فصلنامه تحقیقات جغرافیایی
سال سی و یکم شماره 2 (پیاپی 121، تابستان 1395)

Islamic Republic of Iran is one of the most important countries, accepting immigrants and refugees from around the world. The immigrants are mostly from the neighboring countries.These immigrants had to leave their countries due tosecurity issues and difficult economic and social conditions. Most of these immigrants are Afghans.The greatest wave of immigration from Afghanistan to Iran startedwith Soviet attacksince 1978.
Mashhad the center of Khorasan-Razavi province sharing the eastern borders with this country,is one of the most important centers accept these immigrants. The population of Mashhad is about 3 million. And about4 decades after the first waves of Afghan's refugees, several million immigrants are periodically or permanently reside there. According to statistics provided by the authorities in 2012 about 150 thousand Afghan immigrants legally live in Mashhad, and have been estimated to be as many as illegal immigrants are living in this city.During these years, the facilities forimmigrants in the various fields are provided, including education, insurance, training, professional skills, etc.
The immigrants entering Iran has created many changes inthe economic, social, educational and cultural both for the immigrants and the host society.
Alongside with the given facilities and changes taken place during decades in Iran, there have been different positive or negative views on the acceptance and residence of these immigrants. What is important is, despite the large amount of these immigrants mostly from Afghanistan and their long -term residence in Iran, how welcomed are they in the host society? How the immigrants and the host society’s people interaction is? What is the people's views over acceptance or reject these immigrants?
This research aims to find Mashhad’s citizens attitude as an important center accepting foreign migrants and connection of these attitudes with factors such as gender, education, income, job variety, location in the city and ethnicity.
Research The methodology of this research is based on survey. The needed data have been gathered using the questionnaire. The assessment of these variables has been done using Likert and Bougardos scale. According to the aim research,the dependent variable analyzed by independent variables, is the respondentsattitudes over foreign immigrants. These attitudes have been analyzed due to economic, sanitation, traffic, education, housing and social harms.
Results show that the most negative attitudes are about social harms variable. According to respondents view, the migrants impact on education variableis not positive either. The housing indicator has less negative views compared to education and shows 57.6% of respondents as negative attitude. But the respondents view on economic factors is more positive.
In total, 32% of the respondents view on foreign migrants is negative.60% isneither positive nor negative and 8% of the view is positive.
This research also analyses the connection between citizen’s view and independent indicators. These indicators are built upon economic, social and personal features of respondents such as gender, marital status, education, residence (on foreign migrants’ existence levels), age, nationality, income, religion and relations form with foreign migrants.
Results show that indicators such as gender, age, job and residence of respondents on number of foreign migrants and access level is meaningfully related to respondents views over foreign migrants.
Men have more negative attitudes over the issue than women and it shows the gender and views on foreign migrants are related.
Relation between respondents’ age and their views shows that the older the respondents are, the more negative their views are. Relation between respondent’s job and their views shows that the industrial jobs, business and governmental jobs have mostly negative views.The respondents city zone (on welfarelevels), influences their views. Meaning that the more their residence has lower levels on sustainability, the more negative their views on foreign migrants are.The respondents city zone (on the number of foreign migrants) influences their views too. Meaning the people living in areas with a large number of foreign migrants has a more negative view than the people with fewer migrants in their neighborhood. The type and level of relationship with foreign migrants also influences their views. The more connected are the citizens to foreign migrants, the less negative views they have.
Items such as marital status, education, income, religion, and ethnicity have no concern with Mashhad citizen attitudes.

Political power is concentrated in the capital cities of each country and plays impotent role in political, economic and cultural arenas. Although the capital cities mostly are active in political sense, but considering the facilities are there in the capital cities, usually doing business and economical activities is Affordable. Since capital is the political and administrative core of the country and most of the country's affairs are carried out there, it should be more dynamic and efficient city. Tehran as the capital of the country, faced with many problems which can cause limitation on the functions of the city as political core of the country. Given that a significant number of Tehran problems resulting from migration to the city to find job opportunities, it seems until the problem of the peripheral areas of the country is not resolved, there can be little hope to solve the problems of the city. Any attempt to solve the problems of the capital, regardless of paying serious attention to the problems of the other parts of the country, not only neutralized by the influx of newcomers, but also lead to more imbalance in development between the capital and the other parts of the country, that this will create more motivation to migration and living in Tehran. Thus the vicious circle of capital problems continues. This research using analytical - descriptive method, is seeking to study and analyze the problems of the capital in basic and systematic way in order to increase its dynamism and efficiency. The results shows that the lack of employment opportunities inunderdeveloped areas of the country, cause migration to Tehran and transfer the other areas problems to the city and increases the problems. The solution of part of the Tehran problems is systematic approach and paying attention to the development of all parts of the country.

