فصلنامه مطالعات اجتماعی - روان شناختی زنان
سال پنجم شماره 4 (پیاپی 15، زمستان 1386)

Monogamy, as opposed to polygamy, is the most natural form of the sociolegal institution. The history of monogamy is as long as that of mankind. It can be studied within the fields of sociology and law. The polygamy, on the other hand, has been formed in the course of time, is considered to be a social phenomenon resulting from various customs and traditions, and is thus a historical phenomenon not a religious one. From a legal point of view in the Islamic law, and as a result of it, in the Iranian law, monogamy is seen as a principle, yet some social realities make polygamy as a necessity and exception in the Islamic and Iranian law, despite the monogamy principle. The study of motives for monogamy and its sociological consequences in the on the one hand, and a consideration of monogamy principle in Islamic and Iranian law, on the other, clearly show firmness of the principle of monogamy and exceptionality of polygamy.

This research is designed to identify characteristics of managerial positions and motivational pattern of women in public sector. Recent studies have showed that the total number of women gaining managerial positions has increased, but they still have little share of total management population. The data were collected through a questionnaire which was completed by 257 woman managers in public and state-owned organizations and ministries. The results showed that: – Most women managers had university degrees in humanities disciplines, average 40 years age, and 5 to 10 years tenure. – Managerial positions which require time, patient, warm behaviour, and sympathy were best suited to women. – Opportunity for promotion was the most important motivational factor for to women managers. On the Basis of these findings, the study offers few suggestions to women managers, and decision makers in organizations.

This research aims to find out the differences between men’s and women’s roles in family planning. To this end, a sample of 360 married people (180 men and 180 women) was interviewed. The results indicated that masculine methods of fertility control are used more (64.4%) than feminine methods (36.6%). In other words, men’s role in family planning is more significant than women’s. The results also indicated a significant correlation between modernism, education, influence of mass media and the degree of family planning. While a significant reverse correlation was found between the age of marriage, the age difference of couples and family planning, other variables such as length of married life, religiosity, family income did not prove to carry any significant impact on it. Furthermore, the results indicated that modernism and age of marriage enjoyed the most impact on family planning (19% and 5% respectively).

The purpose of this research is to study relationship between girls’ perceptions of mother’s educational methods, attitude toward math and math achievement. The method of this research is correlation method. The sample contained 261 third-graders in guidance Public school. Girls were selected randomly from Tehrn educational districts 3, 7, and 19. Information were gathered through parent’s educational questionnaire and mathematical attitude scale. Math achievement was measured using the Mean of thirdgrade girl students in math class. Data were analyzed with Pearson Correlation Coefficient and Multiple Regression. Results showed that there was a significant relationship between mother’s educational methods and attitude toward math and math achievement. Regression analysis showed that the strongest predictor for Math achievement was mother’s educational methods and then second predictor was pleasure derived from mathematics. Finally mother’s educational methods and student’s mathematics attitudes had important roles in math achievement.

The purpose of this research is to determine the relationship between intimacy attitudes and mental health among the physically disabled females. The subjects consisted of 100 unmarried female members of Society of Disabled in the city of Isfahan who were selected randomly. The instruments were included Intimacy Attitudes Scale and General Health Questionnaire (GHQ). For data analysis, Pearson correlation coefficients were used. The results showed a significant positive correlation between intimacy attitudes and mental health in physically disabled females. The results also showed a significant negative correlation between intimacy attitudes and social maladjustment and between intimacy attitudes and depression in physically disabled females. But the correlation between intimacy attitudes and anxiety were not significant in the subjects.

One of the psychological and relational processes enhancing mental health and heal resentment is forgiveness. Although forgiveness is a complicated process it is essential for human's relational, emotional, spiritual, and physiological development. Since psychological indexes are influenced by forgiveness and all of these indexes are effective in increasing lifesatisfaction, this descriptive research tried to study this phenomenon among Tehrn universities non-native married students, in the hopes to achieve a new approach to increase life satisfaction. The sample includes 200 married women students who reside in married dormitories of Tehrn public universities and who are studying human sciences. The measurements used are: Forgiveness Scale and LifeSatisfaction Inventory (LSI-Z). Results indicate that there is a relationship between forgiveness and life satisfaction, and that people with low level of forgiveness comparing those with medium and high level of forgiveness enjoy lesser degree of lifesatisfaction. There was no significant difference among people who were really resented and those who were not. The relationship between age and degree of forgiveness was also approved, but the last hypothesis saying that “the degree of forgiveness differs according to the relationship of transgressor to the resented” was not supported.

This writing wants to show that it is not blood money which is worth of man and woman so that we may accordingly say that Islam has not valued man and woman equally and has been abased them. Some evidence of verses of Quran and traditions about man worth (man and woman), equality of organ blood money with person blood money, and equality of woman blood money with man blood money till one third, equality of blood money of foetus and child and unlearned and debauchery with complete person, and rate of the blood money in taboo months, shows that blood money is not worth the price of person at all, but it is some kind punishment and restitution. Dominant economic role of man in families and societies is one of these philosophies of different decrees, not all of them. Because though divine decrees follow actual prudent and declines, but the limited man can not know all precisions of decrees.