نامه فرهنگستان
سال شانزدهم شماره 1 (پاییز 1396)

Memoirs with their unique features, even though are the sources of war history, mostly classified in a distinct group, specialized from historical texts. This matter is connected to special narrative features of these works, so that the border between History and Literature in these works is fluctuating. In the present study, in order to recognize the narrative features and the components of narrative-making of the memoirs of war, and to study the possibility of achieving the fundamental pattern in the narrative of these memoirs, we have selected three memoirs of Holy Defense, Iran & Iraq war, (BƗbƗ Nazar, One of these days I came to maturity and ChazzƗbeh) as cases to study. Then the processes and factors affecting the narrative of these works have been analyzed based on the theory of structuralism. The study of narrative structure of war memoirs shows that a unique structure is repeated in the narrative structure of them. The Important role of collective mental models in genesis of narrative structure of memoirs as well as abstracted and synchronic feature of structure, have intensified unconscious aspect of memoirs. Whereas that narrator's mind has central role in genesis of war memoirs, self (the narrator), as the central cognitive structure in human, is placed in the center of the narrative of memoirs. Whereas that heroic pattern is in the narrative structure of memoirs and the relation of narrative deep structure of these works with collective mental patterns, the deep structure of memoirs had shaped based on Heroic Initiation archetype. Determinant role of "narrative" and collective mental patterns in genesis of war memoirs caused that "attribution of war" be replaced with "reality of war".

Bedil Dehlavi (d. 1133 AH) who is one of the most prominent poets of Hindi stylehas been neglected more than two centuries in Iran after the emergence of Literary Return style. However, in the last few decades, the transformation happened in the literary criticism views of poets, caused many of them to be fascinated by his poetic style. During this period, valuable publications issued in the field of researching Bedil, caused Bedil-oriented stream to be linked with scientific background. In addition, the presence of Afghan refugee poets in literary circles of Iran paved the way for a movement toward Bedil’s poetry. Ahmad Azizi is one of the most famous poets that was fascinated and affected by Bedil and various aspects of his poetry. In this paper, the authors tried to investigate common features of Bedil and Ahmad Azizi’s sonnets by descriptive and analytical method in three domains of literature, language and thought.

Satire as a literary genre has the potential to be used in an ideological text to obtain discoursive intentions. This essay investigates discoursive function of satire in revolutionary poems of Mohammad Reza Shafieikadkani at the time of Pahlavi II. ShafieiKadkani, in the discourse of revolution against autocracy of the Kingdom, uses different methods of satire to illustrate its ideological thoughts and uses specially invading and assaulting methods of satire to attack cultural and economic policies of the Kingdom and to divest its legitimacy. Methodologically, naming methods, unification with animal, simile, satire of oppositeness, satire of incongruity and satire of violence and invective are among the most significant methods of his satirical attacks. For increasing literary value of his poem and also for security reasons, Shafieikadkani uses metaphors and symbols as main methods of mystification in these attacks.

The novel Blue Mondays of a Month by Mohammad Reza Kateb, is one of the novels of the '70s, has been written in five chapters. The author describes difficulties and sacrifices of soldiers in the Iran-Iraq War. The most significant features of the novel is the application of a specific style of the element of time by the author. The existence of different narrative layers and levels and repeated anachronism has caused that this work enjoys a unique style. The aim of the present study is to analyze the author’s strategies in using the element of time based on theory of Genette’s called “Narrative Temporality”, as one of the comprehensive approach in investigating the time of narratives. The basis of the discussions is founded on three important principles in of theory, i.e. “order”, “duration”, and “frequency”. Kateb deviates from all these three components. The sum of all these innovations results in the identification of unique style of the mentioned novel. Kateb deviates from all these three components. The sum of all these innovations results in the identification of unique style of the mentioned novel.

Defending the oppressed and praising their resistance against aggressors and oppressors is one of the main themes of Islamic revolution literature. One of the subdivisions of this concept is composed poems about defending of Palestinian people and praising champions who fight against Zionism. Acceptance of these poems in Islamic revolution literature was so remarkable that a great number of poets have already paid attention to their different aspects, to the extent that this theme can be considered as one of subdivisions of Persian contemporary Poem. In the present paper, more than 300 poems of poetic collections composed by about 180 Persian poets in the form of Sonnet, Masnavi, Sepid, New, Ode, and Quatrain about Palestine have been studied by content analysis method and their semantic components have been classified into common concepts, symbols and allusions. The findings of the study suggest that if we consider Persian Palestinian poem- affected by the war in the 60s-, as epic, ideological, subjective and semantic- oriented expression, has closed to an elegiac, human-centered, objective and poetic atmosphere affected by translations and festivals in 70s and 80s

Comic strip art, a kind of portrayal for story narration, is an effective communication bridge between the work and the audience, especially children and adolescents. These generations are social classes without any image of holy defense period other than what they hear, read or see its documented pictures. For this reason, the necessity for this approach is of great importance. In this paper, capacities of these works especially in the expressing war events and also, the causes for neglecting these works are expressed through descriptive-analytical method. Then, some examples of comic strip works are introduced to recognize these works.

What distinguishes holy defense from the other wars is combination of epic and mysticism (spirituality) and creating “mystical epic”. This article aims to adapt the efforts of soldiers of holy defense according to the Islamic Revolution poets with gnostic spiritual experience and explain and analyze their similarities. Study shows categories like austerity and strenuous effort, piety and simple life, consent and surrender, etc. that is the moral attributes of holy-defense soldiers, is not only similar to gnostic spiritual experience, but epic creators, in real meaning, were achieved practically by battling against their internal and external enemies.