In the comparative market of tourist, attempt for tourist from different destinations is a strategically goal. One method of attracting tourist to destination is attention to preferment of destinations quality. Because tourists are search the destinations whit height quality for rest and pleasure. Therefore in this study, the samples had been selected from 16 rural of small Lavasan rural district from Shemiranat County That has been counted as a Tehran tourism destination. This study is based on practical- explorative methodology from aspect of data gathering and identifying the effective dimensions of rural environmental quality in attraction and tourism development. From aspect of community characters description, this study is descriptive and is analytical from aspect of correlation between destination rural quality of environment with tourism development and attraction. In this study, for data gathering had been used of Library resources and field techniques and methods of observation and questionnaire based on indicators derived from the theoretical framework. For sampling had been used of Cochran formula with 0.05 coefficient error rate that estimated sample community were 384 people. Gained result of data analysis show that tourist had satisfaction from rural quality of environment in all of 4 dimension of environmental quality of tourism (with 0.05 rate of meaningful) and after the semantic quality in first place (with an average of 4.18), Experimental – aesthetic Quality (with 3.49 average) lay on second place. Also, Pierson correlation shows that there are meaningful relations among all dimensions of environmental quality of destination and tourist attractions. Result of regression too; show that most effective dimension is related to Semantic quality with 0.645 and most ineffective dimension is related to ecological quality with 0.241, on tourist attraction to rural tourist destinations. Based on the result of study, it could be said that destinations environmental quality in different aspect is effective on tourist attraction and its improving could be useful for rural in comparative market of tourist attracting and tourist choosing.

Agriculture is one of the most influential sectors in the Iranian economy, playing an essential role in the country’s political and economic independence. In this regard, horticulture activities in areas with sufficient potentials greatly contribute to the rural livelihood. Meanwhile, one of the Iranian most important horticultural products is pistachio.
Pistachio production in Iran is one of the main sources of income for the rural people and national economy. This product provides about five percent of the total value of agricultural production and plays a pivotal role in non-oil exports of the country.
Since cultivation of pistachio is predominant in rural areas of Sirjan County, this study seeks to analyze the effects of this product and its role in the livelihoods of rural households in this County.
This paper attempted to examine the pistachio production status, constraints and its role based on the appropriate criteria. This research was conducted in response to the major question whether the rural household income from pistachio production is desirable compared to other income sources, while evaluating the relationship between the constraints of pistachio production and livelihood desirability level.
Research This research is a descriptive-analytical research in which documentary and field methods have been employed for data collection. In field studies, the survey was conducted at the level of village and household. In this regard, the villages with more than 50 households in four rural districts were identified as the samples. Then for related studies about households, the number of households living in villages calculated using Cochran formula and 241 households were selected as the sample size.
To study the livelihood condition, a set of indicators related to the dimensions of human capital in financial, social, physical and natural aspects, and to examine the limitations of pistachio production, a set of indicators related to economic, social, environmental and physical-spatial dimensions were considered. To analyze the data gathered through questionnaires, AHP method and statistical analysis were employed.
The pistachio production constraint and household livelihood were determined based on multi-criteria evaluation, involving several stages such as formulation of evaluation matrix, weighing the related indicators and standardization of data. Furthermore, the weighted combination method was used to summarize data.
In this regard, SPSS and ArcGIS were employed for statistical and spatial analyses as well as determining the intensity of pistachio production constraints and household livelihood level.
Research Findings: Ebrahim-Abad accounted for the largest percentage of household producers with 85% of households producing pistachio. In contrast, Kurgah and Yahya villages covered the smallest percentage of household producers with only 2% of households producing pistachios.
