مجله جغرافیا و توسعه
پیاپی 2 (پاییز و زمستان 1382)

Knowledge is the cornerstone of development, but unfortunately, native knowledge connoted “reaction” and “static” until recent times. This was due to renovation and technology transference attitudes and procedures which were in the minds of farmers of the developing countries. But with the emergence of economic, social, and environmental problems originating from unmeasured employment of technologies and western culture in developing countries, the post- modernism paradigm and inborn attitude came to light.Under the impact of these developments, ethnic cultures and native capacities, knowledges and skills of the indigenous people in the participation ground of their own developmental planning was emphacized and Focussed as scientific complementary knowledge by especialists.of coure, it is necessary that the indigenous knowledge be legalized like the international are, namely, it should become documentary, evaluable, classified and scientific. In this article, while the definition of indigenous knowledge is given, its difference from official knowledge or the scientific knowledge and expamsion of indigenous networks of knowledge and its role in stable rural development have been elaborated, and procedures are presented to make it scientific.

Khoozestan province has faced many political, economic, social, and cultural problems in the last decades including the industrial and agricultural intra-structures, and also the eight- year imposed war. These issues caused the province to encounter population transference, so that the migration has been a particular one.This province has undergone major changes from migrant acceptance, and migrant departure viewpoint in the last forty years, so that in the Go’s it has continued to accept migrants, but between 1977 to 1987 and with the beginning of the war and ensuing problems, the migration process became vice-versa and the province became largely migrant sender so that the net departing migrants from the province has been 267644. Between 1987 to 1997, the province became migrant receiver once again, and the net number is 102672.His obvious that the migrants geographical distribution share has not been the same as its city districts, and there are large differences so that Abadan city had the largest share of received migrants which is about 26.57 and shadegan with 83% had the least number.

The Tabriz fault, is a strike-slip fault, that stretches from Zanjan-Soltanieh mountains in Iran, to Ararat mountains, in Turkey. Along this fault, from Bostanabad to Salmas, are different geomorphologic phenomena that contain displaced and cutting floodways, height difference and forming of scarpment, fault valley, fault spring, natural pools, and Urumieh Lake. This lake is an important phenomenon of Tabriz fault activity. Urumieh Lake before forming, connected to Gotur Chay and Aras river by a channel. This channel, is in northeast of Salmas and in north of Urumieh Lake. these features determine Tabriz fault from Bostanabad to Salmas. The purpose of this research is about distinction of geomorphogical consists which were formed from Tabriz fault and especially the formation of Urumieh Lake. The method of research consists studying of satellite images, aerial Photographs, geological and topographic maps and field geology.

This investigation reveals that the 43 years average amount at Ghareh Soo’s minimum daily flow in Deh Kohneh gauge, located in kermanshah province is about 2.23 cubic meters per second. Similar minimum flow amount 7.15 cubic meters per second for duration of 30 days were estimated to beat 2.48, 2.57 and 3.74 respectively. As it is noticed minimum river flow amount, at the indication of hydrological drought occurrence is decreased by a decline in the probability at accordance. This is in a way that it amounts for a 200 year return period for duration at 1.7.15 and 30 days will reach to 0.40, 0.43, 0.45 and 0.52 cubic meters per second respectively which in nearly of these average amounts.What is important is that there are not many variations for different durations? The study shows that the amount of one month drought duration does not much differ from one-day drought duration. Hence affect of different activities such at urban water supply, agriculture, natural resources and etc, is very important in its severity and danger regarding drought duration. Therefore, exercising crisis and risk management, plan and execution of program and activeties compatible with any activity suitable to amount and drought duration is very important.

In immigrations especially foreign immigrations the migrants entering the area affect the community and are affected by that community.The main research question is: What are the effects of Iraqi migrants resident in Yazd on the social problems of the city?The purpose of the research is to answer this basic question. Survey method was used in this study.The statistical community included 1590 shopkeepers in Imam, Salman and Ghiyam streets. They worked near their place of residence which was in traditional architectural part to the city. 10% of the statistical community that is 159 were considered as the subjects of the study. The subjects were selected by simple random sampling. They were given questionnaires to fill out. The statistical analysis based on the questionnaire findings was made through SPSS software the research findings indicate that the Iraqi migrants resident in Yazd have increased the social problems through addiction to drugs, distribution of the drugs, goods trafficking, moral problems, theft, clashing, fighting and murder. The young native inhabitants and those who are more familiar with migrants consider Iraqi migrants more effective in the rise of social problems.

