence in this city and its prosperity from the first to the sixth century (Islamic calendar). The most important reason for the formation of Ziz can be the rich ecosystem and economic products such as meat and walnut and its location on Arjan communication route to Semirom and Isfahan. However, the most important reason for its collapse is the devastating attacks of the Nizari Ismailis in the fifth century.