مجله جغرافیا و توسعه
پیاپی 9 (بهار و تابستان 1386)

Progress of communicational technology, informationalism and unrestrained capitalism are motives that in the model globalization progress is advent of a new civilization in different square of social life.The special reflection of this information-based civilization is obvious in the territory-furbished space and unlinear time. The prerequisite for understanding of the ontological nature of this civilization is the study of transaction relationships between globalization process, world-wide telecommunication, information and capitalism adjustment (Structural adjustment in capitalism system and a change from organized form or Fordist economy to unorganized form or postfordist economy) and the statement of informational civilization's characteristics. Thereby this article according to a postmodern approach and ontological nature of information civilization (One civilization – many civilizations) has been focused on inter-textual relationship of information civilization.

The role of seasonal low-pressure in human communities formation in the region of Balouchestan, Iran is the subject of the present article. The rainfalls,resulting from penetrating of Indian ocean seasonals have tropical origin that arrive into the region during hot season of the year and cause very stormy rainfalls.The research has shown that the distribution of seasonal rainfalls has a close relation with distribution of the region's village habitations.The principal focuses of village habitations ranging from 400 to 999 households, are mainly located the marginal and principal focuses of summery rain. Also there is a relation between these rainfalls and the land, under cultivated with rice which is a product of hot regions. The main centre of rice cultivation is concidering with the main centre of summery raining, so the more we get away from principal focus of seasonal rains, the rice cultivation becomes less. Exploition of rain water by using Hootak (hole) has been dug by residents of the region in order to reserve rain water for animal husbandry and their own use.

In this research two databases have been created using daily observations of seven climatic variables during 1965-1995 and amounts daily observations of 500 hpa during 1974-2004. On the first database a principal component analyses have been applied and five major components recognized. A cluster analyses applied on these major components and eleven synoptic types obtained for Sanandaj station. Then on second database a PCA have been applied too, and eleven major components recognized. A cluster analyses applied on these eleven major components and eight circulation patterns recognized that the third circulation pattern for some reasons distracted to ten sub-circulation patterns. Statistical characteristic of these synoptic types have been calculated and covariance of these synoptic types with circulation patterns of 500 hpa have been studied. We find a weak relationship between the circulation patterns and synoptic types. It seems reasonable to find weak relationship between circulation patterns and synoptic types. Because circulation patterns only represent the dynamic aspect of the atmosphere but synoptic types have a thermodynamic nature.

Spatial diffusion indicates the ways and the means of diffusion of one phenomenon from its origin to the societies who are ready to accept that phenomenon. However, the process of diffusion may start immediately after emergence of phenomenon or take place during several centuries. At global level spread of civilization, technology, nuirition quality, trend of urbanization and change in the quality of housing and settlements has been a process that took many centuries or even millenniums. But the phenomenon such as spread of diseases, poverty, and urbanization and so on are cases which show rapid spread.In this research work an attempt is made to explain the spread of saffron farming from the southern Khorasan in Iran to the areas located in central and the northern Khorasan. In fact the theoretical base for this research work was first put forward in 1953 and later on became well developed theory with publication of a book entitled “Spatial diffusion and innovation process” in 1968 by Toresten Hagerstrand.This theory has not been tested in Iran especially in case of agriculture sector to date. This research work is first attempt to justify the spread of saffron farming from the southern Khorasan to the other parts of Khorasan. The study results show that the spread of saffron farming is totally in tone with the theoretical basis provided by Torsten Hagerstrand. However, the diffusion of saffron farming did not follow the exact patterns of theory. The major findings of the research project are:Nature of Diffusion: diffusion of saffron as a phenomenon followed pattern of regional diffusion as a result of which saffron farming were spread from southern areas of Khorasan to the rest of Greate Khorasan. Also the intensity of saffron farming in new region (Torbat Heidarieh in the northern Khorasan) is higher than its origin (Ghaenat in the southern Khorasan), however that part of theory which explains the transfer of location of spread from its origin to new areas resulting in draining the original base from the phenomenon is not true in case of saffron.Process of wave in Diffusion’s profile: Stages one to three in theory are applicable in case of saffron farming diffusion. However, the fourth stage of theory which explains the maturity and stop of diffusion phenomenon was not applicable to the case of saffron farming.

Drought is a recurrent feature in different climates, occurrence of drought do not limited to specific regions on times it should be possible in the region with high – rain in each seasons of the year. One of the most important stages of drought monitoring is to identify the indices to analysis severity – duration and frequency of drought events. This paper evaluates the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) on 3, 6, 12, 24 and 48- month scales using monthly precipitation totals for 10 stations in south-west basins of Iran from January 1960 to December 2000. Severity-Duration curves, as well as return periods were extracted for each station. Severity maps showed that in the east and the south of the region, drought intensity is more than other areas. The results show that when SPI index have negative sequences, drought will occur and when SPI values are -1 or less, drought occurrence is severe. These time scales explain the impact of drought to availability of water resources. Thus the reaction of soil moisture to precipitation occurs in short time while the response of underground water and stream flows are a long term processes.

