فصلنامه مطالعات اجتماعی - روان شناختی زنان
سال شانزدهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 54، بهار 1397)

Given their identity formation in the context of family and home, as a dominant functional identity, housewives are prone to be subject to social exclusion, as opposed to other women. The present study seeks to identify the areas, contexts, interactions and consequences of social exclusion of housewives, in light of their lived experiences. The present study was carried out with a qualitative approach and within the grounded theory framework. Sampling was conducted using purposeful sampling and maximum diversity, and a semi-structured interview was used to collect the data. The sample comprised 29 female Sanandaji women participants, aged 22-46. The results of the research suggest that the fields such as gender stereotypes and home-based socialization are involved in the social exclusion of housewives. Thus construed, the daily routine and homogeneity of housekeeping have served as facilitating and bipolarizing factors of the family atmosphere, and the reduction of identity as intervening conditions. The housewives’ semantic reconstruction and understanding of house-keeping implies the restriction of privacy and individual freedoms, external care and control, and redundancy in decision-making areas. Facing such challenges and circumstances, the housewives have tended to resort to strategies such as critical review, adaptation, virtualization of communication, and personal growth. On the basis of the present study, the housekeeping experience of the housewives has given rise to interpersonal disorders, d issatisfaction, social disappointment, social isolation, and power abandonment.

This study explores the gender differences in early maladaptive schemas and coping styles with a schema focused approach. The sample consists of 779 university students (479 women and 300 men) which were selected from different universities in Tehran by convenient sampling. Young Schema Questionnaire, Young–Rygh Avoidance Inventory and Young Compensation Questionnaire were administered. Statistical significance of differences in groups were measured by independent T-test. The findings suggest that there is a gender difference in some maladaptive schemas and coping styles between men and women. The findings about schema domains show that there is a gender difference in 3 domains (inhibition and hypervigilance, disconnection and rejection and impaired limits) and that the men’s scores in these domains where higher than women’s. In the 2 other domains (autonomy and other-directedness) there were no gender differences between men and women. Also men and women had significant differences in surrender and compensation coping styles, which in both, the men’s scores were higher than women. There were no gender differences in avoidance style between the groups.

The comparison of social cognition and fear of negative evaluation in divorce seeking women and normal women, controlling for the long time of marriage and socio-economic status.
The purpose of the present study was the comparison of social cognition and fear of negative evaluation in divorce seeking women and normal women, controlling for the long time of marriage and socio-economic status. Fifty subjects of divorce seeking women and fifty normal women are selected by random sampling. This study was a descriptive design that to gather of data were used of Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test and Brief Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale. Also, MANCOVA test was used for analyzing the data. The result of MANCOVA revealed that there was significant difference between social cognition and fear of negative evaluation of the divorce seeking and normal women. The social cognition of the divorce seeking women was less than that of normal women. The fear of negative evaluation of the divorce seeking women was more than of normal women

Women play increasing roles in different societies and the fact that some of them follow norms different from those dominant in their society is undeniable. This article investigates the impact of the Internet on becoming "different" on the basis of a conceptual framework inspired by gender socialization theory, globalization, public/private spheres, and Foucaudian concept of resistance. Deep interviews with twenty Iranian and Turkish women regarded as "different" provide information on their lived experience. On the basis of a quantitative analysis and grounded theory as formulated by Strauss and Corbin, the findings show that the primary socialization of these women has not been different form the mainstream society. In their secondary socialization, the first signs of difference have emerged when they faced the public life. The third phase is when they began to resist against and divert from dominant patterns of conduct. It is at this stage that they consciously act against traditions and violate standard norms. The Internet has been found to be an influential means through which they face the outside life more easily and become more courageous in their opposition against traditional norms.

This study aims to predict life satisfaction based on personality traits (neuroticism, extroversion, agreeableness, Openness and conscientiousness) and defense mechanisms (mature mechanisms, immature mechanisms and neurotic mechanisms). The research method was descriptive-correlational and the statistical population included 19448 girl high school students in Qom. The sample included 377 students that were selected using multistage cluster sampling. For sampling, among educational districts in Qom, district 1 were selected at first, then among schools, 3 schools and finally from each school all classes were selected randomly and they responded to Defense style questionnaire, NEO_Personality Inventory and Satisfaction with life scale. Data were analyzed using correlation and multiple regression analysis method. Results showed that personality traits (neuroticism, extroversion and conscientiousness), defense mechanisms (mature mechanisms and immature mechanisms) could predict life satisfaction (p < 0.05) but a greeableness, openness and neurotic mechanisms could not predict life satisfaction (p > 0.05). Therefore, the life satisfaction of students can be elevated by proper planning and education in case of personality traits and defense mechanisms.

The current study established to figure out the divorce causes of women who are on the verge of divorce based on their life scenarios. The qualitative method, the case study, was used to explore the causes. Twenty-one subjects were drawn from the population, including all women on the verge of divorce in Isfahan City, via the saturation sampling method. Data were collected using the semi-structured interviews within three parts; (1) the demographic information; (2) the divorce causes; and (3) the lived scenarios. The three-way method (e.g., researchers, supervisors, and counselors) was applied to standardize properties of interviews. The data were analyzed by the manually coding, in which data were examined by the explicit and implicit contents. The findings of the study showed that in the reason of the separation of free-sex relations with the opposite gender, “don’t think” and “don’t belong to” scripts, in the violence of the spouse, “don't be important” and “satisfy” scripts, in the spouse’s neglect of desires, “don't be” and “satisfy” scripts, in the assignment of the wife and the husband’s position and the spouse’s irresponsibility, “don't be child” script, about the wrong thought to men, “don’t be close” script, and about the spouse’s remarriage “don't be important” script are involved. Thus it can be said that the life scripts impact on causes of the divorce, and these reasons are more likely to provide the direction and specific reasons for these women’s behaviors.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between attachment styles, love and sexual satisfaction with loneliness in married women of the Department of Environment. In this descriptive-analytic design, 180 employees of married women working in the Department of Environment selected by single stage cluster sampling, were asked questions about Adult Collins and Reid's attachment style tests (1990), Love Attitude Scale (1986), Larsson's Sexual Assistance Test (1998) and Russell's adult loneliness scale (1980) responded. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistical methods (mean, standard deviation) and inferential (Pearson correlation and multivariate regression) and SPSS software. V (23) was analyzed. The results of data analysis showed that there was a significant relationship between avoiding attachment style and loneliness, among attachment styles (P <0/05). Also, Storge's love style was also significantly related to loneliness, and both variables had a significant prediction of loneliness in women. However, sexual satisfaction did not have a meaningful relationship with loneliness and was not a significant predictor of loneliness. These findings support the need to focus on attachment and love with loneliness.