مجله پایش
سال پانزدهم شماره 6 (پیاپی 70، آذر و دی 1395)

This study aimed to assess veterans and their families’ satisfaction with received supplementary pharmacy services, pharmacy location (distance) and the process of receiving costs.
This was a cross-sectional study. The study population consisted of veterans and their families, including parents, spouses and their children. Participants were recruited from Veterans and Martyrs Affairs Foundation by random sampling and 1016 veterans and heir families participated in the study. Three areas of satisfaction with the use of supplemental health insurance including pharmacy, location (distance) and refund services were studied. Likert scale was used in order to rate the satisfaction of the respondents.
Veterans have been used pharmaceutical care more than their families 65.1% (n=661). Most of the users were male 69.8% (n=710). The average disability rate was 19.13(SD=14.13). Among the study population (n=747) 73.4 % have received their medications by their supplemental health insurance. Of those who had to pay for their prescription (269 cases), 41.6% (n=112) applied for refund from the supplemental health insurance company. The data analysis indicated that participants were satisfied or very satisfied with pharmacy (93.6%), location/distance (82.5%) and supplemental health insurance refund services (31.5%). Veterans with higher disability rate (higher than 25%) had lower satisfaction (p Overall veteran and their families were satisfied. However, the satisfaction with refund services was low.

To develop a valid and reliable instrument for assessing hospital preparedness against nuclear and radiologic events.
This cross-sectional study was conducted through two stages: preparing initial framework for providing the instrument through literature review and a panel of experts; and then determining facet and content validity through impact factor (IF), content validity index (CVI) and reliability through Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The participants included experts and key informants of related disciplines (n=60) selected by purposive sampling method. Data were analyzed using SPSS software.
The final valid and reliable tool consisted of five domains and 56 questions. Preparing physical environments, equipments, human resources, communication, and organizational coordination have been extracted as the main aspects of the tool. Accordingly, all validity and reliability indicators were examined and were found satisfactory (IF ≥ 1.5, CVI ≥ 0.8, Cronbach's alpha ≥ 0.7)
Using such valid and reliable tool for assessing hospital preparedness against nuclear and radiological events can provide valid data for health managers in order to be prepared for such events. Further research is needed for developing valid and reliable tools to assess hospital preparedness against all man-made hazards.

One of the most important concerns in health care systems is the patient safety. The root cause analysis (RCA) is a systematic process for identifying root causes and contributing factors of problems or events. The objective of this study was to review RCA reports for determining factors contributing to adverse events through an organizational perspective.
this study was conducted in a tertiary care teaching hospital in 2014. The process of root cause analysis was taken from the London Protocol of NHS. We calculated descriptive statistics to determine the effect size frequency.
Reviewing process of 16 adverse events identified 38 care or service delivery problems, which showed 317 contributing factors and underlying causes. Accordingly, the most important contributing factors were identified: task factors (20%), education and training factors (16%), communication factors (14%) and team and social factors (13%).
Negligence of clinical guidelines and instructions, inappropriate supervision and guidance, lake of communication skills and issues related to organizational culture were the main underlying factors that contributed to medical adverse events.

Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is one of the most common hereditary disorders in lipid metabolism that is distinguished by high plasma concentrations of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and cholesterol, can be considered tendon xanthomas and raised risk of premature coronary heart disease (CHD). This study aimed to assess the association between rs2228671 polymorphisms in the LDLR gene with familial hypercholesterolemia in a sample of Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study.
This was a cross-sectional study in order to examine the association between rs2228671 common polymorphism of LDL-R gene with FH. The study sample consisted of 15005 participants of Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. Genomic samples of the cases were extracted and the polymorphism of the considered gene was determined by the Tetra Primer ARMS-PCR method. The findings were analyzed by SPSS, FBAT, PLINK, PROGENY and POWER MARKER.
In all 206 cases (in 22 families) were identified. The results showed that there was no significant association between rs2228671 and FH disease (P=0.70). The minor allele frequency of T allele measured was 0.1016. No individuals carrying TT genotype were found in this population.
The findings indicated that cases with rs2228671 polymorphisms had lesser minor allele frequency compared with other alleles. It seems that the absence of TT genotype can indicate protective role of T allele against familial hypercholesterolemia and cardiovascular diseases.

To find out reasons for fertility desire or fertility disinterest among people living in Tehran, Iran.
This was a population-based study. A sample of married individuals living in all 22 districts in Tehran recruited and was asked to indicate reasons for desire or disinterest for fertility. Data were collected via a single open question. Participants were free to name several reasons as they wish. Descriptive analysis was used to explore the data.
In all 1200 individuals (600 male and 600 female) were interviewed. The mean age of participants was 33.6 (SD = 7.31) years. The most important reason for fertility desire was wish to experience parenthood (90.7%) followed by having inadequate number of children (72.4%) and interest in having a crowded family (64.1%). The most important reason for disinterest for fertility was worrying about the future of the new child (83.2%) followed by economic problems (77.5%), and having adequate number of children (74.5%).
The findings might help health policy makers to implement appropriate interventions if they wish to improve population growth rate for the country.