According to the results, 40% of rural households under study earned their annual income mostly from pistachio production. In other households, however, pistachio production did not contribute to income at all or was secondary to other businesses such as livestock, agriculture, regular employment, shopkeeping, driving, construction, etc.
The estimates of average household production in villages under study suggested that the households living in Malekabad and Darestan villages accounted for the highest average household income by producing 7.5 tons of pistachios.
Moreover, evaluation of how these villages have been dispersed in terms of pistachio production rates revealed that Malekabad and Darestan covered the largest pistachio production rates with approximately 2,500 and 2,100 tons during 2013, respectively.
Among the indicators of livelihood, the most important factors contributing to various aspects of rural livelihood across Sirjan County were income level in dimension of financial capital (0.850), available safe drinking water in dimension of human capital (0.650), trust level in dimension of financial investment (0.530) and housing quality in dimension of physical capital (0.100).
Among the indicators of pistachio production constraints, the greatest factors were costs of dredging wells in economic dimension (0.137), water limitation in environmental dimension (0.730), non-participation in societal dimension (0.730) and inadequate warehouse for products storage in physical dimension (0.390).
On the other hand, the intensity of pistachio production constraint in several villages widely varied, due to water shortage, land quality and weather conditions to name a few. In this regard, the frost during spring sometimes leads to lower yield, which ultimately affects the livelihood of rural households. Moreover, the farmers’ poor awareness of market prices of their products leaves a great portion of the profit margins for the middlemen.
The research findings show that there is a significant relationship between the limitations of pistachio production and the desirability level of livelihood in the villages of Sirjan County and the pistachio production acting as a contributory factor in increasing the income and purchasing power of local people. According to the findings, in the last decade, the production of pistachio has increased and Pistachio had a role as an important source of income for the villagers in this County. There is no doubt that pistachio production is highly profitable for these rural households, while providing seasonal employment opportunities for a large number of day laborers. This practically circulates the capital throughout a broad range of local people. Given the favorable natural conditions for pistachio production in Sirjan County, it is crucial to provide the necessary facilities and careful planning, while recruiting specialists throughout the production process, so as to further develop these villages in economic terms.

In recent years, the rapid growth of large cities in developing countries, led to inequality services and lack of social justice at the regional and national level. If the distribution of urban services are balanced, all group of society will be benefit. The distribution of facilities and services and their quality is inextricably linked with social welfare. Social justice in cities led to the Citizen satisfaction and will contribute to political stability and national sovereignty. Today many efforts has been done to enhance the quality of life and social justice and move towards sustainable development in cities and having appropriate access to these services play an important role in achieving the above objectives. Inadequate distribution of urban services result unbalanced distribution of population in town. Fair distribution of urban facilities and easy access to them cause spatial justice and environment justice in urban space. The aim of this study is to analyze the spatial distribution of educational services and spatial equity in the allocation of educational services in the areas of Yazd city. Therefore, this paper attempts to answer the following question: Is the spatial distribution of the educational centers in Yazd city is inappropriate?
To answer the research questions models were used to analyze the spatial distribution of urban services. Research methodology in this paper is descriptive- analysis method, It contains maps for different regions of Yazd city, maps for municipal districts and neighborhoods, maps for training centers, including nursery, primary, Middle and high schools throughout the Yazd city. The population in Yazd city were collected from comprehensive and detailed plan. Techniques used in this research entropy coefficient, the Gini coefficient, Moran coefficient, the public coefficient G and the nearest vicinity. Moran and public coefficients G and analyzing the nearest vicinity as well as maps of functional radius from training centers is calculated by GIS. Entropy Coefficient Gini coefficient and has been calculated in Excel. In this study use quantitative analysis. Statistical methods and mathematical analysis techniques have been used too. Part of needed data are collected by library method and the other part of data is collected by referring to resources and organizations.
