فصلنامه مطالعات اجتماعی - روان شناختی زنان
سال هفتم شماره 3 (پیاپی 21، پاییز 1388)

Reaching a sustainable development one which seeks to enrich human excellence, reduce inequality and promote social justice is impossible without considering women and their multi-dimensional roles in society. Today, women are not merely housewives. They are skilled applicants with university degrees who have even excelled men in this area, in a way that over half of university seats are occupied by female students. However, they still have little share in the job market. Due to scarcity of government investment resources, entrepreneurship is the best way for solving this unemployment problem. Therefore, due to the importance of identifying motivations for entrepreneurship, this paper seeks to identify these motivations in female students of economics and accounting departments of Universityof Yazd. The paper also uses TOPSIS Fuzzy approach for ranking the introduced motivations for entrepreneurship. The results of the paper show that preparing a better life is the main motivation for entrepreneurship among female students. Also, becoming a useful person for society, independence, and identifying one’s talents and capabilities are found as the next most important motives for entrepreneurship by women. At the end, the paper provides some suggestions for developing women entrepreneurship in Iran.

The present study is a survey aiming to assess the social and cultural factors affecting marital conflicts among housewives and employed women. It was performed via an experimental method. Upon revising the prior hypotheses and studies in the field, this study used homogamy and network theories to determine the issue at hand. Heterogeny is seen here as a heterogeneous cultural condition of marriage and spouse selection which is opposed to homogamy which is more harmonic or homogeneous, expressed in socio-cultural terms. Required data were obtained using simple random and cluster sampling methods, among 284 married women, through data collection questionnaire. Two-way analysis of variance test was used to analyze the data.Results showed that there were significant relationship between cultural factors (including the differences in the couple’s religion and the family’s traditional status) and marital conflicts. There was significant difference between housewives and employed women, from the point of the couple’s different religious beliefs and marital conflicts. Couple’s different religious beliefs caused more marital conflicts in employed women rather than housewives. There was significant difference between housewives and employed women, from the point of the family’s traditional status (in choosing spouse) and marital conflicts. Housewives with traditional families had more marital conflicts in comparison with employed women. There was no significant relationship between demographic variables (age of marriage, duration of common life and age difference among couples) and marital conflicts among housewives and employed women.

Efforts made by the United Nations in two areas of enhancing women’s rights and protecting the environment are indicative of the importance of women’s participation on a worldwide scale. Assigning roles to women and to their NGO’s is vital for the protection of environment and for achieving a sustainable development. It is for these reasons that different international documents have acknowledged and affirmed the participation of these players.The present study aims to study the status of women in a section of general international law that includes a subdivision known as international environmental law. The study attempts to demonstrate the changes which have occurred on international scale concerning women’s participation, changes that regard women as significant and vital in international environmental law.

The purpose of this study was to determine effect of self-efficacy group training on quality of life and entrepreneurial behaviour of physically disabled females in the city of Esfahān. To obtain a sample, forty 18–35 years female members of the Society of Disabled of Esfahān were selected randomly, and upon responding to Quality of Life Questionnaire, twenty of them who have lower quality of life scores than other half subjects, assigned to experimental and control groups randomly. Then nine weekly sessions of self-efficacy group training were administrated for experimental group. At the end of sessions, post-test administrated for three experimental group and control group again. For assessing subject’s characteristics, in addition to WHO’s Quality of Life Questionnaire (WHOQOL-BREF), Entrepreneurship Behaviour Scale and demographic characteristics questionnaire was used. Results showed that self-efficacy group training significantly increased quality of life, and entrepreneurial behaviour in training (experimental) group as compared to control group. These results also showed that self-efficacy group training has a significant effect on mental health subscale of WHOQOL-BREF; but effect of the training on physical health and environmental health subscales was no significant. Self-efficacy group training can be effective for improving quality of life and promoting entrepreneurial behaviour of physically disabled persons and in result for their rehabilitation.

This article attempts to investigate the most popular novels in the recent decade, 1996–2006 (Iranian calendar: 1375–1385), in order to answer these questions: How women’s social experiences have been reflected in these novels, and what are the problems and disturbances that women of these novels face? Our method is the basic theory which is an adequate way, and in contrast to other methods which emphasize confirmation of conjectures and theoretical theorems, basic theory puts emphasis on the production of the theory. In this study the coding has been carried out in three stages: At the first stage, novels been coded, and concepts and subjects concerning the research were extracted. In the second stage we mixed the extracted subjects and meanings together and nominated the main phenomenon, and then in the third stage conditions, backgrounds, strategies, and their results were searched carefully and finally the theory of the research was obtained.The results show that these women are involved in daily disturbances and problems. They are discontent with married life, contradictions, solitude, and are mixed up, regretful, weak, lack self-confidence, suffer from memories of the past and are already disappointment in what future holds. They are stressed, fearful and feel being insecure.The theory resulted from investigating these novels shows that the women of these novels are entrenched in a mental situation to be called inexcusable identification phenomenon. For this reason they always rethink, that is they have a permanent rethinking situation.

This article aims to examine the linkage between religious approaches and legitimacy or illegitimacy of family planning programs in Iran. The act of looking at changes in Iranian fertility rate and use of contraception in recent decades may lead to this immature assessment that the rising trend in Iranian population growth is due to religious beliefs and religious forces. Such an assessment is not only supported by a portion of Shiite scholars’ decrees (fatwa), but it also appears to be consistent with conditions under which some of the Islamic countries are experiencing rising trends in population growth. Nonetheless, the success of family planning programs in Islamic Republic of Iran, as well as in some other Islamic countries, can be interpreted as pointing to the lack of any correlation between religion and religious beliefs and legitimacy of family planning programs. Therefore, despite the existence of ‘religious beliefs’ on the matter, we should concentrate on other variables such as the roots of ‘social trust’, that is the trust that society shows towards agencies of change.

This study was performed aiming to evaluate the effects of stress management skills training on physical symptoms and anxiety in the students of Nursing and MidwiferyCollege, ĀzādUniversityof Gachsāran. Forty participants were randomly assigned in two groups(experimental and control). An eight-session training package was used for training the experimental group. The subjects were assessed by General Health Questionnaire-28(GHQ-28). The results showed instruction of stress management skills causes the decrease of physical symptoms, anxiety and decrease of elements in experimental group compared to control group. The results show that the more the students control their stress, the more they have mental health. This is so because the skill of stress control is the one by which the individual has an accurate assessment of the situation, detached from his/her feelings, therefore it is accompanied by more realism and more efficacy.