The Health Literacy for Adults (HELIA) is a measure for health literacy and consists of 33 items covering 5 factors. This study aimed to evaluate the reliability and validity of the instrument for urban population of Balochistan, Iran.
This was a cross-sectional study among adult populations of Balochistan. Four hundered adults were selected by cluster sampling. The questionnaire was completed by participants. Psychometric properties of the instrument were assessed performing Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and internal consistency.
The analysis of data showed that the Health Literacy for Adults (HELIA) had good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha 0.78 to 0.90). The CFA supported the five factor structure for the HELIA.
The findings suggest that the Health Literacy for Adults (HELIA) is a reliable and valid instrument for measuring health literacy in urban population of Balochistan, Iran.

Different people might respond to a question differently. But do they value the same when they choose a response category to respond to a given question. For instance when they choose ‘excellent’ do they have the same evaluation in their mind. This study aimed to investigate people’s evaluation of different response categories usually used in health-related questionnaires measuring attitudes.
A population-based study was conducted in Tehran, Iran. A representative sample of adults aged 18 to 65 years were entered into the study and were asked to respond to a questionnaire. The questionnaire contained different visual analogue scales (from 0 to 10 with 0 being at lowest and 10 at highest extreme) in order to evaluate different verbal response categories measuring attitudes.
In all 1109 respondents completed the questionnaire. The mean age of participants was 34.36 (SD = 11.82) years and they were relatively well educated (mean formal education = 11.99, SD = 3.93 years). The analysis of the data indicated that in most instances the participants showed almost similar evaluation when responding to items measuring attitudes. The mean point equivalent numeric figure for ‘Strongly agree’ was 9.57 (SD = 0.94) while for ‘Agree’ it was 7.89 (SD = 1.45) and for ‘Strongly disagree’ it was 0.37 (SD = 0.76). There were no significant differences in people’s evaluation with regards to age, gender, education, marital and employment status.
Overall, the findings showed that people had almost similar evaluation of response categories when responding to attitude-related items. The findings suggest since people perceive similar meaning for verbal response categories it is safe to ask people to rate different response categories.

This study aimed to compare quality of life in patients who receive medical therapy and acupuncture for their migraine headache.
This was a quasi-experimental study, performed on 82 patients with migraine headache attending neurology clinics in Shiraz, Iran. Patients divided in even and odd groups after acceptance to participate in this study. Patients underwent treatment for three months. Patients completed the outcomes health survey (the SF-36) and a visual analog scale (VAS) at two points in time. Then data were compared to assess the therapeutic effects of two methods before and four weeks after treatment.
Quality of life was improved in both groups. However the improvement was marked in patients who received acupuncture.
Acupuncture can effectively improve the quality of life of patients with migraine headache.

To compare gain- and loss-framed message texting (SMS) on foot self-care behaviors among women with type 2 diabetes referred to Ahwaz diabetic clinic.
This was a randomized trial of 189 women with type 2 diabetes who randomly assigned to three groups: two experimental groups and control group. Two experimental groups received gain- and loss-framed educational message of foot care behaviors via mobile phone short message service for 2 months while the control group received nothing. Data were collected through interviews using demographic and disease characteristics questionnaires and the summary of diabetes selfcare activities measure. The data were analyzed using paired t-test, one way analysis of variance, and chi-square.
At baseline there were no significant differences among study groups in disease characteristics, individual variables and the average score of foot care behaviors. After the intervention, a significant increase was observed in mean score of foot care in experimental groups (P=0.001). It was also found that the increase in loss-framed message group was significantly more than the gain-framed message group (P=0.01).
Designing and implementing educational programs based on mobile phone short message service could be effective. However, in comparison it seems that loss-framed message could be more effective than gain-framed message.

Oral health is an inseparable part of public health and is the most important component of people’s quality of life (QOL). The objective of this study was to examine the effectiveness of message framing on oral health-related behaviors among medical students in Iran.
Yhis was an experimental study. Two hundred and thirty undergraduate students of public health, nursing and allied health of a medical university in Tehran, Iran participated in the study. Students then randomly were assigned into two groups: a group receiving gain-framed message and a group who received loss framed message. Pre-test and post-test immediately and 2 weeks later were performed to compare outcomes.
The results obtained from covariance analysis with repeated measures showed that the attitude, intention and behavior of using dental floss and tooth brush in students who received gain-framed message compared to those who received lossframed message increased, although this increase was not statistically significant.
The findings suggest that in order to increase oral health-related behaviors, using gain-framed messages might be more effective.