Entropy and the Gini coefficient show inequality and imbalances in the distribution of training centers in Yazd. In other words, there is not spatial equity in the distribution of these centers in Yazd city. Moran coefficient shows the pattern of distribution educational centers in Yazd city are random. General G index also showed that the spatial pattern of training centers is random pattern to the high concentration (hot spot). In fact, areas with high educational center near each other focused and areas with less central of training are not interconnected. The results showed that the distribution of primary, secondary and high schools in the Yazd city are irregular and clusters, and distribution of kindergarten is a random pattern. This result show that the formation of training centers have taken without planning. Study shows that per capita use in training centers in most areas are lower than the standard per capita. Studies show that the per capita of kindergarten is lower in this sector are we facing a shortage of services. In addition, lower per capita in the region of 1-2 and the highest amount per capita is in the region 2-2. We are not faced with a shortage of per capita at primary school in Yazd city.in addition, lower per capita is in the region of 3-2 and the highest is in the region of 1-1. Also study show that we are facing a shortage of per capita at secondary schools in the Yazd city. But area with a surplus of per capita is the region of 2-2 and other areas are facing with shortage of p.c. Evaluation of high school shows we are facing a shortage of per capita in Yazd city. But area with a surplus of per capita is the region of 1-2 and other areas are facing with shortage of p.c. Difference between minimum and maximum per capita shows inequalities and lack of equity in the distribution of educational services in Yazd city. Also analysis of functional radius show that all citizens have easy access to high school while access to other services not possible for all citizens easily.
In general, the results show that the distribution and spatial distribution of educational centers in the Yazd city is inappropriate. However, access of city residents to high school is relatively good, but even this stage is also faced with a shortage of capita. Urban management and other organizations must organize their strategies to provide fair and efficient distribution for training centers. In this context, proposals will be presented. Create kindergarten, in different areas, Establish training centers (elementary, middle and high school) according to population and shortage of per capita in each area with the help of donors, the private sector and the public sector. Suitable location for construction of new training centers. Systematic approach in the distribution and arrangement of training centers in Yazd city.

Many of accidents that have taken place in one geographical environment don’t have abstraction source. With the base on distribution theory, historical incident of beside one geographical spatial have effective output on this spatial. With the base on this theory if historical incidents of beside one geographical spatial were in direction of cultural and historical background of one society has evident effect on cultural and political incidents of that society. Islamic revolution is one the important events in the Middle East. This event had been important effects on political incident of this region. In this research have been struggled, with analysis - descriptive approach, were conformed to distribution theory with incidents of after Islamic revolutions in the Middle East. Finding research reveals that impacts Islamic revolution of Iran accord with transmitted distribution theory.

A major preoccupation of students at university is the future status of their job. This study has been identified with the aim to identify employment trends geography students. This is an applied research and its method is Descriptive – correlation. The statistical population of research is involving 945 students of undergraduate courses (fourth semester onwards) and graduate (MS and PhD) Geography Faculty of Tehran University in year 2011-2012 have formed. Using and Krejcie & Morgan table 180 people randomly were chosen as sample. For determining the validity of the study, questionnaire was given to the specialists and experts in the fields of geography and entrepreneurship and after the reforms were confirmed. Order to determine the reliability of research instrument Preliminary test of 35 students, Cronbach's alpha was obtained. Research results indicate that attitudes to entrepreneurship students have moderate. In addition between attitudes to entrepreneurship and some of the individual characteristics of students, Such as age, number of research projects conducted by students and their specialist skills there is a significant relationship. The results show that among characteristics of entrepreneurs, most of the features of geography students having high determination. The primary financing problem for many students is the main obstacle to entrepreneurship of students. Also results suggest not very favorable situation, the organizational component (Geography Faculty) to establish and strengthen the entrepreneurial spirit among students. Students have to point out that have high ability to absorb in the labor market and attracting in Governmental bodies. They also consult with the graduate in Geography and relationship with Consulting Engineers Company, considered the most important factor in increasing student awareness of career fields of geography. Such offers of the study are: holding the Meeting with the theme, "Geography job prospects" in college and the revision in Educational programs to enhance the capabilities of entrepreneurship and construction of the Center for Entrepreneurial Growth geography students.

