مجله پایش
سال یازدهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 41، زمستان 1390)

The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between health indicators of rural with income. In this study, two series information is used, information on health indicators country that is extracted from total villages of the country in 2005 divided the province and information about statistical results of expenditure and income of rural households in 2004 was obtained from Statistical Center of Iran. The results showed there is a significant relationship between neonatal death rate for children one month to less than 5 years, child mortality under 5 years, the children death rate of less than 1 year, overhead and 15 to 64 percent of the population with annual income of rural family (P< 0.05). The results of this study showed that the economic variable is related to people's health status. Increased health care services in the villages of the country's income levels are lower in reducing inequality is essential.

Although helmet use can decrease the risk of head injury (45%-88%) among motorcycle drivers, Only 6% of motorcycle drivers now use helmet in Iran.In this study the effect of an education plan based of theory of planned behavior on helmet use among the employed motorcyclists in Yazd was examined. This was a Quasi-experimental study.A questionnaire was used for data collection which had been designed based on theory of planned behavior. Validity and Reliability of the questionnaire approved by a panel of experts and test-retest [r=0.70-0.83, N=30] respectively. Subjects were 120 employed motorcycle drivers who entered in the study with a clustered random sampling from six offices in Yazd. The study sample [N=120] was divided into two groups of case and control [n=60] randomly after compeleting the questionnaires [private interview] in the pretest. An intervention program was designed based on the results of pretest.Then the intervention program was preformed for the case group.Thirty days after intervention program, post-test was conducted and the data analyzed using SPSS 11.5. Most of subjects (86/6%) cited heat as the most common barrier for helmet use. Rate of helmet use was unfavorable. Attitude, Perceived behavior control and subjective norms accounted for 59% of variance of intention to wear helmet among the subjects which Perceived behavior control was the strongest predictor.Administering education program was effective on all constructs of theory of planned behavior but education program was more effective on intention and helmet use behavior (P<0.001). Administering of education program and removing barriers of helmet use can provide background for helmet use promotion.

Objective (s): Road traffic injury information offered by major sources in the country with American and selected Asian countries used model were compared in this study. The sectors which were involved in road traffic injury were identified. Existing flow chart registration related epidemiology of road traffic injury was collected by trained experts using a validated and reliable questionnaire. Status of data collection system and care system related road traffic injury was compared to some countries. Differences and weakness of data registration were identified. Existing data resources which are responsible in road traffic injury registration are divided to two sources (Traffic police, medical emergency and management of accident). At present time traffic police is collecting five portions of COM model in 113 and 114 formats. Emergency medical services department is responsible in a part of model in emergency mission in format115. In comparison to American data registry model, data injury and specifications of vehicles registration by traffic police and related road profile and medical emergency was similar to American model except road traffic volume and conviction history. The mentioned finding was not included management, injury and medical emergency. Traffic police legislation in country was not similar to American model. All data capture system were not consist of the severity scale (AIS, Abbreviated Injury Scales و ICD = international classification of diseases) in comparison to Asian countries. Traffic injury data collection system needs to be used from international classification of diseases (ICD) and abbreviation criteria in injury severity scale like (AIS) and be used from unique language in injury data registration all over the country.

To determine epidemiological pattern of road traffic injuries in Tehran-Abali axis in 2008. In a prospective study road traffic injuries data in Tehran-Abali axis on event time until one month later and information of pre hospital and hospital care of injured subjects was collected by road traffic police, six emergency stations, twelve hospitals and three clinics during one year. Pre hospital information was included: age, gender, injured organ, Revised Trauma Score (RTS), Injury Severity Score (ISS) and hospital information was duration of hospitalization, status on dismissed time and post event one month later. During one year 243 accidents occurred. In scene 23 subjects have been died. 345 injured subjects were followed. Mean age of subjects was 33.6±15.6. Overall, 71.1 percent of injured subjects were male and more than 60 percent of them were 20-39 years. The most common injuries were head and face damage. Mean of (RTS) and (ISS) was 7.23 and 9.38 respectively. Intensity of injury was higher among pedestrian than vehicles and motorcycle drivers, and occupants, (P<0.05). Mean of hospitalization among 75 percent of injured subjects was less than 24 hour. 66.5 percent of injured subject after dismissed was like before of accident. More medical services at scene, education and monitoring to novitiate youth drivers, public education and security transit place to pedestrian, educational program to protect of head and face and high quality of medical services to intend for indoor wear injured subjects needs to be predicted.

