فصلنامه مطالعات اجتماعی - روان شناختی زنان
سال دهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 31، تابستان 1391)

The examination of the relationship between gender and feeling of public security of the youths of Shiraz and Yasuj city is the main goal of this paper. The quantitative method is used to collect the necessary data for this study. In general, there are two perspectives to the relationship between gender and feeling of security: essentialists and minimalists. Essentialists believe that men and women have intrinsic¬ differences in emotional and behavioral characteristics (emphasis on sex). In contrast, minimalists put focus on the economic structures and social and cultural specialties that lead to the relative superiority of men over women (emphasis on gender). In addition, they emphasize the intra- gender differences rather than inter- gender ones. The result of this research reflects the importance of both sex and gender in security studies. It means that, women, in general, have lower feeling of social security than men in each three comparative conditions in Shiraz, Yasuj and together (i.e.sex effect). But, in other dimensions of feeling of social security, social- cultural differences of two cities have more determinant effects on amount of feeling of social security than sex differences (especially in political dimension of security).

the aim of this study was to compare the effect of environments designed with natural components on well-being, happiness, and absence hours in female employees. According to health psychology, occupational environments specially those as hospitals and clinics are stiff and anxiety generating for the personnel who work there, for women in particular. To change anxiety conditions, environmental psychology (therapeutic landscapes) can be used. Environmental psychology considers these specific views as the alternative way that can have an influence on the individual behavior. It is important to note that Erich Fromm as a psychologist in the last century believed that returning to the nature causes the sense of freedom from the work stressors. Being in the natural environments or those environments designed with natural components have positive effect on well-being and happiness. It also reduces absence hours. In order to examine the hypotheses of this study, a sample of 200 employees in hospitals were selected and compared.)75 of women worked in designed pseudo-garden, 74 men worked in designed pseudo-garden and 51 who worked in a stiff and ordinary environment(. The instruments of this study are the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire, Personal wellbeing, the adult form, and the degree of absence hours. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics and ANOVA. The difference between these two groups was found to be significant indicators of wellbeing, happiness and absence hours. Natural environment can affect physical, mental, and social health, particularly among women employees. It can also be contribute to the health of the family and the general society.

This paper conducts a qualitative research to study woman with breast cancer. The sample consists of 24 patients from two hospitals, Shahid Ghazi and Imam Khomeini, in Tabriz, Iran. Two physicians, specializing in breast cancer, and two radiotherapy technicians were also interviewed. The theoretical framework of the study is based on grounded theory.The study implements depth interview with each patient while introducing such issues as becoming aware of the disease, starting the therapy, and patient's strategies to cope with the disease. The results show social and cultural factors play a significant role on these issues as well as on woman's emotions and attitudes towards breast cancer.With emphasis on subjective, interpretive, cognitive, and constructionist nature of social problems, the paper stresses the medicalization of the breast cancer. The study mentions that breast cancer, besides medical aspects, has specific social and cultural dimensions which could be essential to sociological themes.

The current research is implemented in order to compare the efficiency of assertiveness skill training and problem-solving skill training on the content of marital satisfaction for female students. Method adopted for this study was semi-experimental with pre-test post-test design using control group. Sampling method had the framework of available sampling and random replacement. Statistical population was comprised of some 45 female married students with rather low content of marital satisfaction. They were randomly divided to 3 different groups. Training classes for the skills of problem-solving and assertiveness were held for the test groups 1 and 2, respectively. The classes were held collectively in 10 one hour long sessions but the control group (test group 3) did not receive any training. Then, ENRICH (Evaluation and Nurturing Relationship Issues, Communication and Happiness) marital satisfaction inventory was run for the all 3 groups at pre-test and post-test levels. The obtained data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA test and Sheffe’s test. The acquired results from this research demonstrated that problem-solving skill and assertiveness skill trainings were both effective on the content of marital satisfaction among female students under study. Meanwhile, no significant difference was reported between effectiveness of problem-solving skill training and assertiveness skill training on marital satisfaction for the female students. It should be noted that a follow-up study was additionally performed after 2 months. The results of which revealed that assertiveness and problem-solving trainings have still remained effective.

This paper's objective is to study the delay in male's marriage and their age-selection patterns its effects on female's marriage delay which would increase the risk of remaining single in girls. We have utilized here the data obtained from the general socio-economic census of 2001. The main idea of the paper is that in addition to problems which are usually cited as prohibiting the young from marrying, there is another one that affects the marriage market. This is what we call the modes of spouse selection in terms of age. The data show that as the male's age increases at their first marriage so do that of the females. Moreover, along such a line, it follows that the distance of marriage age grows between the sexes. The analyses show that young-spouse selection in late generations of males is 67% more common than marrying same-age or older-age spouses. The findings have clearly indicated that a delay in the male marriage is followed by a delay in the female marriage. On the other hand, considering a male's preference of marrying a younger spouse, such a tendency is followed by a demographic event: a marked reduction in marriage probability of older-age single females, which in other words can be stated as an increase in probability risk of females remaining single.

Considering that teacher is the most important factor in the development of qualitatively effective education system, the present research aims to assess female teachers use in boys’ elementary schools to teach students the grades one to three. In this research, we use the survey-descriptive method. The statistical population of the research includes the principals of elementary schools, experts, and teachers of teacher-training center of Qom in the educational year of 2008-2009. In order to select the principals, classified sampling method was used in congruency with the size. The purposeful sampling method was used to determine the expert's sample. In this regard, views of 162 principals, 20 experts and faculty members were analyzed, those who had a remarkable research background. The validity of the questionnaire and the interview were confirmed by 7 of the professors and 4 PhD students. The reliability of the questionnaire was estimated in selection to be at 0.85 respectively, using the Crunbach alpha. In order to analyze the results descriptively and analytically, the SPSS software was used; in order to analyze the interview, the categorization method was utilized. The results suggest that, due to the distance taken from the center of a warm family for the first-year students to meet their emotional needs and academic progress, the use of female teachers can be very beneficial to teach boys. For the second grade students the recommendation was same as that for the first graders. Due to the impact of imitating gender roles, use of female teachers in the third grade students was discouraged.

The entrepreneurship of rural women is considered as a resourceful element for growth, employment generating, as well as innovation. In other words, entrepreneurship of rural women is an effective policy for raising employment and reducing unemployment. It is obvious that raising employment and reducing unemployment are indices of development. Recently, new findings show that women are increasingly becoming entrepreneurs in a formal sense in the rural areas. However, the prospect of rural women becoming entrepreneurs is limited by various barriers. The purpose of the present study was to prioritizing main barriers to rural women's entrepreneurship in Ardabil Province. The methodological approach was a descriptive survey type. Also, information gathered by using the questionnaire filled by 50 women who are rural entrepreneurs. The obtained data was analyzed via AHP technique and Expert Choice software. The research results showed that barriers of social-cultural, individual, psychological and economical were among the main ones in Ardabil Province. Finally, based on the results of the analysis, some applied recommendations were provided.