Medical tourism is a branch of health tourism that has grown considerably in many parts of the world now days. Mashhad city with regard to the Holy Shrine, More than 300 thousand foreign tourists per year, more than 31 public and private hospitals and specialties of cardiology, ophthalmology, pediatrics and ...,which is one of the centers of attracting tourists and religious - health tourism in Iran. cost of medical services in these hospitals are 75% less than those of European and American hospitals in terms of the quality of similar services they offer and this could be a big advantage for developing such activities in the region. The research methodology has been a descriptive-analytical one which employs a SWOT analysis model in exploring the strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and threats which are considered as internal and external factors critical for treatment tourism in this city. This paper Prepared by using the library documents and the field study and interviews with experts, has been considered as descriptive - analytical. The results show that infrastructure and expertise in Mashhad by the Holy Shrine are the main strengths of this research. And the other hand non-governmental organizations, investment and support and develop the bilateral relations between the Middle East countries are the main opportunities in this research. In conclusion the strengths and opportunities for developing such activities outweigh the weaknesses and threats.

Unusual periods of heavy rainfall in Iran with climatic variation in each part of the country are very important.The heavy rainfall always have been one of the hazards of climate That the destruction and irreparable damages life and property is involved. Therefore, understanding the factors and parameters that create the climate system precipitation in any place and at any time of the year, especially transitional period is necessary. Rainfall phenomenon is very complex and nonlinear that the great variability over time and space and a variety of conditions that have important role in the occurrence can be divided into two categories: Synoptic Patterns and local conditions.
Weather is largely controlled by the passage of Synoptic Patterns. On the other hand the occurrence of any weather's particular pattern is to a large extend determined by the distributions of land masses, sea surface temperature gradients,Characteristics and type of land cover (biosphere), topography and the orientation of baroclinic zones.
The objective in this paper is analysis of synoptic patterns and vertical profiles of air in local heavy rainfall in South East of Iran including Sistan and Baluchestan, Kerman, Hormozgan and South Khorasan provinces.
In the summer, synoptic patterns of seasonal rains in South East of Iran often Due of the spread of monsoon air mass. In winter, westerly winds extend towards lower latitudes including the study area; the seasonal rainfall pattern in the region brings.
In this study, the main question is that the synoptic patterns of rainfall during the transitional period (spring and summer) how do they arise? And what are the characteristics?
Data and The purpose of this research is analysis of synoptic patterns and vertical profiles of air in local heavy rainfall in South East of Iran. Meteorological stations studied in this article are located in four provinces including Sistan and Baluchestan province, Kerman province, Hormozgan province and South Khorasan province. Review of daily precipitation data of 31 meteorological stations during (1981-2013) showed that heavy rainfall occurred in October 1390 in South East of Iran, one of the heaviest rain falls during transitional period is local function and the amount of rainfall is greater in most of the stations to compared whit the normal monthly rainfall. To investigate the Characteristics of meteorological parameters in rainyday and the days before rainyday, initially thermodynamic diagrams were analyzed. To determine the synoptic pattern, Weather maps up to 250 hPa Geopotential were examined.
Thermodynamic diagrams in rainy days as compared to the days before rainy days showed that the temperature and air pressure has dropped; Relative humidity and dew point temperature has increased. Thermodynamic diagrams in rainy days as compared to the days before rainy days showed that the temperature and air pressure has dropped; Relative humidity and dew point temperature has increased.
The results of the plot Ski-T, height of FCL and LCL, altitude difference Cloud top relative to the FCL and the amount of Dynamic indices: KINX, SHOW, CAPE, was Show prepared for the unstable Weather conditions. Calculation of instability indices showed that the convection factor was a supporting role in the occurrence of such precipitation, because when convective precipitation is the main factor the Convection is enough intensity and provide the instability needed to create precipitation. Synoptic pattern analysis suggests the establishment of Cut off low. The cut-off low is a cold low (depression) in mid-latitudes (occasionally almost in subtropical latitudes) where air of polar origin is cut off from the main subpolar belt of low pressure and cold air, the normal track of depressions. Cyclonicity around the the core of Cut off low and South wind flow on the eastern edge of Cut off low, arrangements for air convection is unstable in South East of Iran. Cut off low activity from this point is very important, which complements the summer rainfall caused by the monsoon system and winter precipitation caused by western cyclones can play a significant role for autumn rains transitional period In South East of Iran. Calculation of instability indices showed that the convection factor was a supporting role in the occurrence of such precipitation, because when convective precipitation is the main factor the Convection is enough intensity and provide the instability needed to create precipitation. Synoptic pattern analysis suggests the establishment of Cut off low. The cut-off low is a cold low (depression) in mid-latitudes (occasionally almost in subtropical latitudes) where air of polar origin is cut off from the main subpolar belt of low pressure and cold air, the normal track of depressions. Cyclonicity around the the core of Cut off low and South wind flow on the eastern edge of Cut off low, arrangements for air convection is unstable in South East of Iran. Cut off low activity from this point is very important, which complements the summer rainfall caused by the monsoon system and winter precipitation caused by western cyclones can play a significant role for autumn rains transitional period In South East of Iran.