To assess fathers’ educational needs to improve their involvement in perinatal care. This was a cross sectional study on 800 participants including 400 women seeking perinatal care and 400 men who were accopaninng their women in the the selected perinatal services of Shahid Beheshti medical science hospitals. They were recruited using nonrandomized quota sampling method. A questionnaire was used including sections of demographic, fathers’ educational needs and their attitude assessment scale. The questionnaire was filled up by interview and its validity and reliability was assessed before use. Data was analysed by SPSS 16 and using T test, ANOVA, Tukey tests with 95% confidence interval. 800 men and woen with average age of 28.32±5.51 participated in the study. It was demonstrated that more than 95% of participants were agree with statements of “perinatal care and education are necessary for future mothers and fathers both” and “pregnant mothers needs more emotional support”. The required content was “signs of risks during prenatal and postpartum period and mothers nutrition” respectively. Majority of participants prefer face to face couples’ counseling method, home and then health center as the best place, evening and vacations as the best time. Majority mentioned premarriage classes as the best time for the initiation. There was no significant difference between the attitude score of different age groups of participants (P=0.267) but there was a significant difference between attitude scores of illiterate participants with others (P=0.036). Promotion of male involvement in perinatal care needs reorientation of care system and rebuilding that to “family friendy Services” and fathers’ education about the emotional support of wives, pregnancy risk assessment, and maternal nutrition, with face to face couples’ counseling method using self-educational media and counseling with male physicians for special needs. Education about male participation in reproductive health should be initiated from adolescens and education about perinatal care participation should be started from premarriage classes and should be provided with more details in perinatal period according to the time of pregnancy.

In the field of international reproductive health, the promotion of male involvement has prevailed for reasons of both gender and health and is now an important part of reproductive health policies and programs. In preparation for a male involvement in antenatal and intrapartum care intervention, this qualitative study specifically aims to: (1) understand the barriers to male involvement in maternal health and (2) explore women’s attitudes towards the promotion of male involvement in maternal health. This is a qualitative study. Samples consisted of Multi gravida and primi gravida women in Second and third-trimester of their pregnancy receiving antenatal services. Sampling was conducted through focus group discussions (FGDs) and by semi- constructed questionnaire. Six FGD with pregnant women were done with 43 women attended in FGD. The method of Content analysis was used in this research. The majority of women agreed to husbands’ attendance at prenatal care and delivery and also they talked about their husbands’ curiosity and courage about it. All of them emphasized on husbands’ companionship to hospital as reasons of their love and support. Themes were categorized in 4 categories. First category was importance of male involvement, consequences of male involvement, facilators of male involvement and barriers towards male involvement. Main themes were love and support and pregnant women’s expectations. From the point of view of women, the most prominent barriers to male involvement in maternal health included low levels of male knowledge about pregnancy problems, cultural issues (social stigma, pride, wrong beliefs, family upbringing, and parochial circumstances of small cities), women reliance on her mothers and household economic problems. The most prominent barriers to male attendance in health centers were the health center’s feminine atmosphere and reluctance to accept men in these centers. The predominantly favorable attitudes of pregnant women towards encouraging greater male involvement in maternal health in this study imply that the introduction of an option for such services would be both feasible and well accepted. Accordingly, a major shift in health center and hospital policy was seen as an important first step in introducing couple-friendly antenatal or delivery services.

To compare the sense of social solidarity in persons affected and persons not-affected by stomach, colon and breast cancer. This research is an analytic-descriptive study. 106 cases of patients above 14, affected by stomach, colon and breast cancer, referred to Cancer Institute of Tehran, were chosen using classified sampling method. 106 persons not-affected by cancer were chosen as the control group. Measuring of sense of social solidarity is done based on Fesler adapted scale. The date is being analyzed using discriminant analysis and logistic regression analysis. The results have indicated that the effect of components of sense of social solidarity and its association with stomach cancer is meaningful. The results have also indicated that between the component of family and society of persons affected and not-affected by stomach cancer there is a meaningful negative association. But, in sense of social solidarity, there is a positive meaningful association between economic behavior component of persons affected and not-affected by stomach cancer. The finding indicated that a special property of a stress-causing social determinant is not a reliable criterion for determining the level of stress and the level of its effect on unhealthy behaviors and consequently affection by cancer.