The amount and the way of urban services distribution has effect on population spatial changes in urban districts. One of the major factor in sustainable development is spatial balance distribution of urban services, which could be related to social justice. In this paper deal with Isfahan urban districts related to 14 types urban services in 10 years period has surveyed. The hypothesis of this paper are: population distribution in Isfahan districts has unbalanced and the trend of population changes has grown. For testing the first hypothesis, entropy index has used and for second koyck model has applied.The results obtained from this paper show: 1) population distribution in Isfahan districts has unbalanced. 2) service distributions of urban districts are injustice and this affect on urban migration in Isfahan districts.

The Ojan-Chai basin is located at the north slope of the Sahand mountain. Due to dominant of the perglacier and fluvial erosion systems, on the north slope of the Sahand mountain, mass movements, fluvial flows and flood are the morphogenic phenomena and the geomorphological hazards in the Ojan-Chai basin. These events threated the cities and rural settlements. They prevent to progress programes. This study presents the zonning of mass movements hazard on the Ojan-Chai. It try to mapping of the mass movements hazards and recognition of high hazard – low hazard regions, so that planners and managers lead to planning and accurate management of landuse. Therefore, it is possible to development agricultural, settlements and industrial sections, in the area far away the geomorphological hazards. The zonning of mass movements hazard’s map draw by the digitaly topography maps (1: 25000 and1:50000), geology and geomorphology maps, remote sensing data, GIS (ARC/GIS and ARC/VIEW). The variables are slope, distance from fault, distance from stream, distance from road, distance from route, precipitation, litology and landuse. Results indicated that, 39% of the study region is located at the medium to high - intense zone hazard,the point view of mass movements hazard.

Arctic Oscillation as one of the teleconnection of the north hemisphere includes an atmospheric pressure anomaly in sea level in the north polar latitudes and middle latitude (45ºN); that is shown in negative and positive phases. The AO pattern controls pressure, temperature and precipitation change patterns and geopotential level, wind azimuth, … in specific periods of year. Meanwhile temperature is one of climatic impressible element of the other climatic affective elements which is under the effect of this pattern. This survey will provide the background for prediction of variation process of these patterns against each other with exposure of the relation between arctic oscillation pattern and the changes of minimum (freezing) temperature pattern in Shahr-e-kord station. This survey shows a reverse relation between AO and minimum temperatures in Shahr-e-kord with correlation coefficient of -0.46, relation between AO annual average and maximum temperature, temperature annual average, and pressure annual average of Shahr-e-kord too. It is also obvious that during the years in which positive phase of AO reigns, with decrease daily AO rate, Shahr-e-kord daily minimum temperatures increase, and vice versa. So, it is logical to predict minimum temperature changes of Shahr-e-kord, especially minus temperatures (freezing days) during years that AO is in negative phase.

In the research an attempt was made to study factors causing inefficiency of rural assembly by using Rajer’s farming micro - culture theory.The study was run on a stratified sample of 32 villages near Sabzevar. The results of this project showed that firstly those members of the assemblies who had had elementary education or lower and had been Better farmers fit within Rajer’s theory, that is, his theory better explains the behaviour of these members than whose had higher education. Secondly, Rural assemblies in larger and more populated villages can not, to some extent, be explained by this theory.

Concentration of population and economic activities in urban areas, lead to economical problems such as poverty, unemployment, increasing the price of land, housing, life costs as well as social and cultural problems. Then, physical and environmental issues include urbanity growth, scatter settlements, environmental pollutions, traffic and urban crowding, lack of infrastructure and services lagging, illegal constructions, environmental deteriorate could be emerge. The main object of this research is the illustration of unsuitable ecological and environmental conditions in great cities of the country, therefore, we try to discuss urban crowding in Tabriz. We can simply urban crowding to 3 aspects entitled: population, buildings and finally vehicle crowding. According to the results of this research, population crowding in Tabriz affected by economic and social class of citizens. There is a direct relation between population and building crowding. Urban crowding in the fringes of Tabriz, due to lack of zoning system and logical distribution of land uses, lead to unsafely psychological effects on citizens.

In this study, the citizen's satisfaction from the municipality's function and the related influencing factors are investigated. This is a compound type of research (measuring, uniting, documentary and …). The measuring instrument has been a questionnaire which was distributed among 384 people in charge of families who were selected using cluster and random sampling in order to gather data. The results indicate the level of citizen's satisfaction from the municipality's function is lower than average. Factors such as social satisfaction, social awareness, citizen's contribution, age and social- economic status have affected on satisfaction of the citizens. So that using multi - variate regression analysis and route analysis pattern was concluded that the independent variables determine about 43 percent changes in the dependent variables. Moreover, the variables of social satisfaction and age have had the most and the least shares in determining the dependent variable respectively.