Water and agriculture as one of the most important sources of providing human needs, have the most dependent to water sources which population growth and issues related to water shortage for agronomy lands development ,this concerning in root of provident of needed water has always been faced with on ascendant process. The focus and purpose of current study is to investigate the effects of drought on stable economic and livelihood development in rural area and also presenting solutions compatible development with drought condition and water shortage in the region in order to guarantee rural livelihood with focus of zone capabilities. The methods of this research is descriptive – analysis and practical which it is focus if total population region 3218 person in resulted of 343 questionnaire with using Cochran method in five rural of Azaran, Varcan, Pendas, Tajreh. Azvar, have been used in this research are SPSS statistics analysis, AHP model, factor analysis and GIS software.
The finding of pair comparison of drought affects in economic stability development of region is include of 10 significant sub scale which their weight are in the sequence as in the following . reduction of agronomy productions work 1.4065, reduction of income 0.5582 increase charge of water providing 0.1831, reduction of stock volume 0.1749, reduction of job chances in agronomy section 0.1115 , deflate of lands and garden 0.0940 , reduction of bestial production work 0.0869, increase of plant pattern conversion 0.0683, reduction of job variety 0/0401 and increase of debts of agronomy section remedy 0.0368 which it express the importance and has more effect of drought on these standards and efficiency reduction of this tension in zone economy have been presented 3 main solutions which it is using factor analysis method that issue standards has specified percent of variance as follow 27.113,25.241,23.930 which itself has dominant gape in manage mental section and economic in the region . It has required to more attention in agronomy section in order to create stability in regions rustic livelihood.

Landslide is an important geological hazard that causes damage to natural and social environment. Landslide hazard assessment is an important step towards risk management and there are several methods of Landslide Hazard Zonation (LHZ). Landslide susceptibility maps are very helpful to planners and engineers for choosing suitable locations to carry out development. . In this research, we tried to mapping the landslide hazard at Jaghargh watershed by using “weights-of-Evidence” (WOE) method based on GIS technique. Eleven landslide causative factors were considered for the susceptibility analysis. Using landslide location and a spatial database containing information such as topography, lithology, land cover and lineament.The topographic database including information on slope angle, slope aspect, elevation, plan curvature, distance from road and distance from drainage, stream power index and Sediment transport index was developed from a digital elevation model (DEM) .The lithology and the distance from the lineament were derived from the geological database and layers of precipitation areas using meteorological data were obtained. By using weight of evidence method, the relationships between each factors and landslide points were determined and the weights of each factor were obtained. Finally, the accuracy of the map was determined by using Li Index. The results show that the sub affecting height and rainfall factors, respectively with weights 47.66 and 24.47, were identified as the most important factors in a landslide in the study aria. The results of evaluation model accuracy, showed a trend (low to high) in landslide hazard index from low to high risk area,that indicate the model is accurate. Using the provided landslide susceptibility map, we can identify unstable areas, and be used in program development.