To evaluate health-related quality of life in Iranian breast cancer survivors.

Using qualitative method (content analysis), Using qualitative method (content analysis), in depth semi-structured and unstructured face-to-face interviews were conducted with a purposeful sample of 39 breast cancer survivors.

The findings of the present study revealed that the most prevalent physical problems that were reported by Iranian breast cancer survivors were fatigue, pain and lymph edema related to the adverse effects of mastectomy interfering to some degree with their normal daily activities or quality of life. The results of the present study indicated that most participants have a strong sense of spirituality and used this as a source of support to help them accept their disease. Spirituality has been found to be a strong source of psychological support among Iranian breast cancer survivors. The result shows, inadequate social support, medical insurance and financial problems are the most important factors that have a negative impact on patients’ quality of life throughout their life time.

These findings should be taken into account in developing appropriate, effective and culturally sensitive educational health interventions in these communities. It needs psychological consultation with patients and their families and social and financial support during the treatment.

Obesity is a pivotal and costly issue prevalent in public health. In childhood, adolescence and adulthood, obesity can lead to serious medical issues. Considering the increasing rate in obesity and the high prevalence of consequent diseases stemming from it, a study of obesity levels among school students in Tehran was conducted in order to provide a profound understanding of the growing prevalence of obesity on school students. In this cross-sectional study, a simple randomization was conducted whereby 20 schools were selected from among 5 of the 22 regions of Tehran (North, South, East, West and Central). A total of 1040 female school students were selected for this study. The height and weight were sequentially measured with the use of their respective standard measuring devices. Measurements of the weights of the candidates were conducted without shoes and additional accessories. Furthermore, the respective measuring devices were within one-tenth accuracy (centimeter and kilogram). The observed measurements were recorded and a BMI (Body Mass Index) was calculated for each individual. The mean age of the students examined was 10.6 years and with a standard deviation of 0.71. The median age of the students obtained was 11 years. According to CDC standards, obesity amongst female school students was found to be 8.65%, overweight at 16.54%, normal weight at 61.25% and underweight at 13.56%. In comparison, with reference to data obtained from WHO, 8.26% of students appeared obese, 21.83% were found to be overweight, 62.21% at normal weight, 5.87% underweight, and 1.83% extremely underweight. With the results ascertained, it can be determined that there seemed to be a high prevalence of overweight and obesity amongst female school students. It is essential that immediate action be taken in educating children and their parents regarding nutritional diet, appropriate exercises and providing consultation on changing lifestyles.

To evaluate the quality of life in burn patients admitted to specialized burn centers in Tehran was conducted. This study is descriptive analysis. 200 patient's adults with burn history in hospital Hazrat Fatima (SA) and shahid Motahhari was done. descriptive statistics were used to derive an instrument with 40 items called the Burn Specific Health Scale-Brief (BSHS-B), this instrument consist of 3 domain of physical, mental, and social. Data analysis was descriptive analytic. ANOVA, t-test, non-parametric and spearman correlation coefficient was performed. The mean score of quality of life in sub domains were: physical domain (3.77 ± 0.88), social domain (3.63 ± 0.96), mental domain (2.88 ± 1.06) respectively. The percentage of burn (P<0.001) and last time of burn (P=0.003) were showed significant difference by quality of life domains. Also, education (P=0.043) and job (P=0.005) showed significant difference with physical domain. There was significant difference between Total domain of quality of life had with gender (P=0.041), education (P=0.035) and job (P<0.001). Burn's site and quality of life had significant difference (P=0.002). Research results show that burn patients have desirable quality of life in physical and social domains, relatively. Mental domain did not have good quality of life unlikely. We suppose that these results are affected by body image and emotional problems. Total quality of life is affected by burn's site, especially in burn of face. Generally, quality of life in these patents has improved overtime.