The city of Mashhad had a long link with nature till 3 to 4 decade ago, and the city had nearly a natural look. Hence the citizens of the city didn’t experience a feeling of necessity to recreation places, whilst they are living in unfavourable conditions, because the city has expanded and has become bigger than the last decades. Therefore, the citizens of Mashhad need much ecotourism.The springs and lakes, are the types of ecotourism attractions in the marginal areas of Mashhad. There are 83 springs in this region, that their maximum discharge is about 294 L/sec (mean is 18 l/sec. These springs are three types in terms of genesis: “contact”,“Fault” and “Carstic” springs. Among these groups, the Contact springs, are important and favourable to ecotourists.The lakes of this region are also two types:“natural (such as cheshme sabz lake), and man made dam-lakes” (for example, karde Dam). Both types of lakes are attactive and suitable for fishing, swimming, cannoing, surfing etc. From the point of ecotourism, the Cheshme Sabz lake area is very important and good potential for recreation and lesieure times in this region.

This article is aimed at investigating the impact of culture on city structure in the former socialist countries, the western capitalism and Iran which has been carried out through “descriptive- analytical” methods. The former socialist culture caused development in changing eastern block city structures-form, place, texture, economic efficiency, and the city structure aspects were based on population congestion, access to land, and lack of special differences between social groups and emphasis on optimized especial services and small scale structures.West shaped cities before the twentieth contury according to its cultural standards (religious, linguistic, racial, classwise and patterns) different shapes of feudalistic cities, Middle Ages, pre-industrial and industrial Later different cultural schools (Modernism, Post Modernism) established especial forms of cities. The pre-Islamic culture in Iran created especial forms of Castles, city castles dominated by social systems and Persian, Helenic, and Parthian patterns so that such structures has class appearance. After the arrival of Islam, culture was affected by Islamic principles and elements, and districts and houses were built according to Islamic patterns.

The city of Zabol is located in a low plain area in the eastern side of Iran. Distribution of pressure centres and the attributions of district topography are of those sorts that cause the formation of 120-days winds in Sistan. These winds originating from the mountains of eastern Afghanistan, circulating the Iran plateau from northwest and then enter the Sistan plain. The winds are called “120-days winds”. Increase in their speed, will increase their climatological effects and then two different kinds of climates are formed in Zabol. In the years that the level of rainfall is high, current of 120-days winds carries the humidity and makes the air wet and delicate. In dry years when Hamoon lake is empty, the current of 120-days winds wipes the floor of the empty lake and carries the tiny particles of sand away, and pollutes the environment.In present study, the relations of characteristics of physical shape of the Zabul city as well as the major wind directions are surveyed. The results show that the streets which their directions are parallel with those of winds, chanellization effects of streets increase the speed of the winds and then cause undesirable effects. When the directions of streets are vertical to those of winds, circulation of air will happen. Then it will cause the accumulation of sand which results in environmental pollution. In this study some suggessions are made to decrease the negative effects of winds by changing the physical shape of the city.

The geography science and geography researching has been prominant from the Islamic scholars point of views and in Islamic civilization. This article is aimed at studying the place of this science in Islamic civilization and presenting an agreeable analysis.First, the Moslems approach and willingness to geography science and its reasons and factors are separately elaborated. The second discussion deals with the Islamic Scholars scientific services and achievements in various branches of geography and their presentation of invaluable works in different periods of Islamic history and civilization. In the end, a brief explanation is given on the impact of Islamic geographic knowledge on the European geographic thought through examples.

Kardeh basin in Karst terrian situated in koppet dag zone. The lime and carbonate stones existing in karst forms have severely been broken up and there are crevices. As karst drainage system is highly sensitive to transference or arrival of any kind of pollutants, the existence of pollutants such as accumulation of garbage, animal excrements, the flow of setliements sewages to rivers, and trash accumulated by tourists can be potential pollutants for karst water sources.Despite the fact that karst water supplies are used in the northern hills of Mashhad, there have not been protective measures, and karst water sources lack management. It is, therefore; imperative to take protetive and managerial measure in order to control and safe guard water sources.This article is aimed at dealing with karst characteristics and kardeh geomorpholical situation in relation to drainage sensitivity, and pollutant factors which have largely been increased in recent years. These factors have been identified and classified in the region, and their concentration situation is drawn in a map, which can be of importance for executives and planners.

A factor analysis of 27 annual climatic variables detects six main climatic factors in Iran.These factors are Thermal factor, humidity and cloudiness factor, precipitation factor, wind and dust factors, and Thunder factor, In southern coasts of Caspian Sea and Zagros range precipitation is more significant. In Zagros sunshine play a secondary major role in determining climatic regions.Throughout the eastern border of the country wind and dust is the most visible feature. Thunder is very active in the southeastern and northwestern corners of Iran.Based on these six climatic factors, Iran could be divided into 15 different climatic regions. Spatial alignment of these regions reveals the importance of elevation and distance to sea as the major background of climate regionalization in Iran.