Renewable energy technologies convert renewable resources into forms of energy that can complement or replace conventional energy sources such as fossil fuels. Wind, solar, earth energy systems, small-scale hydro systems and biomass (eg. Straw, wood, corn) are all forms of renewable energy. Wind, solar and small-scale hydro systems have zero Greenhouse Gas Emissions. For example, for every kilowatt-hour generated by a wind turbine instead of by burning fossil fuels, about one kilogram of co2 is not emitted into the atmosphere (Alberta Environmentally Sustainable Agriculture Council, 2001). Wind turbines capture wind energy and convert it to electricity. Wind energy systems can either be small, stand-alone “off-grid” systems, or connected to the provincial power grid. Because wind is an intermittent resource, a back-up system is needed. Wind systems require an average annual wind speed greater then 15 kilometers per hour may only be feasible in some part Earth. Electricity generating coasts are reported to have dropped from $0.25 per kilowatt-hour (kWh) in the 1980’s to below $0.10 per kWh in 2001. One opportunity for farmers is the potential to lease land to wind energy producers. Every ten days, the earth receives solar energy of an amount equal to the world’s entire fossil fuel reserves, and approximately one precent of this is converted to wind energy (Freris, 1990). This solar radiation is converted to wind energy as a result of the unequal heating of the equator as compared to the poles, and of the oceans as compared to the continents. This unequal heating leads to motion within the atmosphere as it tries to equalize its pressure- resulting in what we know as wind. A second cause wind is the motion of the earth. Many meteorological quantities are transported via air currents. In fact, because of the winds role in the transmission of physical and meteorological parameters atmospheric, are very important. Further movement of wind as a source of new and inexhaustible energy is considered. In recent years, the kinetic energy of wind as a source of new and inexhaustible energy is considered by many countries. Recently use of wind energy as one of the most popular renewable power resources for producing electrical energy, is growing up. The purpose of this study is evaluating the amount of wind energy production and finding the windward areas in the Ilam province. In this study, the wind speed and wind direction daily data from 7 weather stations in the state (from established year to 2013) and 15 weather stations from outside of the state boundary are collected. At First, the days with incomplete data are eliminated, then for unifying dimensions of each data base, the average of long-term daily data are calculated. For averaging the long-term daily data related to wind speed and wind direction, two data bases with the 366*22 dimensions are established separately. By utilizing the two data bases, the orbital and meridional components are calculated. Based on the orbital and meridional components, and using kriging's geostatistics method, the orbital and meridional components of wind speed of the area study, are estimated. Finally, tow data bases with the 896*366 dimensions are created for the Ilam province that 366 of data are belonged to the orbital and meridional components of wind speed average and 896 of data are belonged to estimated cells in Least Squares method was used. Using the one-seventh law, wind data in 10 meters converted to 50 meters.
the Ilam province. The dimensions of each cell were 4.7*4.7 square kilometers. With cluster analysis of the two data bases, the windward areas of Ilam province are specified. For better understanding of wind speed characteristics, the monthly maps of windward areas of Ilam province and the annual coefficient of variability of wind speed are plotted. Based on wind speed, wind density, and the size of utilized wind turbine (rotatory radius 5, 10, 15, 20 meters), the amount of wind power generations (from 896 cells), are estimated. The annually and monthly equipotential maps of wind power generation are plotted. The results show that Mehran is the most windward area in the Ilam province. Also the western areas of Ilam province have more wind speed availability compared to the eastern areas of the Ilam province. Darehshahr has minimum average wind speed in all months of the year. The variability coefficient of wind speed in the Ilam province is between 17.2 and 40.6. The northern areas of the state have less variability coefficient compared to other areas of the state. The evaluation findings of the four mentioned wind turbines show that the wind turbines can produce maximum wind power generation at the west areas of the state (Mehran). Among all of the months in a year, the July has the most wind power generation, as the time viewpoints. By utilizing the wind turbines with five meters blades, the amount of wind production threshold is about 1 to 11 million watts per squared meters. Also by utilizing the wind turbines with 10 and 15 meters blades, the amount of minimum and maximum annual wind energy generation can be about 5 to 45, and 12 to 101, million watts per squared meters, respectively.