To compare the quality of life between housewives and employed women in the city of zahedan. Quality of life was measured by use of Persian edition of standard tools (SF-36). The information, related to individual particularities (age, level of education, the amount of women's and men's income) was collected. In this study 220 women (110 workers and 110 housewives) were selected through multi-stage, randoly sampling and participated in the study. The data were recorded in the software of SPSS (13) and analyzed, utilizing ANOVA tests, t-test, and Pearson's Correlation coefficient. 77.3%of subjects were aged 23-24, with average age of 23.87 and standard diversion of 8.95.40%had academic education. t-test showed that employed women had higher average of scores in all life quality estimations, excepting physical function. They evaluated their health condition, as being better than that of housewives, in the scale of mental health (P=0.003) and vitality (P=0.01). The results of Pearson's correlation coefficient showed a direct and positive relation between the level of women's education and their spouses, income, as well as adverse and negative and meaningful relation between the level of education and the age of women(P<0.05). The results of study acknowledged the effect of occupation on the quality of life, especially, in its mental fields. There for, providing the women with social participation grounds. Job creation is proposed for improving the health and quality of life of women as a half of society's population.

of print-3 December 2011] Following successful trials in cloned mammalians and possibility of human cloning in near future different ethical, legal and religious views have emerged, therefore legal intervention needs to regulate related scientific studies. In different legal systems various laws have been approved in order to prohibit or restrict different aspects of human cloning. This paper is design to study and analyze the measures have been took by international law to regulate scientific aspects of human cloning and bring about most effective international mechanisms to implement in this field. This study is a descriptive review and analyzing of library databases. Section 1 includes definition of human cloning from medical and biological point of view and section 2 of this paper examines international law documents regarding human cloning. A review of some of the attempts of international organizations reveals that the current legal documents concerning human cloning are mainly non-binding and commendatory. Moreover, the widespread attempts by international community achieved no result to ratify a global convention on the issue. Resort to some material sources of international law such as treaties and judicial decision do not suffice to meet the related issues on human cloning and its governance, therefore the custom as an old mechanism of international law should still be applied. There is a view that international custom may still have a significant role to play as dynamic source of fresh rules of international law where international community undergoes change in new areas untouched by treaties, judicial decision. In this regard, the present authors discuss that Iranian government can play a significant role to formulate and reinforce the international customary law on human cloning.

This article focuses on major women's health issues and challenges in policy making, planning, and implementation in Iran. This qualitative research involved focus group discussions with experts from both academic and administrative bodies. Data were collected, coded and analyzed after 2 sessions of 4 different focus groups. The most important identified health issues were: malnutrition, high prevalence of chronic disorders such as osteoporosis, poor mobility, lack of reproductive health education and inappropriate use of contraceptive methods, high prevalence of mental disorders and conflicts generated by the transition from a traditional to a modern lifestyle: The main challenges were: lack of interdisciplinary research, and efficient health information system, inadequate access to reliable statistics or research data, poor need assessment at various levels, poor data analysis and limited applicability of research knowledge, lack of effective communication between researchers and planners, and budgetary restrictions. Strategies proposed included: identification of the existing information gaps, greater support for research in priority areas, creation of appropriate system to collect research data, and setting up a network of communication to promote optimal use of research-generated knowledge in policy making and planning. The findings from this study can serve as guidelines for health managers and planners in their efforts to identify current priorities for women's health in Iran. Promotion of effective cooperation between various government agencies (notably those within the Health Ministry), research and academic institutions, and other organizations concerned with issues of women's health is recommended.

To review the usage of the word "Health" in both poetry and prose of Persian Language and Literature. Expressing health words in Persian Masterpieces such as; medical texts, seven Persian prose books and also the poetry works of seven Persian poets.A collection of words relevant to the following subjects such as medicine, treatment, pharmacology, body, health, disease, diet and so on, and have been shown in tables. More than one thousand years ago when medical science was raised in Iran, physicians and scholars such as Avi Cenna both innovated Persian words for medicine and used local idioms, and also they borrowed words from Arabic and Greek languages.These words were divided into two categories; one catergory general words which were used by public and the other was special words for medical scientists.Unfortunately, strange and passive Arabic words were added to the glossary of Persian language. This event happened for entrance of Indian words as well. This is the problem that Persian language has suffered during the passage of time.After a while the addition of French expressions and then English idioms occurred. There should be made a lot of efforts to overcome the problem of dominance of strange words to the Persian language.