فصلنامه مطالعات اجتماعی - روان شناختی زنان
سال سیزدهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 43، تابستان 1394)

Paying attention to women’s employment and their empowerment in job market can provide a better utilization of this potential resource for the society. Therefore understanding influential factors on women''s participation in job market is of great importance. Since system dynamics provides a useful tools for studying complex systems، and ‘women employment’ is an example of such a complex system، this research uses system dynamics methodology to study the influential factors on women’s employment rate. This research، first provides an overview of the trends in women participation rate in various countries، along with a survey of relevant literature. Then the key influential factors on women’s employment have been identified and the bilateral cause and effect relationships between these factors are presented in the form of feedback loops in a dynamic model. This model provides a holistic and systematic view of the women employment system for the policymakers and researchers in this field. Upon availability of required data، the model can be used to simulate different scenarios، so it would enables the forecasting of women''s participation rate in job market in different circumstances، under different policies.

Gender clichés are created and derived from social norms، values، beliefs، and attitudes which define and determine specific characteristics for men and women in society. However، such prefabricated patterns for individuals would set up barriers for individual development and progress with regard to the peculiar features of modern societies and the possibilities it provides for individuals. Therefore، the present study investigates the relationship between gender clichés accepted by men and women and their social health. this study was conducted through an experimental-descriptive survey method. The samples included 384 participants who were selected through cluster sampling from the population which involved men and women from 18 to 29 in Tehran. Participants responded to the questionnaires which served as the research instrument. The findings of this study revealed that reinforcing the definitions that men have for themselves according to the gender clichés would lead to their positive rating from their efficiency in the society، since the male clichés includes positive definitions and confirmation in the society. On the contrary، women fail to have an active and positive participation in the society due to the negative clichés about them in society. The findings for the relationship between gender clichés and social health were different for men and women. While there was a linear and meaningful relationship between gender clichés and social acceptance for women، there was a linear and meaningful relationship between gender clichés and integration، adaptation، and social prosperity. According the findings of the present study، reinforcing the positive gender clichés would increase the sense of usefulness in society، mainly for men، and on the other hand reinforcing the negative gender clichés in women with low education levels would lead to hindering the positive features for individual and social development and progress.

Femininity and sport are both social construction and cultural behavior that are created in close relation to social context. This research uses life experience of female athletes by using quality method analysis of data from the observation and interviews with 36 members of female athletes in ages 14-46 years in Tehran، who do either aerobic exercise or martial art either professionally or amateur. It is found in this research that both groups of female athletes gain strong agency and high self-confidence after starting sport and continuing doing sports causes creativity in this context. Combination of adroitness and power puts together features such as adroitness and power and also subjectivity of athlete bodies and together they represent agency and creativity and in fact they try to expand the meaning of femininity through creativity and agency. The role of creativity، subjectivity، agency and selectivity is so strong that they could even pass social barriers

This research was conducted with the goal of studying the relation of discrepancy between expectations and reality of marital relationship and marital satisfaction. The method of research was descriptive and correlative. So، 146 married people (87 women & 59 men) from Tehran City were selected using voluntary sampling. For collecting data، the realistic experiences & the expectations of marital relation questionnaires، and the Relationship Assessment Scale were employed. Results showed that among all marital satisfaction components، there were significant correlation between difference of expectations and reality of marital Relationship & marital satisfaction. The result of stepwise regression analysis showed discrepancy between expectations and reality in components such as conflict resolution and commitment، had significant role to predict marital satisfaction. The results also showed that the difference of reality and expectations in components self-disclosure، affection، relational security، quality of communication، and conflict resolution are more significant among women than men.

Current study basically aims at exploring the motives behind watching Persian satellite channels among female audience in city of Qaemshahr. Participants are 263 female audiences from Qaemshahr which were selected based on purposive sampling. The research method employed here is survey، and a researcher-developed questionnaire was used to collect data، One-sample t-test، ANOVA، and Friedman tests were conducted to analyze the data. The findings show that the audiences watch satellite channels mainly for entertainment، general knowledge، social، and political reasons. However، the predominant pattern was to watch programs with entertainment contents (such as movies، TV shows، music). Furthermore، demographic characteristics of the participants (age، and educational level) affected their media use so that satisfaction from programs with entertainment content was high among all age groups. The findings also suggest that using the satellite channels to obtain general knowledge and information had a positive relationship with audiences’ educational level. On the other hand، watching satellite channels programs for social needs had a negative relationship with audiences’ educational level، while there was a positive relationship between the audiences'' educational level and their tendency to watch programs with critical and political contents.

The paper studies the impact of feminine identity and communication tactics on leadership styles، specifically task oriented and participative styles. Three types of communication tactics were considered: soft، rational and hard. The population of the research was female employees of government agencies in Malayer city. 76 female employees were selected as samples. To collect data from the field، 36-item questionnaire was used. According to basic conceptual model 11 hypotheses were developed to examine the relationship between variables mutually. In order to test the hypotheses، LISREL program and Path Analysis Model (PAM) were used. Nevertheless results using LISREL program indicated that feminine identity had a significant and positive effect on soft and rational tactics and a significant and negative on hard tactic. Soft tactic had a significant and positive effect on participative leadership and had a significant and negative effect on authoritative leadership. Rational tactic had a positive effect on participative leadership and had a negative effect on authoritative leadership، but the effect was not significantly meaningful. And، hard tactic had a significant and negative effect on participative leadership and had a significant and positive effect on authoritative leadership. It can be concluded that if the characteristics of the female identity are combined with communication tactics، they can lead to successful management styles for women.

The rapid development of communication technology has created new problems about the power of the media in facing the audience، with their gender image of women and men being one of them. In this regard، the present study was performed، with the aim of determining how gender stereotypes in television advertisements are represented through constitutive–interpretative approach and qualitative content analysis. Therefore، a sample was selected based on non-random sampling method including 17 heterogeneous ads that aired by the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRIB) Third network. After implementation، analysis and encoding finally، based on the frequency and quality of display، work and social roles، personality traits of male and female figures and general characteristics of ads 7 categories were extracted which are: role prescriptions، ritual of subordination، superiority precession/inferiority recess، gender marking of needs، gender marking of goods، symbolic space، relative size. In final analysis، it was determined that the displayed ads on television have two different patterns of showing female and male and not only they reproduce the most common stereotypes in society، but also shape the process of stereotyping.