Iran is rich in renewable and unrenewable energy resources. Iran's geographical position makes it a great source of energiessuch as solar and wind power energy. Increasing of need to the energy, limitation of fuel burn resources, increasing of the environment pollution due to fuel burns consumption, global warming, acid rainfall defluxion, necessity of equipoise of carbon dioxide diffusion and reduction of fuel burn consumption have been increased pay attention to renewable energy resources. Among renewable energies, wind power is one the best resource to acquire electrical energy. This energy doesnt infect the environment.The conventional energy resources such as oil, natural gas, coal, or nuclear are finite and generate pollution. In contrast, the renewable energy sources like wind, solar, biomass and geothermal are clean and frequently available in nature.The wind as one of the bestfacile of renewable energies is very important for use instead of fossil fuels. Due to the uncertainty of the prediction of the energy production, it is important to have additional information about prone area to produce the electrical energy. Iran as a developing country needs to new sources of clean energy. Wind energy is very useful because of its low environmental impact and high sustainability. The mainly aim of this research is an assessment of wind power situation and an evaluation of wind energy potentialin Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province in Iran.
Data and The area under study of this research is Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province that is located at southern west of the country. This region covers 1% of total country area. Due to geographical and topographical characteristics, the climate condition is variable and there is different climate in this region. The annual precipitation is affected by Mediterranean systems and Soudan low pressure. Wind data used in this study were obtained at 10 meters above ground level from Iranian Meteorological Organization at three-hour intervals in 27 years statistical period.Wind speed and direction were averaged over tree-hour periods. Then, Data were arranged annually in Excel software. Wind measurements are available from 1988 to 2014. The wind speed was recorded in knots. Consequently, the data units were converted to m.s-1. Weibull probability distribution function was used to calculate the probability of the data. The frequencies of each wind velocity category were extracted at different times. For calculating the Weibull parameters, Ordinary Least Squares method was used. First Chi-square testwas performed for all stations of the study area. Then, the stationsthatdid not follow from Weibulldistribution were excluded. For calculating the Weibull parameters, Ordinary Results and DiscussionThe wind power potential in 10 meters height was obtained in Borujen, shaherkord andKoohrang200.12, 167.41,154.68 W.m-2,respectively. Results showed that wind power potential is increasing with heightinallstations. The resultssuggestthat, the potential forwind energyproduction in Borujen is more than Koohrang and Shahrekord stations.The highest wind power density at all three stations was obtained in winter.In annual scale, wind existence hours in Shahrekord, Borujen and Koohrang were obtained 3404.4, 3476.1 and 2775.6, respectively.Consequently, the highest wind existence hour in annual scale is related to Borujen station and the lowest wind existence hour is belonged to Koohrang station. The most important consequence of the study can be summarized as follows: 1) among the three selected station,Borujen is most suitable for electric wind production. 2) The Weibull distribution presented here showed a good fitness with the observed data. 3) Winter season have the highest wind power density. 4) January and March months are the two months that the average wind speeds are the highest over the year.
The obtained results of this research showed that between the selected stations, the highest Rated Wind velocity in annual scale is related to Borujen station. In this station, Rated Wind velocity in 10 and 50 meters reaches to 9.83 and 12.32 m.s-1, respectively.The lowestRated Wind velocity belonged to Koohrang station by 9.35 m.s-1 in 10m height. For this reason, Borujen city is an appropriate site to product of wind energy. Results also showed that the highest Probabilistic Wind velocity is related to Borujen station with values of 4.51 and 5.64 m.s-1 in the heights 10 and 50 m, respectively. It is important to note that wind velocity probability in the height between 2 to 150 m in Borujen and Shahrekord is more than Koohrang station. The highest wind density in 10 m height belonged to Borujen station. Results also showed that in three selected stations, the highest wind power density was obtained in winter season. In the monthly scale and in Shahrekord and Borujen stations, the highest wind power density were observed in March while in Koohrang was seen in January.

Drought is one of the inevitable climatically and harmful characteristics of Iran, Therefore the research and study of this phenomenon will be very necessary. The process of obtaining maps of the climatic zones for all of the localities in the Esfahan of Iran. For the generation of the climatic records such as rainfall periods and intensity, provided by the 10 climatology stations for a total of 30 years data from (1980-2010), was used as a source of information. These data was then subjected to a statistical analysis, using SPI method for the calculation of the frequency, intensity and duration of drought process. Finally for the mapping drought zoning in all localities of the West of Esfahan for the long term period, the Inverse Distance Weighted Method (IDW) was used in the Arc GIS software media. The results of evaluations indicated more improvement of drought continuous in comparison to drought surface in this area and ecosystem of this region affected by this drought criteria that appeared from local climate.